Introduction
Patients and methods
Patients
Clinical assessment
MRI evaluation
Statistics
Results
Study participants and baseline characteristics in PD and VaP patients
Variable | PD group (n = 26) | VaP group (n = 19) | Control group (n = 32) | P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 15 (57.70) | 14 (73.70) | 19 (59.40) | 0.496 |
Age, years | 62.00 (57.50–69.25)△ | 75.00 (69.00–80.00)△# | 48.50 (37.50–57.00) | < 0.001*** |
Hypertension, n (%) | 11 (42.30) | 12 (63.20)△ | 8 (25.00) | 0.026* |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (23.10)△ | 6 (31.60)△ | 0 (0.00) | 0.005** |
History of stroke, n (%) | 5 (19.20)△ | 7.00 (36.80)△ | 0 (0.00) | 0.002** |
History of CAD, n (%) | 3 (11.50) | 3.00 (15.80) | 0 (0.00) | 0.086 |
Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 1 (3.80) | 4.00 (21.10) | 8 (25.00) | 0.087 |
Alcoholism history, n (%) | 5 (19.20) | 1.00 (5.30) | 4 (12.50) | 0.385 |
Education levels: completed secondary school or more, n (%) | 20 (76.92) | 11.00 (57.89)△ | 31 (96.90) | 0.003** |
BG-EPVS numbers | 8.00 (5.50–12.25) | 16.00 (11.00–29.00)△# | 7.00 (4.00–8.00) | < 0.001*** |
CSO-EPVS numbers | 18.00 (10.50–24.25)△ | 18.00 (10.00–26.00)△ | 8.00 (4.25–13.00) | < 0.001*** |
EPVS I as the main type, n (%) | 4 (15.40) | 10 (52.60) # | 10 (31.30) | 0.029* |
Fazekas scores | 0.00 (0.00–0.00)△ | 1.00 (1.00–3.00)△# | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
CMBs numbers | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 1.00 (0.00–5.00)# | - | < 0.001*** |
GCA scores | 1.00 (1.00–2.00)△ | 3.00 (2.00–3.00)△# | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
KS scores | 2.50 (1.75–3.00)△ | 3.00 (2.00–3.00)△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
MTA scores | 1.00 (0.00–2.00)△ | 2.00 (1.00–3.00)△# | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
Lacunes numbers | 0.00 (0.00–3.00)△ | 1.00 (0.00–4.00)△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
UPDRS-III scores “OFF” | 35.00 (20.00–45.00) | 50.00 (33.00–55.00)# | - | 0.005** |
H-Y stages | 3.00 (1.75–4.00) | 3.00 (3.00–4.00)# | - | 0.003** |
SN-TCS positive, n (%) | 15 (57.69) | 7 (36.84) | - | 0.167 |
Duration of onset to enrolment, years | 1.00 (0.50–3.00) | 4.00 (1.00–6.00) | - | 0.087 |
Difference analysis of clinical characteristics of CI and NCI in PD and VaP patients
Variable | PD group (n = 26) | VaP group (n = 19) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CI group (n = 16) | NCI group (n = 10) | P values | CI group (n = 16) | NCI group (n = 3) | P values | |
Age, years | 63.00 (58.00–70.75) | 62.00 (55.75–64.25) | 0.397 | 75.50 (69.50–80.75) | 73.00 (58.00–77.00) | 0.341 |
Education levels: completed secondary school or more, n (%) | 10 (62.50) | 10 (100) | 0.027* | 9 (56.25) | 2 (75.00) | 0.737 |
BG-EPVS numbers | 9.00 (7.00–12.00) | 7.00 (3.75–15.25) | 0.458 | 15.50 (10.25–30.50) | 16.00 (11.00–16.00) | 0.779 |
CSO-EPVS numbers | 18.00 (9.50–23.50) | 18.50 (10.50–25.25) | 0.751 | 18.00 (7.75–26.00) | 18.00 (13.00–18.00) | 0.823 |
EPVS I as the main type, n (%) | 3.00 (18.80) | 1.00 (10.00) | 0.547 | 9.00 (56.30) | 1.00 (33.30) | 0.466 |
Fazekas scores | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.50) | 0.803 | 2.00 (1.00–3.75) | 1.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.152 |
GCA scores | 1.00 (0.25–2.00) | 1.00 (1.00–2.00) | 0.825 | 3.00 (2.00–3.00) | 2.00 (2.00–3.00) | 0.478 |
KS scores | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | 3.00 (2.00–3.00) | 0.117 | 3.00 (2.25–3.00) | 3.00 (2.00–3.00) | 0.770 |
MTA scores | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 1.00 (0.00–1.25) | 0.738 | 2.50 (1.00–3.75) | 2.00 (1.00–2.00) | 0.358 |
Lacunes numbers | 0.00 (0.00–2.75) | 1.00 (0.00–3.50) | 0.828 | 2.00 (0.25–5.50) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.038* |
CMBs numbers | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.055 | 1.50 (1.00–5.75) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.189 |
UPDRS-III scores “OFF” | 42.50 (30.25–45.00) | 22.00 (18.50–34.25) | 0.086 | 50.00 (33.50–55.00) | 50.00 (30.00–58.00) | 0.867 |
H-Y stages | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 1.00 (2.00–3.00) | 0.174 | 4.00 (3.00–4.75) | 3.00 (3.00–4.00) | 0.412 |
Difference analysis of clinical characteristics between the PD-CI and VaP-CI groups and the control group
Variable | PD-CI group (n = 16) | VaP-CI group (n = 16) | Control group (n = 32) | P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 63.00 (58.00–70.75) ^ | 75.50 (69.50–80.75) ^ | 48.50 (37.50–57.00) | < 0.001*** |
BG-EPVS numbers | 9.00 (7.00–12.00) | 15.50 (10.25–30.50) ^△ | 7.00 (4.00–8.00) | < 0.001*** |
CSO-EPVS numbers | 18.00 (9.50–23.50) ^ | 18.00 (7.75–26.00) ^ | 8.00 (4.25–13.00) | 0.001** |
EPVS I as the main type, n (%) | 3 (18.80) | 9 (56.30) | 10 (31.30) | 0.072 |
Fazekas scores | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) ^ | 2.00 (1.00–3.75) ^△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
GCA scores | 1.00 (0.25–2.00) ^ | 3.00 (2.00–3.00) ^△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
KS scores | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) ^ | 3.00 (2.25–3.00) ^△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
MTA scores | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) ^ | 2.50 (1.00–3.75) ^△ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
Lacunes numbers | 0.00 (0.00–2.75) ^ | 2.00 (0.25–5.50) ^ | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | < 0.001*** |
CMBs numbers | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 1.50 (1.00–5.75) # | - | 0.002** |
UPDRS-III scores “OFF” | 42.50 (30.25–45.00) | 50.00 (33.50–55.00) | - | 0.076 |
H-Y stages | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–4.75) # | - | 0.031* |
Duration of onset to enrolment, years | 1.00 (0.50–2.75) | 3.50 (1.25–6.00) | - | 0.155 |
Logistic regression analysis of clinical characteristics of PD-CI and VaP-CI patients
Variable | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|
BG-EPVS numbers | 1.27 (0.92–1.76) | 0.141 |
Fazekas scores | 0.76 (1.86–3.08) | 0.697 |
Brain atrophy scores | 3.00 (0.64–14.11) | 0.163 |
CMBs numbers | 12.02 (0.49–293.44) | 0.127 |
H-Y stages | 3.65 (0.33–40.53) | 0.292 |