nach oben

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Erschienen in:

12.12.2022 | Original Article

The effect of acute heat exposure on the determination of exercise thresholds from ramp and step incremental exercise

verfasst von: Gil Bourgois, Alessandro L. Colosio, Kevin Caen, Jan G. Bourgois, Patrick Mucci, Jan Boone

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 4/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine how respiratory (RT) and lactate thresholds (LT) are affected by acute heat exposure in the two most commonly used incremental exercise test protocols (RAMP and STEP) for functional evaluation of aerobic fitness, exercise prescription and monitoring training intensities.

Methods

Eleven physically active male participants performed four incremental exercise tests, two RAMP (30 W·min⁻¹) and two STEP (40 W·3 min⁻¹), both in 18 °C (TEMP) and 36 °C (HOT) with 40% relative humidity to determine 2 RT and 16 LT, respectively. Distinction was made within LT, taking into account the individual lactate kinetics (LT_IND) and fixed value lactate concentrations (LT_FIX).

Results

A decrease in mean power output (PO) was observed in HOT at LT (−6.2 ± 1.9%), more specific LT_IND (−5.4 ± 1.4%) and LT_FIX (−7.5 ± 2.4%), compared to TEMP, however not at RT (−1.0 ± 2.7%). The individual PO difference in HOT compared to TEMP over all threshold methods ranged from −53 W to +26 W. Mean heart rate (HR) did not differ in LT, while it was increased at RT in HOT (+10 ± 8 bpm).

Conclusion

This study showed that exercise thresholds were affected when ambient air temperature was increased. However, a considerable degree of variability in the sensitivity of the different threshold concepts to acute heat exposure was found and a large individual variation was noticed. Test design and procedures should be taken into account when interpreting exercise test outcomes.

Arngrímsson SÁ, Petitt DS, Borrani F, Skinner KA, Cureton KJ (2004) Hyperthermia and maximal oxygen uptake in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:524–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1053-1CrossRefPubMed

Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1985) Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 59(6):1936–1940. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1936CrossRefPubMed

Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60(6):2020–2027. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2020CrossRefPubMed

Berg A, Jakob E, Lehmann M, Dickhuth H, Huber G, Keul J (1990) Current aspects of modern ergometry. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) 44(1):2–13PubMed

Binder R, Wonisch M, Corra U, Cohen-Solal A, Vanhees L, Saner H, Schmid JP (2008) Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15(6):726–734. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e328304fed4CrossRefPubMed

Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT (1998) The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, Wpeak and 1-h cycling performance in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(8):1270–1275. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199808000-00014CrossRefPubMed

Boone J, Bourgois J (2012) The Oxygen uptake response to incremental ramp exercise methodogical and physiological issues. Sports Med 42(6):511–526CrossRefPubMed

Bourgois JG, Bourgois G, Boone J (2019) Perspectives and determinants for training-intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14(8):1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0722CrossRefPubMed

Bentley DJ, Newell J, Bishop D (2007) Incremental exercise test design and analysis. Sports Med 37(7):575–586. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002CrossRefPubMed

Brooks GA (2018) The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory. Cell Metab 27(4):757–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Caen K, Boone J, Bourgois JG, Colosio AL, Pogliaghi S (2020) Translating Ramp VO2 into constant power output: a novel strategy that minds the gap. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52(9):2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002328CrossRefPubMed

Caen K, Pogliaghi S, Lievens M, Vermeire K, Bourgois JG, Boone J (2021) Ramp vs. step tests: valid alternatives to determine the maximal lactate steady-state intensity? Eur J Appl Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04620-9CrossRefPubMed

Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, Keizer HA, Jeukendrup A, Hesselink M (1992) A new approach for the determination of ventilatory and lactate thresholds. Int J Sports Med 13(7):518–522. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021309CrossRefPubMed

de Barros CLM, Mendes TT, Mortimer LÁCF, Simões HG, Prado LS, Wisloff U, Silami-Garcia E (2011) Maximal lactate steady state is altered in the heat. Int J Sports Med 32(10):749–753. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1277191CrossRefPubMed

Faude O, Kindermann W, Meyer T (2009) Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they? Sports Med 39(6):469–490. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003CrossRefPubMed

Febbraio MA, Carey MF, Snow RJ, Stathis CG, Hargreaves M (1996) Influence of elevated muscle temperature on metabolism during intense, dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comparative Physiol 271(5):R1251–R1255. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.5.r1251CrossRef

Febbraio MA, Snow RJ, Stathis CG, Hargreaves M, Carey MF (1994) Effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol 77(6):2827–2831. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2827CrossRefPubMed

Gaesser GA, Poole DC (1996) The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. Exercise Sport Sci Rev 24(1):35–70. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-199600240-00004CrossRefPubMed

González-Alonso J, Calbet JAL (2003) Reductions in systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery limit maximal aerobic capacity in humans. Circulation 107(6):824–830. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000049746.29175.3FCrossRefPubMed

Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Mücke S, Muller R, Hollmann W (1985) Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold. Int J Sports Med 6(3):117–130. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025824CrossRefPubMed

Hettinga FJ, De Koning JJ, de Vrijer A, Wüst RCI, Daanen HAM, Foster C (2007) The effect of ambient temperature on gross-efficiency in cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 101(4):465–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0519-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hughson RL, Weisiger KH, Swanson GD (1987) Blood lactate concentration increases as a continuous function in progressive exercise. J Appl Physiol 62(5):1975–1981. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1975CrossRefPubMed

James CA, Hayes M, Willmott AGB, Gibson OR, Flouris AD, Schlader ZJ, Maxwell NS (2017) Defining the determinants of endurance running performance in the heat. Temperature 4(3):314–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1333189CrossRef

Jamnick NA, Botella J, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ (2018) Manipulating graded exercise test variables affects the validity of the lactate threshold and VO2peak. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0199794CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jose AD, Stitt F, Collison D (1970) The effects of exercise and changes in body temperature on the intrinsic heart rate in man. Am Heart J 79(4):488–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(70)90254-1CrossRefPubMed

Keir DA, Fontana FY, Robertson TC, Murias JM, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM, Pogliaghi S (2015) Exercise intensity thresholds: identifying the boundaries of sustainable performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47(9):1932–1940. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000613CrossRefPubMed

Keir DA, Iannetta D, Mattioni Maturana F, Kowalchuk JM, Murias JM (2022) Identification of non-invasive exercise thresholds: methods, strategies, and an online app. Sports Med 52(2):237–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01581-zCrossRefPubMed

Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J (1979) The signifcance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 42(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421101CrossRef

Kuo YH, Cheng CF, Kuo YC (2021) Determining validity of critical power estimated using a three-minute all-out test in hot environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(17):9193CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lafrenz AJ, Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ (2008) Effect of ambient temperature on cardiovascular drift and maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40(6):1065–1071. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181666ed7CrossRefPubMed

Lorenzo S, Minson CT, Babb TG, Halliwill JR (2011) Lactate threshold predicting time-trial performance: impact of heat and acclimation. J Appl Physiol 111(1):221–227. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Machado FA, Nakamura FY, de Moraes SMF (2012) Influence of regression model and incremental test protocol on the relationship between lactate threshold using the maximal-deviation method and performance in female runners. J Sports Sci 30(12):1267–1274. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.702424CrossRefPubMed

Maunder E, Plews DJ, Merien F, Kilding AE (2021) Stability of heart rate at physiological thresholds between temperate and heat stress environments in endurance-trained males. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 16(8):1204–1207. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2020-0351CrossRefPubMed

Nielsen B, Savard G, Richter EA, Hargreaves M, Saltin B (1990) Muscle blood flow and muscle metabolism during exercise and heat stress. J Appl Physiol 69(3):1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.1040CrossRefPubMed

Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH, Daanen HAM (2021) Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiol Rev 101(4):1873–1979. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.2020CrossRefPubMed

Rowell LB (1974) Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 54(1):75–159. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1974.54.1.75CrossRefPubMed

Rowell LB, Blackmon JR, Martin RH, Mazzarella JA, Bruce RA (1965) Hepatic clearance of indocyanine green in man under thermal and exercise stresses. J Appl Physiol 20(3):384–394. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1965.20.3.384CrossRefPubMed

Rowell LB, Brengelmann GL, Blackmon JR, Twiss RD, Kusumi F (1968) Splanchnic blood flow and metabolism in heat-stressed mad. J Appl Physiol 24(4):475–484CrossRefPubMed

Schlader ZJ, Stannard SR, Mündel T (2011) Is peak oxygen uptake a determinant of moderate duration self-paced exercise performance in the heat? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 36(6):863–872. https://doi.org/10.1139/H11-111CrossRefPubMed

Skinner JS, McLellan TH (1980) The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Res Q Exerc Sport 51(1):234–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1980.10609285CrossRefPubMed

Teso M, Colosio AL, Pogliaghi S (2022) An intensity-dependent slow component of HR interferes with accurate exercise implementation in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 54(4):655–664. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002835CrossRefPubMed

Tyka A, Pałka T, Tyka A, Cisoń T, Szyguła Z (2009) The influence of ambient temperature on power at anaerobic threshold determined based on blood lactate concentration and myoelectric signals. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 22(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-009-0005-8CrossRefPubMed

Tyka A, Wiecha S, Palka T, Szygula Z, Tyka A, Cison T (2010) Effects of ambient temperature on physiological responses to incremental exercise test. J Hum Kinet 26:57–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0049-7CrossRef

Wasserman K (1984) The anaerobic threshold measurement to evaluate exercise performance. Am Rev Resp Disease 129(2P2):S35–S40. https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1984.129.2p2.s35CrossRef

Zoladz JA, Rademaker AC, Sargeant AJ (1995) Non-linear relationship between O2 uptake and power output at high intensities of exercise in humans. J Physiol 488(1):211–217. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020959CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: The effect of acute heat exposure on the determination of exercise thresholds from ramp and step incremental exercise
verfasst von: Gil Bourgois
Alessandro L. Colosio
Kevin Caen
Jan G. Bourgois
Patrick Mucci
Jan Boone
Publikationsdatum: 12.12.2022
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 4/2023
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05106-y

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Beginnend mit den 1920er-Jahren hat sich eine Vorstellung über die Geschlechterdifferenzen in Gesundheit und Mortalität etabliert, die von Lorber und Moore in dem einprägsamen Satz: „Women get sicker, but men die quicker“, zusammengefasst wurde [ 1 …, S. 13]. Tatsächlich erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund der höheren Lebenserwartung der Frauen die Studienergebnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Morbidität überraschend, wonach Frauen im Durchschnitt einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand aufweisen als Männer [

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Open Access Leitthema

Die demographische Alterung hat vielfältige gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen, deren Ausmaß wesentlich vom Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung abhängt. Um diesen analysieren und bewerten zu können, wurden spezielle Kennziffern entwickelt, die in …

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Deutschland erfährt, wie andere Hocheinkommensstaaten, aufgrund kontinuierlich rückläufiger Mortalität und niedriger Geburtenraten tiefgreifende demografische Veränderungen. Der demografische Wandel führt in Deutschland zu einem zunehmend höheren …

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Open Access Klimawandel Übersichtsartikel

Im Sommer 2023 kündigte das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) einen nationalen Hitzeschutzplan an und forderte die Länder auf, zu prüfen, „ob die Warnstufen des [Deutschen Wetterdienstes] DWD mit der Durchführung von Akutmaßnahmen …

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2023

Arterial blood gases’ analysis in elite breath-hold divers at extreme depths

Effect of age on shear modulus, muscle thickness, echo intensity of the upper limb, lower limb, and trunk muscles in healthy women

Estimation methods to detect changes in cardiorespiratory fitness due to exercise training and subsequent detraining

Dynamic resistance exercise-induced pressor response does not alter hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation in young adults

Eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness amplifies the history dependence of force

Fatigue-induced changes in hamstrings’ active muscle stiffness: effect of contraction type and implications for strain injuries

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht