The REACT study: design of a randomized phase 3 trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
verfasst von:
Nicolas Bruder, Randall Higashida, Hugues Santin-Janin, Cécile Dubois, E. François Aldrich, Angelina Marr, Sébastien Roux, Stephan A. Mayer
For patients presenting with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The REACT study is designed to assess the safety and efficacy of clazosentan in preventing clinical deterioration due to DCI in patients with aSAH.
Methods
REACT is a prospective, multicenter, randomized phase 3 study that is planned to enroll 400 patients with documented aSAH from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, randomized 1:1 to 15 mg/hour intravenous clazosentan vs. placebo, in approximately 100 sites and 15 countries. Eligible patients are required to present at hospital admission with CT evidence of significant subarachnoid blood, defined as a thick and diffuse clot that is more than 4 mm in thickness and involves 3 or more basal cisterns. The primary efficacy endpoint is the occurrence of clinical deterioration due to DCI up to 14 days post-study drug initiation. The main secondary endpoint is the occurrence of clinically relevant cerebral infarction at Day 16 post-study drug initiation. Other secondary endpoints include the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) score at Week 12 post-aSAH, dichotomized into poor and good outcome. Radiological results and clinical endpoints are centrally evaluated by independent committees, blinded to treatment allocation. Exploratory efficacy endpoints comprise the assessment of cognition status at 12 weeks and quality of life at 12 and 24 weeks post aSAH.
Discussion
In the REACT study, clazosentan is evaluated on top of standard of care to determine if it reduces the risk of clinical deterioration due to DCI after aSAH. The selection of patients with thick and diffuse clots is intended to assess the benefit/risk profile of clazosentan in a population at high risk of vasospasm-related ischemic complications post-aSAH.
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Abkürzungen
aNIHSS
Abbreviated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
aSAH
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
CONSCIOUS
Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019
CTA
Computed tomography
DCI
Delayed cerebral ischemia
GOSE
Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended
ICP
Intracranial pressure
i.v.
intravenous
(m)GCS
(Modified) Glasgow Coma Scale
mRS
Modified Rankin Scale
MoCA
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
OATP
Organic anion transporting polypeptide
Ox-PAQ
Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire
REACT
PRevention and trEatment of vAsospasm with ClazosenTan
SS-QOL
Stroke Specific Quality of Life
TEAEs
Treatment-emergent adverse events
WFNS
World Federation of Neurological Societies
WHO
World Health Organization
Background
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) occurs at a rate of 7.9 cases per 100,000 person-years [1] and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality [2‐4]. Despite early aneurysm repair by surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, patients remain at risk of developing cerebral vasospasm characterized by a reduction in the diameter of cerebral arteries [5]. Up to 70% of patients with aSAH develop angiographic vasospasm [6‐9]. Clinical deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia, so called delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), has been reported in about 20–50% of patients in early studies [7, 10, 11] and a recent systematic review of aSAH clinical trials has reported a prevalence of 30% with no change observed over time within the last 2 decades [12]. Cerebral vasospasm is a key contributing factor to the progression towards DCI and infarction [8, 13, 14], which leave many survivors with neurologic deficits, reduced quality of life, and cognitive impairment [7, 15].
Hemodynamic therapy consisting of the administration of IV fluids and vasopressors is the first step in the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm [1]. The only approved drug for the prevention of DCI is the calcium channel blocker nimodipine, which has become standard of care in the US and the EU [1, 16]. Nimodipine has been shown to improve neurological outcomes but has little effect on vasospasm [17‐19]. For patients with unresponsive severe vasospasm, the main treatment option currently available is endovascular therapy, an invasive procedure with variable clinical success rates [20], consisting of balloon angioplasty for accessible lesions of the proximal larger arteries including the internal carotid, middle cerebral, and basilar arteries, and intra-arterial administration of vasodilators for more distal vessels [1].
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The pathogenesis of vasospasm after aSAH is thought to be initiated by clot hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and thrombin in the subarachnoid space resulting in an imbalance between vasoconstrictor (endothelin-1) and vasodilator substances (nitric oxide) [9, 21‐23]. Endothelin-1 is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known [24] and its binding to vasoconstricting receptor subtype A (ETA) has been implicated in the development of cerebral vasospasm following aSAH [25, 26]. Blocking this receptor is a promising therapeutic option that targets the root cause of vasospasm. Since its first description in 1997 [27], clazosentan, a selective ETA receptor antagonist, has been investigated for its anti-vasospastic properties in approximately 2000 patients with aSAH. Four Phase 2, proof of concept studies have investigated the potential of clazosentan to prevent and possibly reverse vasospasm, as well as decrease vasospasm severity [28‐31]. A phase 2 dose finding study performed in Japanese and Korean patients and 2 phase 3 global studies have further supported the efficacy of the 10 mg/hour dose in Japanese patients and the 15 mg/hour dose in the global patient population [30, 32, 33]. Two phase 3 studies performed in Japanese patients with aSAH secured by endovascular coiling in one study and surgical clipping in the other [34] subsequently led to the approval of the 10 mg/hour clazosentan dose in Japan, in 2022, for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm, vasospasm-related cerebral infarction, and cerebral ischemic symptoms after aSAH surgery. In parallel, the 15 mg/hour dose was selected based on the results from the global phase 2 and 3 studies for further investigation in the ongoing REACT (pRevention and trEatment of vAsospasm with ClazosenTan) study in patients with a clipped or coiled aneurysm after aSAH. The design of this study is strongly supported by the knowledge that was gained over the years during the clinical development program of clazosentan. Across all clazosentan studies, the treatment effect of clazosentan 10 or 15 mg/hour on the composite vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality endpoint was driven by the vasospasm-related delayed ischemic neurological deficit component (also called clinical deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia). This endpoint which captures the immediate clinical manifestations of post-aSAH cerebral ischemia was selected as the primary endpoint of the REACT study. The previous studies also identified a population of patients who have a high risk for vasospasm-related ischemic complications because of extensive cisternal clot burdens at admission [31, 35]. This finding was used to implement a high-risk patient enrichment strategy in the REACT study to maximize the overall benefit/risk profile. The safety profile of clazosentan has been well-documented in past studies and the adverse events which are commonly reported for selective endothelin-A receptor antagonists (e.g., fluid retention and hypotension) are identified and can be managed following specific treatment guidelines.
The REACT study protocol is detailed in anticipation of the upcoming study results.
Methods
Study aim, design, and setting
The primary goal of the REACT study is to determine the efficacy of clazosentan in preventing clinical deterioration due to DCI up to 14 days post-study drug initiation. Secondary objectives include the evaluation of the effect of clazosentan on the occurrence of clinically relevant cerebral infarction at Day 16 post-study drug initiation and the impact on the long-term clinical outcome and cognition at Week 12, and on quality of life at Week 12 and 24 post-aSAH. The assessment of safety and tolerability up to 24 hours after study drug discontinuation is also a secondary objective. In addition, the study evaluates the effect of clazosentan on healthcare resource utilization.
REACT is a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 study. It aims to enroll 400 patients with aSAH from a ruptured brain aneurysm at approximately 100 sites (list available on Clinicaltrials.gov) in approximately 15 countries. After randomization to clazosentan vs. placebo, patients enter a double-blind treatment period for a maximum duration of 14 days, which is followed by a safety follow-up period of 24 hours, preceding any hospital discharge. The extended follow-up period includes an on-site visit 12 weeks after the aSAH, and a telephone interview 24 weeks after the aSAH (end-of-study visit) for safety and efficacy assessments (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Flow of participants
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Study population
The REACT study enrolls a population of patients at high risk of developing cerebral vasospasm and DCI because they are required to have large amounts of subarachnoid blood at hospital admission based upon CT findings. The patients should have thick and diffuse clot, defined as a thick confluent clot, more than 4 mm in thickness, involving 3 or more basal cisterns (Additional file 2) [36]. This enriched population is likely to present with greater vasospasm-related morbidity than the broader aSAH population, which has been investigated so far. A second group of high-risk patients, which included those patients who had already developed vasospasm with no significant neurological deterioration, was initially planned by protocol. However, recruitment into this so-called ‘Early Treatment group’ was discontinued because inclusion rates were low, making the contribution of these patients to the overall study futile (Additional file 3).
The inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
Table 1
Inclusion criteria of the REACT trial
- Written informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from the patient or proxy / legal representative at any time from hospital admission to prior to initiation of any study-mandated procedure.
- Males and females 18 to 70 years of age (inclusive, at hospital admission)
- Patients with a ruptured saccular aneurysm, angiographically confirmed by DSA or CTA, which has been successfully secured within 72 hours of rupture by surgical clipping or endovascular coiling.
- WFNS grades 1–4 (based on GCS) assessed after recovery from the aneurysm-securing procedure and after external ventricular drainage for hydrocephalus, if required
- Presence of a thick and diffuse clota on the hospital admission CT scan, absence of cerebral vasospasm at the time of randomization, and possibility to start study drug in the ICU (or equivalent environment where all protocol assessments can be performed and the Patient Management Guidelines followed) within 96 hours following the time of the aneurysm rupture.
- Presence of a cerebral CT scan performed at least 8 hours post aneurysm-securing procedure and within 24 hours prior to randomization.
- Absence of a significant (e.g., symptomatic or large) new or worsened cerebral infarct or re-bleeding of the repaired aneurysm on the post-procedure CT scan.
- A woman of childbearing potential is eligible only if the pregnancy test performed during the screening period is negative. Agreement must be obtained to take the necessary precautions to avoid pregnancy from hospital discharge until 30 days post-study drug discontinuation. If breastfeeding, agreement must be obtained to refrain for the duration of the treatment with study drug and until 30 days post-study drug discontinuation.
- Males are eligible for study participation only if they agree to take the necessary precautions to avoid pregnancy in a female partner from hospital discharge until 30 days post-study drug discontinuation.
CTA computed tomography (angiogram), DSA digital subtraction angiogram, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ICU intensive care unit, WFNS World Federation of Neurological Societies
aDefined as a thick confluent clot, more than 4 mm in thickness, involving 3 or more basal cisterns
Table 2
Exclusion criteria of the REACT trial
aSAH, aneurysm-securing procedure, vasospasm
- Patients with SAH due to causes other than a saccular aneurysm (e.g., trauma or rupture of fusiform or mycotic aneurysms, SAH associated with arterio-venous malformation, vertebral dissections).
- Patients with at least one unruptured aneurysm for whom a subsequent intervention is planned within 3 months of the aSAH.
- Significant bleeding post aneurysm-securing procedure (e.g., due to intra-ventricular drain, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, vessel dissection or rupture, re-bleeding of the repaired aneurysm), based on investigator judgment.
- Intra- or perianeurysm securing procedure complication, requiring non-routine medical or interventional treatment such as administration of an antithrombotic or anti-platelet agent (e.g., abciximab), which is not completely resolved prior to randomization.
- Intraventricular hemorrhage on the admission CT scan, filling more than 50% of both lateral ventricles and with involvement of the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
- Intracerebral hemorrhage on the admission CT scan with an approximate volume of > 50 mL.
- Presence of cerebral vasospasm at hospital admission (initial admission or transfer from another hospital) believed to be associated with a prior bleed (i.e., occurring before the bleed for which the patient is currently hospitalized). Vasospasm occurring during the aneurysm-securing procedure is not an exclusion criterion.
Neurological and functional status
- Patients with a new major neurological deficit occurring post aneurysm-securing procedure, which is attributable to the procedure and does not improve to pre-procedure status before randomization.
- Patients who are still under the influence of pharmacological sedation at the time of randomization or who are, for whatever reason, not evaluable for baseline and regular daily neurological assessments.
WFNS grade 5 (based on GCS) immediately prior to planned randomization, assessed after external ventricular drainage for hydrocephalus, if required.
- GCS score ≤ 9 at the time of randomization and without ICP monitoring
- mRS score ≥ 3 before the aSAH (i.e., due to a chronic condition).
Other clinical considerations
- Patients with total bilirubin > 2 × the upper limit of normal, and/or a known diagnosis or clinical suspicion of liver cirrhosis or moderate to severe hepatic impairment.
- Any concomitant condition or disease (including psychiatric and neurological conditions, drug abuse, severe alcoholism), which, in the opinion of the investigator, would affect the assessment of the safety or efficacy of the study treatment.
- Hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg) at the time of randomization that is refractory to treatment.
- Unresolved pulmonary edema or significant pneumonia still present at the time of randomization, or severe hypoxia at the time of randomization in intubated patients defined as PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200.
- High sustained ICP (> 25 mmHg lasting > 20 minutes) at the time of randomization, despite optimal treatment in patients with ICP monitoring.
- Severe cardiac failure requiring inotropic support at the time of randomization.
Medications and therapies
- Known hypersensitivity to clazosentan or any excipient in the formulation.
At any time from hospital admission to randomization:
- Lumbar and/or cisternal drainage performed specifically to prevent or treat cerebral vasospasm.
- Cerebral angioplasty or intra-arterial vasodilators.
- Intrathecal, intracisternal, or intraventricular thrombolytics.
- Intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation devices.
- Investigational drugs, procedures or devices.
- Strong inhibitors of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporter proteins (e.g., cyclosporin A, rifampicin, lopinavir/ritonavir).
Within 4 hours prior to randomization:
- Intrathecal, intracisternal, and intraventricular vasodilators (e.g., nimodipine), i.v. nicardipine (except for blood pressure control), or i.v. milrinone.
- Strong inhibitors of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporter proteins.
aSAH aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, CT computed tomography, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ICP intracranial pressure, i.v. intravenous, mRS modified Rankin Scale, OATP organic anion transporting polypeptide, PaO2/FiO2 ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen, WFNS World Federation of Neurological Societies
Patient screening and randomization
The screening period starts with the signature of the informed consent form (Additional file 4) by the patient and/or his/her legally designated representative/proxy. If neither the patient nor his/her legally designated representative/proxy can sign the consent form, a deferral of consent process may be followed if allowed by local regulations and if study-specific approval is previously received. If the patient is not able to provide personal consent at the time the consent is obtained, then he/she must provide this consent as soon as possible once his/her clinical condition has improved to the extent that providing personal consent is possible, unless local regulations state otherwise. The screening period ends with randomization occurring within 96 hours after aSAH. Patients are randomized 1:1 to clazosentan or placebo, and they are stratified by World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS) grade (1–2 versus 3–5) and age at hospital admission (≤ 60 and > 60 years), which are both recognized factors for unfavorable outcome [37]. Randomization is performed by the Interactive Response Technology system, which allocates a medication to the patient.
Study treatments
Patients receive clazosentan or placebo as a continuous 15 mg/hour intravenous (i.v.) infusion for up to 14 days with a minimum of 10 days, on top of the usual standard of care for the management of aSAH. The study drug infusion is administered in an intensive care unit in parallel to the administration of hemodynamic therapy as per the Patient Management Guidelines (Additional file 5). This study is performed in a double-blind fashion; the investigators and the personnel involved in the conduct of the study remain blinded to the study treatment received by the patients during the double-blind treatment period until study closure. The identity of the study treatment may be revealed (through the Interactive Response Technology system) only if the patient experiences an emergency medical event, the management of which would require knowledge of the blinded treatment assignment. Although the decision to unblind resides solely with the investigator, discussion with the Sponsor prior to any unblinding is recommended.
Study drug interruption/discontinuation
Study drug may be temporarily interrupted in response to an adverse event, a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, a laboratory abnormality, or for administrative reasons. The Patient Management Guidelines (Additional file 5) also recommend temporarily interrupting study drug when the target blood pressure cannot be achieved (after the discontinuation of nimodipine, if applicable) or when pulmonary ventilation/perfusion ratio mismatch is suspected (or is persistent despite discontinuation of nimodipine, if applicable). Interruptions of study treatment should be kept as short as possible.
Study treatment may be discontinued in response to an adverse event, lack of efficacy (including disease progression, worsening of patient’s condition), a protocol deviation (including eligibility failure, non-compliance with study requirements), a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, a laboratory abnormality, or for administrative reasons.
Allowed concomitant therapy
The usual standard of care for the management of aSAH, including oral or i.v. nimodipine, is allowed except for those therapies considered forbidden as described below. “Statins” (e.g., simvastatin, pravastatin) may only be administered if the patient was receiving them chronically for treatment of high cholesterol. Urgent endovascular rescue therapy for the treatment of refractory vasospasm (i.e., balloon angioplasty, intra-arterial/intrathecal/intracisternal/intraventricular vasodilators) can be administered at any time during the treatment period for refractory vasospasm but requires temporary interruption of study drug. Intravenous administration of vasodilators (e.g., nicardipine, milrinone) are allowed as rescue therapy only if preceded by intra-arterial administration of a vasodilator.
Vaccines (including those for Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) may be administered at any time during the study.
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Forbidden medications
The following treatments are not allowed until the primary endpoint is assessed due to their potential to interfere with the evaluation of efficacy or safety, or due to the potential for a drug-drug interaction with study drug: intra-aortic balloon device; lumbar and/or cisternal drainage for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and/or DCI; i.v. milrinone, i.v. nicardipine (may be used for blood pressure control), and intrathecal/intra-cisternal/intra-ventricular vasodilators (e.g., nimodipine); i.v. magnesium, i.v. albumin, or plasma volume expander if administered specifically for the prevention of vasospasm and/or DCI; thrombolytics (except to open an occluded drain) and antifibrinolytics; i.v. hypertonic saline (in the absence of hyponatremia, brain edema, or high intracranial pressure [ICP]); i.v. mannitol (in the absence of brain edema or high ICP); strong inhibitors of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 transporter proteins; other endothelin receptor antagonists; any investigational drugs, procedures, or devices; traditional medicines.
Study endpoints
Primary endpoint
The primary efficacy endpoint (adjudicated by an independent Clinical Event Committee (CEC)) is the occurrence of clinical deterioration due to DCI, from study drug initiation up to 14 days post-study drug initiation. Clinical deterioration due to DCI is defined as a worsening of at least 2 points on the modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS) or the abbreviated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (aNIHSS), lasting for at least 2 hours, which cannot be entirely attributed to causes other than cerebral vasospasm (Appendices 3 and 4).
Patients who die between study drug start up to and including 14 days post-study drug initiation are considered as presenting with clinical deterioration due to DCI. Patients who cannot be evaluated for neurological status at any time during this same period are considered as presenting with clinical deterioration due to DCI if either rescue therapy was administered for a relevant vasospasm or the reason for not being evaluable is vasospasm related.
Patients who are discharged from the study site prior to Day 14 post-study drug initiation have a follow-up visit or telephone call, covering their clinical status between discharge and Day 14 post-study drug start. If this follow-up reveals that the patient was re-hospitalized or transferred to another facility, and DCI cannot be ruled out as a primary or contributing cause, the patient is considered as meeting the primary endpoint. If a patient has less than 14 days of neurological scales available and there is an absence of follow-up information (including patients withdrawn from the study during the observation period) the primary endpoint is assessed based on the totality of available clinical data.
Secondary endpoints
The main secondary endpoint is the occurrence of clinically relevant cerebral infarction at Day 16 post-study drug initiation defined as all cause cerebral infarction ≥ 5 cm3 or cerebral infarction < 5 cm3 in patients with clinical deterioration due to DCI. This definition was updated following protocol amendment (Additional file 3).
Cerebral infarction refers to new or worsened infarcts and is determined by central radiology review, comparing the total volume of infarcts on the CT scan performed 16 days after study drug initiation with the total volume on the CT scan performed just prior to randomization. If the CT scan cannot be performed on Day 16, then it is acceptable for the CT to be performed within 7 days following Day 16. If a patient is discharged from the hospital prior to Day 16, the CT scan is performed on the day of hospital discharge. Clinical deterioration due to DCI and cerebral infarctions ≥ 5 cm3 are confirmed by the CEC. Cerebral infarctions < 5 cm3 in patients with clinical deterioration due to DCI are derived from both the CEC data (primary endpoint) and the Independent Radiology Committee (IRC) data (for infarct size).
Other secondary endpoints include long-term clinical outcome, assessed at Week 12 post-aSAH by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) [38] dichotomized into poor outcome (score ≥ 3) and good outcome (score < 3) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) [39], dichotomized into poor outcome (score ≤ 4) and good outcome (score > 4).
Exploratory efficacy endpoints
Exploratory endpoints include cognitive status assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; values at Day 14 after study drug initiation and at Week 12 post-aSAH, changes from baseline to Day 14 and to Week 12, and changes from Day 14 to Week 12).
Other efficacy endpoints include the number of episodes of clinical deterioration due to DCI from study drug initiation up to 14 days post-study drug initiation, and the occurrence of all-cause new or worsened cerebral infarction ≥ 5 cm3 in total volume (initially planned as main secondary endpoint, see Additional file 3), as adjudicated by the CEC.
Quality of life endpoints
Quality of life endpoints are assessed with 2 generic instruments including the EQ-5D (values at Week 12 post-aSAH, at Week 24, and change in index score and visual analog scale from Week 12 to Week 24) and the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ; values at Week 12). Quality of life is also evaluated with the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL; values at Week 12).
Pharmaco-economic endpoints
The pharmaco-economic endpoints describe the number and type of episodes of rescue therapy, and the number and type of specific medical treatments and therapies from randomization up to hospital discharge and from hospital discharge up to Week 12 post-aSAH. The length of initial and total intensive care unit stay, the length of total hospitalization, and duration in different hospital/institutional care units are recorded from randomization up to hospital discharge and from hospital discharge up to Week 12. The intensity of rehabilitation care up to Week 12 post-aSAH, the first post-hospital discharge location, and the duration of home care support post-initial hospital discharge are documented. The employment status is collected at Week 24 post-aSAH.
Biomarker endpoints
The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of the S100b protein from baseline to Day 10 and 14 post-study drug initiation is to be calculated. The S100b protein has emerged as a brain ischemia biomarker that is implicated in the pathogenic process of aSAH [40].
Safety endpoints
The safety endpoints include the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious TEAEs, TEAEs of specific interest (i.e. pulmonary complications, hypotension, anemia, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema, fluid retention, hepatic disorders, tachyarrhythmia), and treatment-emergent marked laboratory abnormalities up to 24 hours after study drug discontinuation (along with changes from baseline to end of study drug administration for selected centrally assessed laboratory parameters). TEAEs leading to premature discontinuation of study drug and death (all causes) up to week 24 post-aSAH are to be collected. The occurrence of rescue therapy-specific adverse events up to hospital discharge (or up to week 12, whichever is earlier) is also documented.
Study assessments
An overview of the timing of the assessments is presented in Table 3. For those patients who cannot return to the investigational site for the 12-week visit, the GOSE and quality of life assessments are conducted by telephone and post, respectively. Depending on local regulations, a study staff member from the investigative site may also conduct the week 12 visit at the patient’s place of residence. If the 24-week (end-of-study) visit cannot be conducted as a telephone interview, the patient is asked to return the completed data collection forms by post.
Table 3
Overview of study assessments
PERIOD
Hospital admission
SCREENING Period
OBSERVATION Period (for 14 days post-study drug initiation irrespective of treatment duration)
24 h safety FU Period
Extended FU Period (From end of 24 h safety FU Period until EOS)
TREATMENT Period (min. 10, max. 14 days of treatment)
Timing / assessment
within 96 hours post-aSAH
for 14 days post-SD start
until 24 h post-SD stop
WEEK 12 VISIT
END OF STUDY (EOS)s
From ICF to randomization
Prior to study drug (SD) start
SD start
Daily in ICUh
During observation periodh
Worsening of ≥2 points on mGCS / aNIHSSh
End-of-Treatment (EOT)
84 days post-aSAH (± 7 d)
24 weeks (168 days ±14 days) post-aSAH
Informed consent
X
Demographics
X
Medical history
X
X
Incl./Excl. criteria
X
Height, weight
X
Vital signs (BP, HR, ICPa, CVPa)
X (within 60 min)
q6h (± 1 h)
q6h (± 1 h) (every 12 h if not in ICU)
Body temperature
X (within 60 min)
X (every 12 h ± 1 h)
Fluid balance (24 h)p
X
X
ECG parameters
X (within 60 min)
Xi
X (within 2 h post-SD stop)
Laboratory tests (local [l]/ central [c])
X (l)
X (c) (within 60 min)
Xj(c) (EOD for 14 days)
X (l) / SpO2
Xj(c) (within 2 h post-SD stop)
Biomarker
X (c) (within 60 min)
X (c) (EOD for 14 days)
X (c) if CNS cause
X (c) (within 2 h post-SD stop)
Pregnancy test
X (serum, (l))
X (urine)
Concomitant medicationsr
X
X
Non-drug treatments / interventions
X
X
WFNS
Xb
X, Xc
Total GCS
Xb
X, Xc
mGCS/aNIHSS
X (within 30 min)
q6hk(± 1 h)
Xl(± 1 h)
X (hourly ± 15 min for first 2 h)
Angiogram (DSA or CTA)
Xd
X (local standard of care, not assessed centrally)
X (if CNS cause)
CT scan
Xd
Xe
X (if CNS cause)
Xm(16 days post-SD start)
Subject narrative
X (14 days post-SD start)
MoCAf
Xg
X (14 ± 1 day post-SD start)q
X
GOSE
X
SS-QOL, Ox-PAQ
X
EQ-5D
X
X
Study drug administration
X
X
Adverse eventsn
X
X
Serious adverse eventso
X
X
Pharmaco-economic assessments
X
X
Employment status
X
AE adverse event, aNIHSS abbreviated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, aSAH aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, BP blood pressure, CNS central nervous system, CT computerized tomography, CTA computerized tomography angiography, CVP central venous pressure, DSA digital subtraction angiography, ECG electrocardiogram, eCRF electronic case report form, EOD every other day, EOS End-of-Study, EOT End-of-Treatment, FU follow-up, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, GOSE Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended, HR heart rate, ICF informed consent form, ICP intracranial pressure, ICU intensive care unit, mGCS modified Glasgow Coma Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Ox-PAQ Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire, SAE serious adverse event, SD study drug, SpO2 peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, SS-QOL Stroke Specific Quality of Life, WFNS World Federation of Neurological Societies
aICP/CVP is measured and recorded for those patients with ICP and/or CVP monitoring in place
bIf the patient was transferred from another hospital, the GCS score and WFNS grade correspond to the assessments made at the referral hospital, unless these were not done or not reliable
cTwo assessments: post aneurysm-securing procedure and prior to randomization
dIf performed at a referral hospital, is of acceptable quality, and is available in digital format at the investigational site at the time of screening, does not need to be repeated
eThis CT scan is to be performed at least 8 hours after the aneurysm-securing procedure and within 24 hours prior to randomization
fOnly performed if patient is GCS ≥ 13 and extubated (if applicable)
gAs soon as possible after recovering from the aneurysm-securing procedure and prior to SD start
hIf there is a worsening of at least 2 points in the mGCS and/or the aNIHSS the assessments in the “worsening” column must be performed on top of the regularly scheduled assessments. The mGCS and the aNIHSS must be repeated hourly for at least the first 2 hours after a 2-point worsening. If the deterioration is believed to be of CNS origin, a cerebral angiogram and a cerebral CT scan must be performed within 6 hours of the start of the symptoms and submitted for central review and a blood sample for S100b protein must be drawn within 1 hour of the confirmation of the neurological deterioration episode or no later than 3 hours from the initial worsening. Local lab tests should be obtained as close as possible to the time of the clinical worsening (max. 1 hour after time of confirmed worsening)
iQT, QRS, PR, RR intervals, and HR are measured and recorded in the eCRF if patient experiences an AE related to cardiac rhythm abnormalities
jAny clinically significant laboratory values must be reported as an AE/SAE as appropriate and those still abnormal at the time of the EOS assessment are followed up based on local routine standard of care. A local laboratory may be requested by the sponsor to document the event and its resolution, and the results recorded in the eCRF
kAt least once per day for patients that require uninterrupted continuous sedation
lAfter the end of the study drug infusion, the mGCS and aNIHSS continue to be assessed every 6 hours if the patient is still in the ICU (or equivalent ward), until 14 days after study drug initiation. They are assessed at least once per day if the patient requires continuous uninterrupted sedation. If the patient is no longer in the ICU (i.e., has been sent to a regular/general ward), the mGCS and aNIHSS are assessed at least once every 12 hours (± 1 h) until 14 days after study drug initiation. In the unavoidable situation where the patient is discharged from the study site before completing the observation period, their clinical status must be followed-up to cover the period between discharge and Day 14 post-study drug start. The follow-up should be performed on Day 14 post-study drug initiation or as soon as possible after. This follow-up is not required if the patient was discharged on Day 13 and there is at least one set of neurological assessment scales available on this day
mIf the CT scan cannot be performed on the 16th day post-SD start, then it is acceptable if the CT scan is performed up to 7 days after Day 16. The CT scan is performed on the day of hospital discharge for those patients who are discharged from the hospital prior to 16 days after study drug start. If no CT scan is available at hospital discharge, the last CT scan performed prior to discharge may be used for this assessment
nAll AEs that occur after signing the ICF and up to the EOS visit must be recorded if related to a study-mandated procedure. All other AEs are to be reported from SD initiation until 24 hours post-permanent SD discontinuation
oAll SAEs that occur after signing the ICF and up to the EOS visit must be recorded if related to a study-mandated procedure. All other SAEs are to be reported from SD initiation until EOS. Waived SAEs do not require reporting to the sponsor’s Drug Safety department within 24 hours of the knowledge of its occurrence
pApplicable during study drug administration only. Balance is captured if a urine catheter is present. Otherwise, 24-hour fluid intake is measured and recorded
qThis MoCA is performed on the day of hospital discharge for those patients who are discharged from the hospital prior to 14 days after study drug start
rFor details on the concomitant medication recording refer to text
sThe EOS visit is conducted remotely as a telephone interview
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS)
The GCS (Additional file 6) describes levels of consciousness by testing eye opening, verbal, and motor response [41]. The highest score (fully awake) is 15 and the lowest 3. If the motor response in the left and the right arm are not the same, then the best score out of the two scores is used to determine the total GCS score. The mGCS (Additional file 6) is used in conjunction with the aNIHSS (see below) to detect episodes of clinical deterioration due to DCI [42, 43]. It is performed the same way as the GCS. However, the worst motor response is used to enable the detection of any new focal deficits from one assessment to the next.
Abbreviated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (aNIHSS)
The aNIHSS (Additional file 7) is a measure of limb movement and strength and it only includes the motor section of the full NIHSS, which is a tool used to objectively quantify the impairment caused by a stroke [44]. Four separate scores from 0 (best) to 4 (worst) are determined for each limb. The total score ranges from 0 (best) to 16 (worst).
Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS)
The combined GOSE /mRS structured interview (Additional file 8) measures functional outcome and dependency with minimum bias and high inter-rater reliability [38, 39]. The GOSE score ranges from 1 (dead) to 8 (upper good recovery) and the mRS score from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (dead).
World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS) grade
The WFNS grade is a clinical measure of disease severity; it is determined from the GCS score and the presence of motor deficit [45].
Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ)
The Ox-PAQ is a patient-reported outcome measure, which assesses generic health-related quality of life [50]. The instrument evaluates the ability of individuals to engage in activities (such as work, hobbies, daily routines) and the level of dependency an individual has on others. It is comprised of 23 questions that cover 3 domains (routine activities, emotional well-being, and social engagement). If the patient is unable to complete the questionnaire it is not completed by a proxy.
EQ-5D
The EQ-5D is a patient-reported outcome measure developed to assess generic health-related quality of life [51]. It is composed of 5 domains (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) and a visual analog scale assessing overall health. The 5L version is used. If the patient is unable to complete the questionnaire, a proxy (e.g., family member, caregiver, close friend) is asked to complete the questionnaire.
Safety assessments
Height, weight, vital signs including intracranial pressure and central venous pressure (if monitored), body temperature, fluid balance, electrocardiogram parameters, laboratory test results are collected according to the schedule provided in Table 3. In case of episodes of clinical deterioration, a blood sample is drawn as close as possible to the time of the initial neurological deterioration, but no later than 1 hour after the confirmation of the deterioration or within 3 hours after the initial worsening. Serum sodium, creatinine, and arterial blood gases (arterial oxygen saturation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen in arterial blood) and pH (if the patient is intubated/ventilated) must be included as a minimum. Adverse events and serious adverse events are collected throughout the study.
Statistical analysis
Statistical hypotheses
Four null hypotheses are tested according to a fixed sequence procedure (primary endpoint, main secondary endpoint, other secondary endpoints -mRS then GOSE-) at the two-sided significance level of 0.05 until first non-rejection.
Analyses of the study variables
The primary statistical analysis is performed on the full analysis set, which includes all patients from the randomized analysis set who have started the study treatment. This is in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle as a) randomized but untreated patients are rare and b) the decision whether or not to begin treatment cannot be influenced by knowledge of the assigned treatment. The primary endpoint is analyzed using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, stratified on WFNS grade (1–2 versus 3–5) and age at hospital admission (≤ 60 and > 60 years). The treatment effect (clazosentan versus placebo) is expressed in terms of odds ratios and also in terms of relative risk reduction of the active arm compared to placebo with corresponding 95% confidence limits.
Supportive analyses include logistic regression to estimate the treatment effect after adjusting for WFNS grade and age at hospital admission. Subgroup analyses are conducted for WFNS grade and age at hospital admission.
Similar analyses are performed for the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints.
The safety analysis provides descriptive statistics for each treatment arm.
No interim analyses are planned in this study.
Sample size
The sample size is derived from the assumption that the true incidence of clinical deterioration due to DCI up to 14 days after study drug initiation is 28% in the placebo arm and 14% in the clazosentan arm [35]; a sample size of 176 patients in each treatment arm has 90% power to show the superiority in response of clazosentan compared to placebo using Pearson’s χ2 test with a 5% two-sided significance level. When taking an approximate 10% drop-out rate into account, 400 patients have to be enrolled in the study, with 200 patients randomized to each treatment arm.
Handling of missing data
The CEC provides a final assessment (yes or no) on the primary endpoint, indicating for each patient whether it has been met, therefore it is assumed that there are no missing data for the primary endpoint. In addition, the CEC distinguishes between the cases of clinical deterioration due to DCI and the cases imputed according to the substitution rules described for the primary endpoint.
The CEC provides a final assessment (yes or no) on the first component of the main secondary endpoint (infarcts ≥ 5 cm3), indicating for each patient whether it has been met and distinguishing between the true cases of cerebral infarction ≥ 5 cm3 and imputed cases (as per CEC charter). Regarding the second component, patients who met the primary endpoint as per CEC but with missing CT scan at Day 16 are considered to have met the secondary endpoint (i.e., the worst possible outcome is assumed).
Changes to the protocol
Changes to the protocol occurring after study start are listed in Additional file 3. Most importantly, the main secondary endpoint definition was updated to include clinically relevant infarcts < 5 cm3 in addition to all-cause infarcts ≥ 5 cm3 (as initially planned) at day 16 post-study drug initiation. The latter is to be analyzed as an exploratory endpoint. The mRS was formally included in the statistical hierarchical testing strategy, just before the GOSE.
Exceptional measures to ensure patient safety and counteract potential trial conduct disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic
As a consequence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, Idorsia put the recruitment for the REACT study on hold temporarily, on 19 March 2020.
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All protocol deviations related to the COVID-19 crisis are to be identified and tracked. This will allow, at the end of the trial, a reconstruction of the impact that such deviations had on the trial integrity and interpretability.
In case of logistical restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible to postpone the Week 12 assessments up to Week 24 (at the latest) and to perform the safety follow-up of ongoing adverse event in an alternative hospital or local laboratory. It is reminded that if OATP inhibitors are used (e.g., for the treatment of a patient with COVID 19) then study drug must be permanently discontinued as per study protocol. It is possible to perform remote monitoring and source data verification if allowed locally, otherwise alternatives may be agreed with the principal investigator to ensure data integrity.
Study committees
An Independent Data Monitoring Committee is responsible for monitoring unblinded safety and efficacy data at regular intervals.
An Independent Radiology Committee (IRC) composed of radiologists, who are independent from the study sponsor and blinded to treatment allocation, review all angiograms and CT scans to document and quantify specific radiological findings including clot size, cerebral vasospasm, and cerebral infarction.
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An Independent Clinical Event Committee (CEC) composed of clinicians with expertise in aSAH, who are blinded to treatment allocation, determine whether the primary endpoint and the main secondary endpoints have been met. This committee reviews clinical and imaging data from all patients to determine which cases fulfill the definition of clinical deterioration due to DCI. It also adjudicates cases for the presence of a new or worsened cerebral infarct ≥ 5 cm3 based on the central review of CT scans performed by the IRC or other available data when the CT scan is missing at day 16 post-study drug initiation. Cerebral infarcts < 5 cm3 in patients with clinical deterioration due to DCI are derived from both the CEC data (primary endpoint) and IRC data (for infarct size).
Committee charters are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request once trial results are published.
Monitoring
Data from source documents are reported in the patient electronic case report form using electronic data capture. Results from laboratory analyses are electronically sent to the sponsor. Adverse events and medical history are coded according to the latest Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA™) version used by the sponsor. Medications are coded according to the latest WHO Drug Dictionary version used by the sponsor.
All data and documentation related to the trial are stored on site for as long as is necessary to comply with the sponsor’s requirements and national and/or international regulations. Access to data is restricted to authorized trial personnel.
The sponsor representatives may audit the investigator site.
Study status
The planned recruitment of 400 patients was reached in May 2022 and the study was completed in November 2022.
Discussion
Delayed cerebral ischemia contributes significantly to poor outcome after aSAH [15] and there is a high medical need for improved treatment options to avoid brain infarction, neurological complications and the need for additional endovascular therapy. Clazosentan has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of cerebral vasospasm and to decrease vasospasm-related morbidity at 6 weeks, in patients with aSAH [29, 30, 32‐34]. The effect of clazosentan on vasospasm-related morbidity is particularly noticeable in the patients who present with large amounts of blood clots on the initial CT scan [35], which has been associated with an increased risk for DCI and cerebral infarction [36]. The objective of this ongoing, multicenter, randomized REACT study is to focus on in-hospital clinical deterioration due to DCI, assessed by central adjudication, in an enriched high-risk population including patients with thick and diffuse blood clots at admission. The clazosentan development program has shown that the clinical effect of clazosentan on vasospasm-related events is dose dependent and the 15 mg/hour dose, which was identified in global studies [29, 33] as the most efficacious dose when compared with the 1 and 5 mg/hour doses, is to be evaluated in the REACT trial.
The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial is the occurrence of clinical deterioration due to DCI, from study drug initiation up to 14 days post-study drug initiation. It is defined as a sustained worsening in neurological status that cannot be entirely attributed to causes other than cerebral vasospasm consistent with the recommendations of international multi-disciplinary aSAH research groups [42, 43]. The extension of the duration of the deterioration to 2 hours in the REACT protocol excludes transient fluctuations in clinical status and thus increases the robustness of the endpoint definition. The assessment period for the primary endpoint extends until 14 days after the initiation of treatment, thus covering the treatment period, and corresponding to the period during which DCI is most likely to occur. The proposed primary endpoint captures the most important clinical manifestations of post-aSAH cerebral ischemia that can be prevented by an anti-vasospastic treatment. This clinically relevant endpoint is predictive of cognitive impairment, quality of life deterioration, and poor long-term outcome [7, 15, 52‐54]. Therefore, showing a significant reduction in the incidence of clinical deterioration due to DCI, supported by clinically relevant effects on the secondary and exploratory endpoints, is expected to demonstrate the clinically meaningful benefit of clazosentan in this disease indication.
The main secondary endpoint in the REACT study is the occurrence of clinically relevant cerebral infarction, a known complication of aSAH, which has been repeatedly shown to be a strong predictor of poor long-term clinical outcome [7, 55, 56]. A post-hoc analysis of the data from the CONSCIOUS-2 and CONSCIOUS-3 studies demonstrated that infarcts with a total cumulative volume ≥ 5 cm3 are mostly related to vasospasm and have a high association with poor clinical outcome at 3 months, as compared to those with a cumulative volume less than 5 cm3 [57]. Therefore, the secondary endpoint definition as initially defined (all-cause new or worsened cerebral infarction of a total volume ≥ 5 cm3) only included those infarcts ≥ 5 cm3 in order to set a meaningful cut-off for infarct volume when considering all infarcts irrespective of cause. Since the determination of underlying infarct etiology based on CT scan assessment is often challenging, the 5 cm3 threshold serves as a proxy for vasospasm-related stroke. This endpoint also allowed the identification of ischemic events that are not detectable on clinical examination or that develop in patients who cannot be evaluated neurologically (e.g., due to sedation or very poor clinical status). However, routine blinded monitoring of the event rate during the REACT study revealed a lower-than-expected incidence of infarcts ≥ 5 cm3, resulting in insufficient power to detect a treatment effect. This led to an expansion of the endpoint definition to include cerebral infarcts < 5 cm3 if they occur in patients with clinical deterioration due to DCI. Although the infarcts < 5 cm3 have a lower association with vasospasm and prognosis, their vasospastic origin and their contribution to poor outcome cannot be completely excluded [58, 59]. Therefore, they are included in the secondary endpoint as long as DCI is present to avoid the inclusion of irrelevant infarcts, causing dilution of the treatment effect, as seen in the CONSCIOUS-1 trial [29].
Despite being correlated with the primary efficacy endpoint, the main secondary endpoint goes beyond clinical symptoms since deterioration due to DCI does not always result in the development of cerebral infarction. Conversely, cerebral infarction may be observed on a CT scan in the absence of clinical symptoms in up to 20% of aSAH patients [10, 60]. The assessment of this endpoint at day 16 post-study drug initiation allows for the detection of infarcts that may be the consequence of cerebral ischemia that occur up to day 14 (primary endpoint evaluation is up to day 14).
The other secondary endpoints of the REACT study are the mRS and GOSE scores at Week 12, which assess long-term clinical outcome. These scores have been chosen as secondary, rather than primary efficacy endpoints, because they are strongly driven by the initial hemorrhage and the complications of the aneurysm treatment procedure [61], on which clazosentan has no expected impact. However, the absence of a negative trend on these assessments would be an important part of the overall benefit/risk assessment of clazosentan in patients with aSAH. This justifies the use of mRS and GOSE as other secondary endpoints. The mRS has recently been recommended over the GOSE as the preferred scale for measuring the long-term clinical outcome of SAH by the international clinical experts of the SAH common data elements working group [62]. Therefore, in REACT, the mRS was raised above the GOSE in the statistical hierarchical testing strategy, after protocol amendment (Additional file 3).
Finally, the REACT protocol includes a series of cognitive tests and patient reported outcome tools performed at 12 and/or 24 weeks after the aSAH with the objective to capture most of the aSAH-associated long-term disability.
A key feature of the REACT study is the enrolment of a selected population with a high risk of developing vasospasm-related ischemic complications. This risk is correlated with the amount of blood on the initial CT scan [63]. Thus, the inclusion of patients who present with thick and diffuse clot at hospital admission is expected to increase the occurrence of clinical deterioration due to DCI, allowing the conduct of the study with a reasonable sample size. In the post-hoc analyses of the placebo arm of the CONSCIOUS-2, and CONSCIOUS-3 studies, the patients with thick and diffuse clot at admission, who represented approximately 50% of the overall patient population, had significantly increased risks for DCI and cerebral infarction (relative risk: 2.6 and 2.3, respectively, after adjustment for WFNS at admission) compared with the patients who had a lower amount of blood on the initial CT scan [36]. These high-risk patients benefited most from clazosentan treatment and their relative risk for clinical deterioration due to DCI was significantly reduced by 57% compared with placebo [35]. The REACT study design, which is based on an enriched population, focuses on those patients who are most likely to benefit from clazosentan. In addition, exclusion of patients with hypotension or hypoxia and protocol guidelines on hemodynamic management should reduce the frequency of clazosentan-related main adverse effects. Thus, the REACT study aims at assessing the benefit/risk profile of clazosentan in patients at high risk of vasospasm-related ischemic complications post-aSAH.
Conclusion
Clazosentan is known to reduce the occurrence and severity of vasospasm occurring after aSAH and was recently shown to decrease the combined incidence of vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality in two phase 3 studies conducted in Japan. The ongoing REACT study further investigates whether clazosentan can prevent the clinical deteriorations due to DCI and improve long-term outcome in an enriched patient population at high risk of vasospasm-related ischemic events.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank E. Maho and A Hmissi (Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) for their contribution to the development of the statistical analysis plan.
Data confidentiality
The investigator/delegate must ensure that data confidentiality is maintained. On documents submitted to the sponsor or any vendors or Contract Research Organizations, patients must be identified only by number and never by their name or initials, date of birth, hospital numbers, or any other personal identifier.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study is conducted in full compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guideline, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the laws and regulations of the country in which it is performed. The REACT protocol and amendments have been approved by research ethics committees/institutional review boards in each participating investigational site (last amendment dated February 18, 2022, Additional file 3). It is the responsibility of the investigator to obtain written informed consent from all participants prior to enrolment in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
NB, RH, EFA, and SAM have been consultants / scientific advisors for Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and have received consulting fees.
HSJ, AM, and SR are employees of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., and CD is an external contractor. Idorsia is the owner and developer of clazosentan.
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The REACT study: design of a randomized phase 3 trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Nicolas Bruder Randall Higashida Hugues Santin-Janin Cécile Dubois E. François Aldrich Angelina Marr Sébastien Roux Stephan A. Mayer
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