Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Patients
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Current orthodontic treatment in our department.
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Age between 5 and 18 years. Patients younger than 5 years were excluded, because the tooth development does not allow identifying tooth agenesis in a radiograph at this age [43, 44]. And especially patients with a CL/P show a statistically significant delay of mineralization of the second premolars [45, 46]. Also, patients older than 18 years were excluded, due to the fact that the tooth development and facial growth of patients older than 18 years should be completed [47].
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Non-syndromic craniofacial malformations such as CL/P and RS. The diagnosis was confirmed by the neonatal picture or pre-operative record.
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Patients with a panoramic radiograph and a lateral cephalograms according to the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principles with an indication justifying radiation exposure within the course of orthodontic treatment.The exclusion criteria were defined as follows:
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Patients younger than 5 years and older than 18 years.
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Radiographs of insufficient quality for diagnostic purposes (e.g., overexposure).
Instruments for dental assessment
Reliability measurement
Statistical data analyses
Skeletal class malformation
Results
Characteristics of patients
n = 108 | Group 1 (n = 43) | Group 2 (n = 65) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Age | ||||
Mean | 8.88 | 10.80 | ||
SD | 1.92 | 2.71 | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | 26 | 60.46 | 26 | 40.00 |
Female | 17 | 39.53 | 39 | 60.00 |
Skeletal class | ||||
Class I | 3 | 6.98 | 14 | 21.54 |
Class II | 10 | 23.26 | 29 | 44.62 |
Class III | 30 | 69.77 | 22 | 33.85 |
Craniofacial disorder | ||||
RS | 3 | 6.98 | - | - |
CLP | 35 | 81.40 | - | - |
CP | 5 | 11.63 | ||
Cleft location | ||||
Unilateral | 27 | - | - | |
Left | 24 | - | - | |
Right | 3 | - | - | |
Bilateral | 8 | - | - |
Reliability measurements
General analysis of tooth agenesis code in groups 1 and 2
Frequency N | Teeth missing | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Maxilla | Mandibular | ||||
Left | Right | Left | Right | |||
Group 1 | ||||||
1 | 000 000 000 000 | 24 | ||||
2 | 000 002 000 000 | 5 | 22 | |||
3 | 000 002 000 016 | 1 | 22 | 45 | ||
4 | 000 002 016 016 | 1 | 22 | 35 | 45 | |
5 | 000 016 000 000 | 1 | 25 | |||
6 | 000 018 000 000 | 1 | 22, 25 | |||
7 | 002 000 000 000 | 1 | 12 | |||
8 | 002 010 000 000 | 1 | 22, 24 | 12 | ||
9 | 002 016 000 016 | 1 | 25 | 12 | 45 | |
10 | 002 018 000 000 | 2 | 22 | 12, 15 | ||
11 | 003 003 000 000 | 1 | 21, 22 | 11, 12 | ||
12 | 016 000 000 000 | 2 | 15 | |||
13 | 016 016 016 016 | 1 | 25 | 15 | 35 | 45 |
14 | 016 018 000 000 | 1 | 22, 25 | 15 | ||
Group 2 | ||||||
1 | 000 000 000 000 | 56 | ||||
2 | 000 000 000 001 | 2 | 41 | |||
3 | 000 000 064 000 | 1 | 37 | |||
4 | 000 001 000 000 | 1 | 21 | 45 | ||
5 | 000 002 000 016 | 1 | 22 | 45 | ||
6 | 002 000 016 000 | 1 | 12 | 35 | ||
7 | 010 010 000 000 | 1 | 22, 24 | 12, 14 | ||
8 | 016 000 016 016 | 1 | 15 | 35 | 45 | |
9 | 018 000 017 001 | 1 | 12, 15 | 31, 35 | 41 |
Relationship of agenesis between patient sex, skeletal class, and craniofacial disorder
n = 108 | Group 1 (n = 43) | Group 2 (n = 65) |
---|---|---|
Tooth agenesis p value = 0.0162 (χ2) | 44.19% | 13.85% |
Sex | ||
Male | 25.58% | 7.69% |
Female | 18.60% | 7.69% |
p value | 0.7590 (χ2) | 0.4829 (χ2) |
Skeletal class | ||
Class I | 0.00% | 1.54% |
Class II | 9.30% | 7.69% |
Class III | 34.88% | 6.15% |
p value | 0.2396 (χ2) | 0.6251 (χ2) |
Craniofacial disorder | ||
RS | 0.00% | |
Unilateral CLP | ||
Left | 30.23% | |
Right | 2.33% | |
Bilateral | 6.98% | |
CP | 4.65% | |
p value | 0.4528 (χ2) | |
Upper/lower jaw | ||
Maxilla | 20.93% | 1.54% |
Mandible | 0.00% | 3.08% |
Maxilla and mandible | 9.30% | 7.69% |
p value | < 0.0001 (χ2) | < 0.0001 (χ2) |