Introduction
Statement of the problem
Methodology
Study settings
Study variables
Sources of data and sampling procedures
Theoretical framework
Measurement of variables
Height and weight measurement
Mother’s BMI levels
Anaemia screening
Malaria screening
Data analysis
C= (P1L2-P2L1) + (P2L3-P3L2) +… + (PT-1 LT-PTLT-1)
Results
Demographic characteristics of participants
Gender | Residence | Wealth quintile | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male
|
Female
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Lowest
|
Second
|
Middle
|
Fourth
|
Highest
| |
Children 12–23 months | 2969 | 2959 | 1030 | 4898 | 1269 | 1305 | 1150 | 1077 | 1127 |
Children under five years. | 14,774 | 14,917 | 5055 | 24,636 | 6626 | 6354 | 5844 | 5366 | 5501 |
Women aged 15–49 years of age | 9642 | 2150 | 7492 | 1614 | 1709 | 1827 | 2051 | 2441 | |
Men aged 15–49 years | 9229 | 1969 | 7260 | 1535 | 1767 | 1749 | 2020 | 2158 | |
Live births in the five years preceding the survey | 5333 | 26,436 | 7151 | 6830 | 6242 | 5764 | 5782 |
Inequalities in maternal and Child Health status
Geographical location | Wealth Quintiles | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health indicators
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
Low/High Ratio
|
Lowest
|
Second
|
Middle
|
Fourth
|
Highest
|
Total
|
Low/High Ratio
|
Concentration Index (CI)
| |
Infant Mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 2006 | 88 | 68 |
1.3
| 102 | 92 | 87 | 80 | 63 |
76
|
1.6
| -0.09 |
2011 | 66 | 54 |
1.2
| 76 | 69 | 64 | 63 | 48 |
54
|
1.6
| -0.08 | |
2016 | 57 | 36 |
1.6
| 56 | 50 | 44 | 48 | 39 |
43
|
1.4
| -0.05 | |
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 2006 | 153 | 114 |
1.3
| 172 | 157 | 155 | 140 | 108 |
137
|
1.6
| -0.08 |
2011 | 111 | 77 |
1.4
| 123 | 125 | 100 | 104 | 72 |
90
|
1.7
| -0.10 | |
2016 | 68 | 52 |
1.3
| 88 | 79 | 73 | 69 | 53 |
64
|
1.7
| -0.09 | |
Stunting among children under age 5 (%) | 2006 | 39.5 | 25.5 |
1.5
| 43.4 | 38.0 | 44.4 | 37.6 | 24.3 |
38
|
1.8
| -0.07 |
2011 | 35.6 | 18.6 |
1.9
| 37.3 | 30.9 | 45.0 | 30.5 | 20.8 |
33.4
|
1.8
| -0.07 | |
2016 | 30.2 | 23.5 |
1.3
| 32.3 | 33.2 | 33.0 | 27.2 | 16.7 |
28.9
|
1.9
| -0.09 | |
Underweight among children under age five (%) | 2006 | 16.5 | 10.6 |
1.6
| 20.6 | 15.6 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 8.4 |
15.9
|
2.5
| -0.07 |
2011 | 14.9 | 6.6 |
2.3
| 18.1 | 14.3 | 17.3 | 9.5 | 8.4 |
13.8
|
2.2
| -0.14 | |
2016 | 11.2 | 7.5 |
1.5
| 15.0 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 8.6 | 4.4 |
10.5
|
3.4
| -0.19 | |
Anemia among children under age five (%) | 2006 | 74.3 | 56.6 |
1.3
| 79.7 | 74.8 | 73.3 | 72.3 | 60.5 |
72.6
|
1.3
| -0.04 |
2011 | 50.9 | 38 |
1.3
| 59 | 51.7 | 51 | 42.8 | 38.2 |
49.3
|
1.5
| -0.08 | |
2016 | 54 | 47.7 |
1.1
| 65.6 | 54.4 | 48.7 | 48.5 | 44.8 |
52.8
|
1.5
| -0.08 | |
Diarrhea among children under age five (%) | 2006 | 26.5 | 19.7 |
1.3
| 33.7 | 27.2 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 18.1 |
25.8
|
1.9
| -0.11 |
2011 | 23.7 | 21.8 |
1.1
| 28.8 | 25.2 | 21.8 | 20.6 | 19.5 |
23.4
|
1.5
| -0.08 | |
2016 | 20.2 | 17 |
1.2
| 22.2 | 21 | 19.2 | 18.1 | 16.5 |
19.5
|
1.3
| -0.05 | |
ARI among children under age five (%) | 2006 | 15 | 10.7 |
1.4
| 18.7 | 16.8 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 8.9 |
14.5
|
2.1
| -0.13 |
2011 | 15.2 | 13 |
1.2
| 20.1 | 16.5 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 11.9 |
14.8
|
1.7
| -0.11 | |
2016 | 10.1 | 7.1 |
1.4
| 12.7 | 10.5 | 9 | 8.3 | 5.5 |
9.3
|
2.3
| -0.14 | |
Fever among children under age five (%) | 2006 | 43 | 25 |
1.7
| 48.3 | 44.7 | 37.1 | 39.2 | 32.5 |
40.9
|
1.5
| -0.06 |
2011 | 42.1 | 30.3 |
1.4
| 49.8 | 42.6 | 36.8 | 40.7 | 30.3 |
40.4
|
1.6
| -0.09 | |
2016 | 36.4 | 22 |
1.7
| 43.9 | 37 | 32.6 | 31.2 | 19.6 |
33.3
|
2.2
| -0.13 | |
Mothers’ low BMI | 2006 | 13.5 | 5.9 |
2.3
| 23.2 | 15.1 | 12.3 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
12.1
|
3.9
| -0.26 |
2011 | 12.9 | 7.6 |
1.7
| 22.8 | 18.3 | 9 | 7.6 | 5.9 |
11.7
|
3.9
| -0.29 | |
2016 | 9.3 | 6.9 |
1.3
| 16.9 | 10.9 | 8.9 | 5.4 | 4.3 |
8.7
|
3.9
| -0.28 |
Changes in absolute terms
Quintile ratios
Concentration indices
Inequalities in the utilization of maternal and Child Health Services
Wealth Quintile | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health indicators
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
Urban/Rural Ratio
|
Lowest
|
Second
|
Middle
|
Fourth
|
Highest
|
Total
|
High/Low Ratio
|
Concentration Index (CI)
| |
Births assisted by skilled birth attendant (%) | 2006 | 37.3 | 80 |
2.1
| 28.4 | 31.7 | 35 | 49.1 | 76.6 |
42.1
|
2.7
| 0.19 |
2011 | 52.8 | 89.1 |
1.7
| 43.5 | 48.9 | 54.4 | 59.6 | 88.4 |
58
|
2.0
| 0.12 | |
2016 | 70 | 89.9 |
1.3
| 64.3 | 64.3 | 71.7 | 79.3 | 94.1 |
74.2
|
1.5
| -0.72 | |
Births delivered in health facility (%) | 2006 | 36.3 | 78.7 |
2.2
| 27.4 | 30.9 | 33.9 | 47.9 | 75.5 |
41.1
|
2.8
| 0.20 |
2011 | 52 | 89.5 |
1.7
| 42.2 | 48.9 | 54.4 | 58.4 | 87.7 |
57.4
|
2.1
| 0.12 | |
2016 | 69.5 | 87.8 |
1.3
| 64.2 | 63.1 | 70.7 | 79 | 92.7 |
73.4
|
1.4
| -0.72 | |
Births delivered in government health facility (%) | 2006 | 25.6 | 57 |
2.2
| 21.3 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 32.2 | 50 |
29.1
|
2.3
| 0.17 |
2011 | 40.8 | 63.5 |
1.6
| 37.2 | 39.1 | 43.6 | 42.7 | 59.7 |
44
|
1.6
| 0.08 | |
2016 | 55.7 | 63.2 |
1.1
| 56 | 53.1 | 58 | 59.7 | 60.4 |
57.3
|
1.1
| -0.78 | |
Children 12–23 months fully immunized (%) | 2006 | 45.7 | 51.1 |
1.1
| 41.4 | 45.0 | 48.2 | 49.3 | 47.9 |
46.2
|
1.2
| 0.03 |
2011 | 50.2 | 60.8 |
1.2
| 50.6 | 51.4 | 48.7 | 52.6 | 54.9 |
51.6
|
1.1
| 0.01 | |
2016 | 54.5 | 55.5 |
1.0
| 56.1 | 54.7 | 55.9 | 55.2 | 54.3 |
55.2
|
1.0
| -0.77 | |
Children under five years with diarrhea that received medical treatment (%) | 2006 | 70.3 | 68.9 |
1.0
| 77.6 | 69.6 | 61.3 | 67.8 | 70.5 |
70.2
|
0.9
| -0.03 |
2011 | 72.7 | 70.2 |
1.0
| 73.7 | 72.5 | 74.4 | 72.7 | 67.1 |
72.4
|
0.9
| -0.02 | |
2016 | 70.6 | 70.2 |
1.0
| 73.5 | 69.6 | 69.3 | 68.2 | 70.8 |
70.5
|
1.0
| -0.85 | |
Contraceptive prevalence rate (%) | 2006 | 15.1 | 36.5 |
2.4
| 7.2 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 20.3 | 37.9 |
17.9
|
5.3
| 0.09 |
2011 | 23.4 | 39.2 |
1.7
| 12.7 | 21.2 | 24.7 | 31.0 | 39.1 |
26.0
|
3.1
| 0.20 | |
2016 | 33.0 | 40.7 |
1.2
| 22.4 | 32.2 | 35.9 | 40.2 | 42.2 |
34.8
|
1.9
| -0.67 | |
Children under five years with ARI, that received medical treatment (%) | 2006 | 73.7 | 68.3 |
0.9
| 79.5 | 67.7 | 69.8 | 72.8 | 77.5 |
73.3
|
1.0
| -0.01 |
2011 | 78.4 | 80.8 |
1.0
| 77.8 | 78.9 | 78.1 | 77.2 | 82.3 |
78.7
|
1.1
| 0.00 | |
2016 | 80.0 | 82.6 |
1.0
| 79.7 | 77.6 | 78.2 | 84.5 | 85.8 |
80.4
|
1.1
| -0.86 | |
Antenatal visits to a trained personnel (%) | 2006 | 93 | 97.2 |
1.0
| 93.2 | 92.3 | 92.9 | 93.2 | 96.4 |
93.5
|
1.0
| 0.00 |
2011 | 94.4 | 97.4 |
1.0
| 93.9 | 94.5 | 94.3 | 94.5 | 97.1 |
94.9
|
1.0
| -0.08 | |
2016 | 97.1 | 98.1 |
1.0
| 96.0 | 96.9 | 98.3 | 97.3 | 98.1 |
97.3
|
1.0
| -0.79 | |
Insecticide-treated net (ITN) use in Children under 5 years (%) | 2006 | 8.3 | 21.3 |
2.6
| 10.7 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 8.8 | 15.4 |
9.7
|
1.4
| 0.04 |
2011 | 41.9 | 48.9 |
1.2
| 44.8 | 40.7 | 39 | 41.3 | 48.6 |
42.2
|
1.1
| 0.01 | |
2016 | 67.0 | 60.8 |
0.9
| 57.8 | 58.2 | 59.1 | 64.3 | 72.8 |
62
|
1.3
| -0.77 | |
Children under five years with fever that received medical treatment (%) | 2006 | 74.5 | 76.8 |
1.0
| 78.1 | 72.0 | 72.0 | 72.3 | 80.0 |
74.7
|
1.0
| 0.00 |
2011 | 79.2 | 87.2 |
1.1
| 78.8 | 79.1 | 82.3 | 77.6 | 84.5 |
80.1
|
1.1
| 0.01 | |
2016 | 55.0 | 47.3 |
0.9
| 46.6 | 45.3 | 45.3 | 49.4 | 62.8 |
48.4
|
1.3
| -0.84 |