Background
Methods
Search strategy
Study selection
Data extraction, quality assessment, and meta-analysis
Results
Study | Country | Population /Data Source | Cancer Information | yCRC age range (yr) | N (yCRC cases) | Outcomes | Quality Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Definition | Stage | Primary/ Secondary | Incidence/Prevalence Trend | ||||||
North America (n = 26 studies) | ||||||||||
Chow, 1991 [14] | USA | SEER-9 | colon | ICD-O | not reported | < 55 | not reported | incidence | AAPC x sex x ethnicity | 18 |
Polednak, 1994 [15] | USA | Connecticut Tumor Registry | colorectal | ICD-O | not reported | 0 to 44 | not reported | incidence | % change in ASR x sex | 18 |
Marrett, 2002 [16] | Canada | National Cancer Incidence Reporting System, CCR | colorectal | ICD-9 | not reported | 20 to 44 | w: 2692 m: 2876 | incidence | AAPC x sex | 18 |
Cress, 2006 [17] | USA | SEER-13 | colorectal, rectum | ICD-O-3 | in situ, invasive, localized, regional/distant | 0 to 49 | w: 6893 m: 7803 | incidence | 1. APC x sex 2. APC x sex x site | 17 |
Siegel, 2009 [4] | USA | SEER-13 | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | local, regional, distal | 20 to 49 | w: 9733 m: 10, 913 | incidence | APC x sex | 16 |
Meyer, 2010 [18] | USA | SEER-9 | colon, rectum | not reported | not reported | < 20 to 39 | w: 3662 m: 3999 | incidence | 1. APC x site 2. APC x sex x site | 17 |
Merrill, 2011 [19] | USA | SEER-9 | colorectal | ICD-O-2 | not reported | 30 to 49 | not reported | incidence | % change in RAIR x sex x ethnicity | 16 |
Ellison, 2012 [20] | Canada | CCR | colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 20 to 49 | not reported | prevalence | APC x age | 16 |
Giddings, 2012 [21] | USA | California Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | localized, regional, distant | < 50 | w: 1278 m: 1259 | incidence | APC x sex x ethnicity | 19 |
Nancy You, 2012 [5] | USA | National Cancer Database | colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | stage III, IV | < 50 | 64,068 | incidence | APC x site | 18 |
Austin, 2014 [22] | USA | CDC NPCR | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | local, regional, distal | < 50 | not reported | incidence | 1. APC x ethnicity 2. APC x sex x ethnicity | 18 |
Siegel, 2014 [23] | USA | SEER-13, CDC NPCR | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | local, regional, distal | < 50 | w: 6250 m: 7270 | incidence mortality | APC x site | 17 |
Singh, 2014 [24] | USA | California Cancer Registry | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | local, regional, or distant | 20 to 49 | 20,520 | incidence | BAPC x sex x age | 19 |
Bailey, 2015 [6] | USA | SEER-9 | colon, rectum | not reported | localized, regional, distant | 20 to 49 | 30,708 | incidence | 1. APC x age 2. APC x age x site | 18 |
Rahman, 2015 [25] | USA | SEER-18, North American Association of Central Cancer Registries | colorectal | not reported | stage 0, I, II, II, IV | < 50 | 60,023 | incidence mortality | AAPC | 17 |
Patel, 2016 [26] | Canada | National Cancer Incidence Reporting System, CCR, Quebec Cancer Registry | colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 15 to 49 | 1969: 756 2010: 1475 | incidence | 1. APC x age 2. APC x sex x age | 20 |
Koblinkski, 2017 | US | SEER-18 | colorectal | not reported | local, regional, distal | < 50 | not reported | incidence | percent change x ethnicity x stage | 16 |
Sheneman, 2017 [27] | US | Colorado Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | early, late | < 50 | 3729 | incidence | 1. EAPC 2. EAPC x sex | 18 |
Siegel, 2017 [7] | US | SEER-9, CDC NPCR | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | local, regional, distal | 0 to 49 | w: 6650 m: 7550 | incidence mortality | 1. AAPC x site 2. IRR x site | 17 |
Siegel, 2017 [7] | US | SEER-9 | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 20 to 49 | not reported | incidence | APC x age x site | 19 |
Wang, 2017 [28] | US | Texas Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | localized, regional, distant | 20 to 49 | 13,028 | incidence mortality | APC x age | 17 |
Ansa, 2018 [29] | US | SEER-18 | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | localized, regional, distant, or unstaged | 0 to 49 | 57,938 | incidence | APC x age | 18 |
Crosbie, 2018 [30] | US | SEER-9 | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 20 to 49 | w: 4010 m: 4578 | incidence | APC x sex | 19 |
Ellis, 2018 [31] | US | California Cancer Registry | colorectal | not reported | in situ, localized, regional, distant | 20 to 49 | w: 1304 m: 1276 | incidence | TAPC x sex x ethnicity | 18 |
Garcia, 2018 [32] | US | SEER-18, CDC NPCR | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | localized, regional, distant | 20 to 49 | not reported | incidence | relative change in IR | 18 |
Jacobs, 2018 [33] | US | SEER-9 | colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 | Stage 0–2, 3, 4 | < 55 | not reported | incidence | % change of IR | 19 |
Oceania (n = 4 studies) | ||||||||||
Haggar, 2012 [34] | Australia | Western Australia Data Linkage Service | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 15 to 39 | 500 | incidence mortality | APC x sex | 18 |
Boyce, 2016 [35] | Australia | New South Wales Central Cancer Registry | colon, rectum | ICD-O-3 and ICD-10 | localised, regional, distant | < 30 to 49 | w: 971 m: 1030 | incidence mortality | average annual linear trend in R | 19 |
Gandhi, 2017 [36] | New Zealand | New Zealand Cancer Registry | proximal colon, distal colon, rectum | not reported | not reported | < 50 | not reported | incidence | rate of change of IR | 19 |
Troeung, 2017 [37] | Australia | Western Australia Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-9 and ICD-10 | tumour grade | 15 to 39 | w: 256 m: 261 | incidence mortality | 1. APC overall 2. APC x sex | 19 |
Europe (n = 3 studies) | ||||||||||
Zaridze, 1990 [38] | Russia | not well described | colon, rectum | not reported | not reported | <29 to 49 | not reported | incidence | APC x type x sex x age | 9 |
Larsen, 2010 [39] | Norway | Cancer Registry of Norway | colon, rectum | ICD-7 | not reported | 35 to 54 | w: 1739 m: 1707 | incidence | APC x age | 18 |
Ullah, 2018 [40] | Ireland | National Cancer Registry of Ireland | colorectal | not reported | not reported | 20 to 49 | 2750 | incidence | APC x age | 18 |
Asia (n = 6 studies) | ||||||||||
Nooyi, 2011 [41] | India | Indian Population-Based Cancer Registries | rectum | ICD-O | not reported | 35 to 49 | not reported | incidence | EAPC x sex x age | 16 |
Wu, 2012 [42] | China | Shanghai Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-9 | not reported | 15 to 49 | w: 312 m: 259 | incidence | APC x sex | 19 |
Zhou, 2015 [43] | China | Guangzhou Cancer Registry | colon, rectum | ICD-10 | not reported | < 50 | not reported | incidence | 1. APC 2. APC x sex | 18 |
Nakagawa, 2017 [44] | Japan | Japanese Population-Based Cancer Registries | colon, rectum | ICD-10 | not reported | < 50 | not reported | incidence | 1. APC x overall 2. APC x site | 19 |
Sarakarn, 2017 [45] | Thailand | Khon Kaen Cancer Registry | colorectal | ICD-O | stage I, II, III, and IV | < 50 | w: 1566 m: 1798 | incidence | 1. APC 2. APC x sex | 17 |
Zhang, 2018 [46] | China | Hong Kong Cancer Registry | colon, rectum | not reported | not reported | 20 to 49 | 8829 | incidence | APC x sex x type | 20 |
Africa (n = 1 study) | ||||||||||
Hamdi Cherif, 2014 [47] | Algeria | Population-Based Cancer Registry of Setif | colorectal | ICD-O-3 | not reported | 15 to 44 | not reported | incidence | APC x sex | 19 |
Trends yCRC prevalence
Trends in yCRC incidence
Study | Date Range | Overall | Women | Men | Findingb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
North America | |||||
Chow 1991 [1991] | 1976–1987 | – | CC AAPC White: − 2.0 (< 0.05) CC AAPC Black: − 1.3 | CC AAPC White: − 0.7 CC AAPC Black: + 1.7 | not consistent |
Polednak, 1994 [15] | 1965–1991 | – | CRC % change ASR: − 19 (p = 0.153) | CRC % change ASR: − 29 (p < 0.05) | ↓ CRC m |
Marrett 2002 [16] | 1969–1996 | – | CRC AAPC: − 1.39 (− 1.69, − 1.08) | CRC AAPC: − 0.43 (− 0.77, − 0.08) | ↓ CRC w ↓ CRC f |
Cress, 2006 [17] | 1992–2001 | CRC APC: + 1.1a | CRC APC: + 1.4 RC APC: + 3.6 (p < 0.05) | CRC APC: + 0.8 RC APC: + 2.5 (p < 0.05) | ↑ RC w ↑ RC m |
Siegel 2009 [4] | 1992–2005 | – | CRC APC: + 1.6 (p < 0.05) | CRC APC: + 1.5 (p < 0.05) | ↑ CRC w ↑ CRC m |
Meyer 2010 [18] | 1973–2005 | CC APC: − 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.3) RC APC: + 2.6 (1.9, 3.3) | RC APC: + 2.5 (1.8, 3.8) | RC APC: + 2.5 (1.6, 3.4) | ↑ RC |
Merrill, 2011 [19] | 2000–2007 | – | CRC % change RAIR White: 21.7 CRC % change RAIR Black: 11.4 | % change CRC RAIR White: 2.0 CRC % change RAIR Black: 0.4 | ↑ CRC w ↑ CRC m |
Giddings, 2012 [21] | 1998–2007 | – | CRC APC Chinese: −1.8 (− 3.9, 0.3) CRC APC Japanese: − 0.1 (− 3.6, 3.7) CRC APC Filipino: − 0.1 (− 2.2, 2.1) CRC APC Korean: + 0.5 (− 2.0, 3.1) CRC APC South Asian: - CRC APC Vietnamese: + 2.2 (− 0.8, 5.2) | CRC APC Chinese: − 1.6 (− 3.3, 0.1) CRC APC Japanese: + 1.4 (− 2.5, 5.6) CRC APC Filipino: + 0.6 (− 1.6, 2.9) CRC APC Korean: + 3.4 (0.1, 6.7) CRC APC South Asian: + 1.5 (− 2.9, 6.2) CRC APC Vietnamese: + 1.8 (− 0.8, 4.4) | not consistent |
Nancy You 2012 [5] | 1998–2007 | CRC APC: + 2.1 (1.1, 3.1) CC APC: + 2.7 (2.0, 3.3) RC APC: + 3.9 (3.1, 4.7) | – | – | ↑ CRC ↑ CC ↑ RC |
Austin 2014 [22] | 1998–2009 | CRC APC N Hispanic White: + 1.69 (1.47, 1.91) Black: + 0.44 (− 0.03, 0.92) Asian: + 0.61 (− 0.41, 1.35) Hispanic White: + 0.59 (− 0.15, 1.33) | CRC APC N Hispanic White: + 1.79 (1.46, 2.11) Blacks: + 0.47 (− 0.39, 1.34) Asian: + 0.45 (− 0.57, 1.49) Hispanic White: + 0.76 (0.03, 1.5) | CRC APC N Hispanic White: + 1.61 (1.35, 1.87) Blacks: + 0.40 (− 0.14, 0.93) Asian: + 0.72 (− 0.53, 1.99) Hispanic White: + 0.42 (− 0.63, 1.48) | not consistent |
Siegel 2014 [23] | 2001–2010 | CRC APC: + 1.1 (p < 0.05) RC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05) | – | – | ↑ CRC ↑ RC |
Singh, 2014 [23] | 1988–2009 | – | CRC BAPC 20-29y: + 3.8 (p < 0.011) CRC BAPC 30-39y: + 4.5 (p < 0.001) CRC BAPC 40-49y: + 2.6 (p < 0.001) | CRC BAPC 20-29y: + 2.7 (p < 0.011) CRC BAPC 30-39y: + 3.5 (p < 0.001) CRC BAPC 40-49y: + 2.7 (p < 0.001) | ↑ CRC w ↑ CRC m |
Bailey 2015 [49] | 1975–2010 | CRC APC 20-34y: + 1.99 (1.48, 2.51) CRC APC 35-49y: + 0.41 (0.14, 0.69) RC APC 20-34y localized: + 4.03 (p < 0.001) regional: + 3.05 (p < 0.001) distant: + 2.66 (p < 0.001) RC APC 35-49y localized: + 1.62 (p < 0.001) regional: + 1.37 (p < 0.001) distant: + 1.46 (p < 0.001) | – | – | ↑ CRC ↑ RC |
Rahman 2015 [25] | 1992–2009 | CRC AAPC: + 1.68 (p < 0.05) | – | – | ↑ CRC |
Patel 2016 [26] | 1997 to 2010 | CRC APC 15-29y: + 6.7 (4.3, 9.3) CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.4 (1.5, 3.3) CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.8 (0.3, 1.4) | CRC APC 15-29y: + 7.9 (1.1, 15.1) CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.3 (0.8, 3.7) CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.6 (0.1, 1.2) | CRC APC 15-29y: + 7.0 (3.7, 10.4) CRC APC 30-39y: + 2.5 (1.5, 3.4) CRC APC 40-49y: + 1.0 (0.4, 1.5) | ↑ CRC |
Koblinski 2017 [51] | 2000–2010 | CRC % change Hispanic localized:↑77%; regional: ↑56% distant: ↑57% CRC % change White localized:↑21%; regional: ↑18% distant: ↑41% | – | – | ↑ CRC |
Sheneman 2017 [27] | 2003–2013 | CRC EAPC: + 1.7 | CRC EAPC: + 0.6 | CRC EAPC: + 2.7 (p < 0.05) | ↑ CRC m |
Siegel 2017 [7] | 2004–2013 | CRC AAPC: + 1.6 (p < 0.05) CRC IRR: + 1.22 (1.17, 1.28) RC AAPC: + 2.0 (p < 0.05) RC IRR: + 1.22 (1.13, 1.31) | – | – | ↑ CRC ↑ RC |
Siegel 2017 [7] | 1974–2013 | CC APC 20-29y: + 2.4 (1.6, 3.3) CC APC 30-39y: + 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) CC APC 40-49y: + 1.3 (0.7, 1.8) RC APC 20-29y: + 3.2 (2.4, 3.9) RC APC 30-39y: + 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) RC APC 40-49y: + 2.3 (1.8, 2.7) | – | – | ↑ CC ↑ RC |
Wang 2017 [28] | 1995–2010 | CRC APC 20-39y: + 1.82 (p < 0.01) CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.33 (p = 0.08) | – | – | no consistent |
Ansa, 2018 [29] | 2000–2014 | CRC APC < 40: + 2.7 (p < 0.001) CRC APC 40-49y: + 1.7 (p < 0.001) | – | – | ↑ CRC |
Crosbie, 2018 [30] | 1992–2014 | CRC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05) | CRC APC: + 1.8 (p < 0.05) | CRC APC: + 1.7 (p < 0.05) | ↑ CRC |
Ellis, 2018 [31] | 2010–2014 | – | CRC TAPC Chinese: + 0.1 (− 2.1, 2.4) CRC TAPC Japanese: + 0.5 (− 3.1, 4.1) CRC TAPC Filipino: − 0.6 (− 3.5, 2.4) CRC TAPC Korean: + 0.8 (− 3.8, 5.5) CRC TAPC South Asian: + 4.3 (− 2.0, 10.9) CRC TAPC Vietnamese: − 0.5 (− 3.1. 2.2) CRC TAPC SEast Asian: - CRC TAPC White: + 1.9 (0.8, 2.9) CRC TAPC Black: + 0.3 (− 0.7, 1.4) CRC TAPC Hispanic: + 2.1 (1.2, 3.1) | CRC TAPC Chinese: + 0.4 (− 2.0, 2.9) CRC TAPC Japanese: + 1.5 (− 2.0, 5.0) CRC TAPC Filipino: + 1.1 (− 1.1, 3.3) CRC TAPC Korean: + 0.7 (− 1.8, 3.3) CRC TAPC South Asian: − 0.9 (− 5.7, 4.2) CRC TAPC Vietnamese: + 1.1 (− 3.9, 6.2) CRC TAPC SEast Asian: − 1.0 (− 3.8, 1.9) CRC TAPC White: + 0.9 (0.4, 1.4) CRC TAPC Black: − 0.9 (− 2.2, 0.4) CRC TAPC Hispanic: + 1.6 (0.3, 2.9) | not consistent |
Garcia, 2018 [32] | 2001–2014 | CRC relative increase IR: 24% | – | – | ↑ CRC |
Jacobs, 2018 [33] | 1973–2014 | CC % change IR: 41.5 (37.4, 45.8) RC % change IR: 9.8 (6.2, 13.6) | ↑ CRC ↑ RC | ||
Oceania | |||||
Haggar 2012 [34] | 1982–2007 | – | CRC APC: + 1.4 (0.1, 2.7) | CRC APC: − 0.4 (− 1.7, 1.0) | ↑CRC w |
Boyce 2016 [35] | 2001–2008 | CRC OR: 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | – | – | no change |
Gandhi 2017 [36] | 1975–2012 | – | RC IRR: 1.13 (1.2, 1.26) | RC IRR: 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) | ↑ RC w ↑ RC m |
Troeung 2017 [37] | 1982–2007 | CRC APC: + 3.0 (0.7, 5.5) | CRC APC: + 3.4 (1.1, 5.7) | CRC APC: + 2.6 (− 0.9, 5.2) | ↑ CRC w |
Europe | |||||
Zaridze, 1990 [38] | 1971–1987 | – | CC APC <29y: − 0.1 (− 14.2, 14.3) CC APC 30-39y: − 1.3 (− 7.4, 5.1) CC APC 40-49y: + 8.2 (4.6, 11.9) RC APC < 29y: − 13.7 (− 26.4, 0.2) RC APC 30-39y: − 9.1 (− 18.3, 1.2) RC APC 40-49y: + 4.3 (0.5, 8.3) | CC APC <29y: − 9.1 (− 17.2, − 0.3) CC APC 30-39y: − 2.9 (− 9.7, 4.5) CC APC 40-49y: + 3.2 (− 0.1, 6.6) RC APC < 29y: − 16.5 (− 29.3, − 1.5) RC APC 30-39y: − 11.1 (− 16.4, − 5.4) RC APC 40-49y: + 3.7 (− 1.4, 9.1) | no consistent |
Larsen 2010 [39] | 1992–2006 | – | proximal CC EAPC: ≥ − 2 distal CC EAPC: − 1 RC EAPC: <+ 1 | proximal CC EAPC: < 1 distal CC EAPC: ≥ − 2 RC EAPC: <+ 1 | no change w no change m |
Ullah, 2018 [40] | 1994–2012 | CRC APC 20-29y: + 9.17 (p < 0.03) CRC APC 30-39y: + 4.6 (p = 0.1) CRC APC 40-49y: + 0.83 (p = 0.45) | – | – | not consistent |
Asia | |||||
Nooyi, 2011 [41] | 1983–2002 | – | RC EAPC 35–39 y: - RC EAPC 40-44y: + 1.7 (p = 0.35) RC EAPC 45–49y: + 0.4 (p = 0.83) | RC EAPC 35-39y: + 3.1 (p = 0.12) RC EAPC 40-44y: + 1.8 (p = 0.29) RC EAPC 45–49y: + 1.4 (p = 0.41) | no change w no change m |
Wu 2012 [42] | 1973–2005 | – | CRC APC: − 0.3 (− 0.9, 0.3) | CRC APC: 0.1 (− 0.4, 0.4) | no change w no change m |
Zhou 2015 [43] | 2005–2011 | CRC APC: −3.07 (p < 0.01) | CRC APC: −2.56 (p = 0.21) | CRC APC: −3.45 (p = 0.06) | ↓ CRC |
Nakagawa 2017 [44] | 1987–2004 | CRC APC: −0.8 (−1.7, 0.1) RC APC: − 1.9 (− 2.6, − 1.1) | – | – | ↓ RC |
Sarakarn 2017 [45] | 1989–2012 | CRC AAPC: + 5.7 | CRC AAPC: + 5.7 (p < 0.05) | CRC AAPC: + 3.2 (p < 0.05) | ↑ CRC w ↑ CRC m |
Zhang, 2018 [46] | 1983–2012 | CC APC: − 1.56 (− 1.73, − 1.39) RC APC: − 0.17 (− 0.40, 0.05) | CC APC: − 1.11 (− 1.32, 0.90) RC APC: + 0.60 (0.37, 0.84) | not consistent | |
Africa | |||||
Hamdi Cherif, 2014 [47] | 1986–2010 | – | CRC APC: − 2.1 (− 6.3, 2.3) | CRC APC: − 0.8 (− 4.7, 3.3) | no change w no change m |