Background
Methods
Study design
Sampling method and study population
Data collection
Outcome variables
Knowledge questions – ‘Yes’ (%)a | 2007 (n = 17,733) | 2011 (n = 26,532) | 2017 (n = 23,530) |
---|---|---|---|
Can avoid AIDS by having one uninfected partner | 81.7 | 80.5 | 84.5 |
Can get AIDS through supernatural means | 64.2 | 68.2 | 73.1 |
Can avoid AIDS by using a condom correctly every time | 56.8 | 60.8 | 71.1 |
Can get AIDS from mosquito bites | 64.9 | 66.6 | 72.4 |
Can get AIDS by sharing food with person with AIDS virus | 59.7 | 75.0 | 73.2 |
Healthy-looking person to have AIDS | 75.7 | 68.7 | 82.2 |
AIDS from mother to child during pregnancy | 92.5 | 66.9 | 83.0 |
AIDS from mother to child at delivery | 72.1 | 68.0 | 83.6 |
AIDS from mother to child through breastmilk | 78.0 | 78.7 | 93.1 |
AIDS virus prevented from unborn child | – | 57.7 | 76.5 |
Can avoid AIDS by not having sex at all | 71.9 | – | – |
Can get AIDS by injection with needle already used by someone | 80.1 | – | – |
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variables | 2007 (n = 17,733), n (%)a | 2011 (n = 26,532) n (%)a | 2017 (n = 23,530) n (%)a |
---|---|---|---|
Age group, n (%) | |||
15–19 | 3030 (17.4) | 4564 (17.6) | 4201 (17.9) |
20–24 | 3194 (18.0) | 4541 (17.1) | 3922 (17.1) |
25–29 | 3530 (20.1) | 5002 (19.4) | 4150 (17.7) |
30–34 | 2793 (16.0) | 3947 (15.9) | 3838 (16.5) |
35–39 | 2277 (12.8) | 3177 (12.3) | 3077 (12.9) |
40–44 | 1699 (8.9) | 2631 (10.0) | 2545 (10.5) |
45–49 | 1210 (6.7) | 2079 (7.8) | 1797 (7.4) |
Marital statusb | |||
Currently married | 12,191 (67.6) | 18,242 (69.0) | 16,101 (70.1) |
Formerly married | 776 (4.4) | 1182 (4.7) | 1089 (4.5) |
Never married | 4766 (28.0) | 6517 (26.3) | 6299 (25.5) |
Educational level | |||
None | 5875 (29.4) | 8247 (26.9) | 3758 (18.0) |
Non-standard curriculum | 3669 (20.9) | – | 3673 (14.9) |
Primary | 7843 (48.6) | 4964 (17.9) | 10,529 (41.4) |
Secondary and above | 346 (1.2) | 12,730 (55.2) | 3249 (13.1) |
Higher | – | – | 2321 (12.6) |
Wealth index quantile | |||
Poorest | 2602 (12.3) | 5179 (15.0) | 2615 (12.2) |
Second | 3208 (15.4) | 5727 (17.3) | 3855 (15.9) |
Middle | 3566 (19.4) | 5458 (19.8) | 4884 (20.4) |
Fourth | 4080 (23.9) | 5084 (22.6) | 5611 (23.5) |
Richest | 4277 (29.1) | 4493 (25.2) | 6565 (28.0) |
Area | |||
Rural | 13,388 (61.8) | 19,530 (59.8) | 14,917 (58.9) |
Urban | 5581 (38.2) | 7002 (40.2) | 8613 (41.1) |
Zone (%) | |||
North Central | 3650 (13.1) | 5356 (14.5) | 4984 (17.5) |
North East | 1857 (7.9) | 4535 (12.7) | 2837 (17.2) |
North West | 3819 (22.0) | 4783 (19.6) | 5368 (28.3) |
South East | 2687 (12.1) | 3471 (13.1) | 2842 (8.1) |
South South | 3269 (18.1) | 3824 (16.7) | 4091 (13.4) |
South West | 2451 (26.8) | 3972 (23.4) | 3408 (15.4) |
HIV/AIDS knowledge
Variable | High Knowledge (%) | Positive attitude (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 (64.6%) | 2011 (45.6%) | 2017 (64.1%) | 2007 (40.5%) | 2011 (47.0%) | 2017 (53.5%) | |
Age group | ||||||
15–19 | 62.2% | 41.7% | 62.3% | 40.4% | 48.0% | 53.3% |
20–24 | 67.7% | 44.9% | 64.4% | 44.4% | 49.0% | 56.2% |
25–29 | 66.6% | 47.3% | 65.1% | 41.3% | 48.5% | 54.4% |
30–34 | 65.0% | 48.1% | 65.5% | 40.7% | 47.3% | 52.3% |
35–39 | 65.6% | 47.5% | 65.0% | 59.4% | 45.0% | 52.3% |
40–44 | 58.4% | 44.6% | 65.4% | 35.8% | 43.5% | 52.4% |
45–49 | 61.7% | 44.6% | 61.2% | 33.6% | 44.1% | 52.3% |
Marital status | ||||||
Currently married | 63.8% | 44.6% | 62.7% | 39.5% | 44.7% | 52.1% |
Formerly married | 61.0% | 45.8% | 69.5% | 35.7% | 47.6% | 57.5% |
Never married | 67.1% | 48.0% | 67.0% | 43.6% | 53.0% | 56.8% |
Education | ||||||
None | 56.3% | 30.5% | 53.2% | 39.9% | 41.5% | 51.9% |
Primary | 60.6% | 40.8% | 60.8% | 32.4% | 40.9% | 52.2% |
Secondary and above | 71.3% | 54.5% | 65.3% | 44.1% | 51.7% | 66.4% |
Wealth index quantile | ||||||
Poorest | 52.2% | 26.7% | 53.2% | 40.8% | 40.1% | 50.5% |
Second | 57.4% | 34.9% | 56.6% | 38.6% | 40.7% | 52.2% |
Middle | 63.6% | 45.4% | 60.6% | 37.7% | 45.9% | 51.9% |
Fourth | 64.9% | 51.4% | 65.3% | 36.5% | 46.6% | 54.3% |
Richest | 74.0% | 59.0% | 75.3% | 46.5% | 56.8% | 56.2% |
Area | ||||||
Rural | 60.8% | 39.8% | 58.1% | 38.8% | 43.3% | 52.3% |
Urban | 70.7% | 54.2% | 72.6% | 43.1% | 52.5% | 55.3% |
Zone | ||||||
North Central | 60.7% | 34.1% | 59.2% | 42.2% | 51.8% | 54.5% |
North East | 46.5% | 34.6% | 65.2% | 39.9% | 48.7% | 62.9% |
North West | 70.7% | 41.7% | 63.7% | 52.4% | 52.4% | 59.6% |
South East | 66.8% | 49.1% | 62.0% | 38.1% | 46.4% | 46.8% |
South South | 63.3% | 53.0% | 65.8% | 32.5% | 48.1% | 54.2% |
South West | 66.7% | 54.6% | 68.8% | 36.6% | 38.3% | 33.8% |
Variable | 2007 | 2011 | 2017 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
uOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | uOR† (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
Age group | ||||||
15–19 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
20–24 | 1.27 (1.11;1.45)** | 1.34 (1.16;1.55)*** | 1.14 (1.01;1.28)* | 1.25 (1.12;1.40)*** | 1.10 (0.97;1.24) | 1.03 (0.89;1.19) |
25–29 | 1.21 (1.06;1.39)** | 1.34 (1.15;1.57)*** | 1.26 (1.11;1.43)*** | 1.32 (1.14;1.52)*** | 1.13 (1.00;1.28)* | 1.07 (0.91;1.26) |
30–34 | 1.13 (0.98;1.29) | 1.31 (1.10;1.56)** | 1.29 (1.15;1.46)*** | 1.43 (1.22;1.67)*** | 1.10 (0.97;1.24) | 0.99 (0.84;1.17) |
35–39 | 1.16 (1.01;1.34)* | 1.45 (1.22;1.73)*** | 1.26 (1.12;1.43)*** | 1.37 (1.17;1.60)*** | 1.13 (0.99;1.28) | 1.11 (0.93;1.33) |
40–44 | 0.85 (0.74;0.99)* | 1.15 (0.95;1.38) | 1.13 (0.98;1.29) | 1.41 (1.19;1.68)*** | 1.15 (1.00;1.32) | 1.28 (1.06;1.55)* |
45–49 | 0.98 (0.84;1.15) | 1.42 (1.15;1.76)** | 1.12 (0.97;1.30) | 1.50 (1.25;1.80)*** | 0.96 (0.82;1.11) | 1.08 (0.89;1.31) |
Marital status | ||||||
Currently married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Formerly married | 0.89 (0.75;1.06) | 0.99 (0.82;1.19) | 1.05 (0.89;1.23) | 0.94 (0.78;1.13) | 1.35 (1.15;1.60)*** | 1.30 (1.08;1.57)*** |
Never married | 1.16 (1.05;1.28)** | 1.13 (0.97;1.30) | 1.14 (1.04;1.26)** | 1.08 (0.93;1.25) | 1.21 (1.10;1.33)*** | 1.43 (1.25;1.64)*** |
Educational level* | ||||||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Non-formal | 1.19 (1.06;1.34)** | 1.39 (1.21;1.60)*** | – | – | 1.19 (1.04;1.37)* | 1.08 (0.92;1.26) |
Primary | 1.92 (1.72;2.15)*** | 2.01 (1.73;2.34)*** | 1.57 (1.37;1.79)*** | 1.37 (1.18;1.58)*** | 1.61 (1.40;1.85)*** | 1.24 (1.06;1.45)** |
Secondary and above | 1.56 (1.06;2.30)* | 1.22 (0.83;1.80) | 2.73 (2.39;3.11)*** | 2.05 (1.76;2.38)*** | 3.68 (3.09;4.38)*** | 2.01 (1.64;2.46)*** |
Higher | – | – | – | – | 1.13 (0.94;1.36) | 1.06 (0.87;1.31) |
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Second | 1.23 (1.05;1.45)* | 1.12 (0.96;1.32) | 1.47 (1.27;1.70)*** | 1.32 (1.11;1.59)** | 1.10 (0.95;1.29) | 1.02 (0.88;1.19) |
Middle | 1.59 (1.33;1.91)*** | 1.41 (1.18;1.68)*** | 2.29 (1.98;2.64)*** | 1.71 (1.40;2.08)*** | 1.35 (1.13;1.62)** | 1.07 (0.88;1.30) |
Fourth | 1.69 (1.41;2.02)*** | 1.43 (1.18;1.74)*** | 2.90 (2.48;3.39)*** | 1.74 (1.40;2.18)*** | 1.65 (1.40;1.95)*** | 1.03 (0.84;1.26) |
Richest | 2.61 (2.16;3.15)*** | 1.95 (1.56;2.43)*** | 3.94 (3.38;4.59)*** | 1.99 (1.60;2.46)*** | 2.68 (2.28;3.15)*** | 1.31 (1.06;1.63)* |
Area | ||||||
Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 1.56 (1.37;1.77)*** | 1.09 (0.93;1.27) | 1.79 (1.57;2.03)*** | 1.20 (0.99;1.45) | 1.91 (1.70;2.15)*** | 1.40 (1.21;1.61)*** |
Zone | ||||||
North Central | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
North East | 0.56 (0.44–0.73)*** | 0.82 (0.64;1.04) | 1.02 (0.75;1.40) | 1.79 (1.34;2.40)*** | 1.29 (1.04;1.60)* | 1.61 (1.32;1.98)*** |
North West | 1.57 (1.29;1.90)*** | 2.22 (1.83;2.70)*** | 1.38 (1.11;1.72)** | 2.22 (1.74;2.85)*** | 1.21 (1.03;1.42)* | 1.66 (1.39;1.99)*** |
South East | 1.30 (1.08;1.58)** | 0.90 (0.74;1.08) | 1.86 (1.58;2.19)*** | 1.61 (1.36;1.90)*** | 1.12 (0.96;1.31) | 0.92 (0.78;1.07) |
South South | 1.12 (0.92;1.36) | 0.84 (0.69;1.02) | 2.18 (1.82;2.60)*** | 1.79 (1.50;2.15)*** | 1.32 (1.13;1.55)*** | 1.14 (0.97;1.35) |
South West | 1.30 (1.07;1.57)** | 0.84 (0.70;1.02) | 2.32 (1.98;2.73)*** | 1.61 (1.34;1.93)*** | 1.52 (1.29;1.79)*** | 1.07 (0.90;1.27) |
HIV Testing | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.55 (1.34;1.81)*** | 1.27 (1.08;1.49)** | 2.10 (1.89;2.32)*** | 1.50 (1.36;1.66)*** | 2.30 (2.09;2.52)*** | 2.16 (1.93;2.41)*** |
Attitude towards PLHIV
Variable | 2007 | 2010 | 2017 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
uOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
Age group | ||||||
15–19 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
20–24 | 1.18 (1.04;1.34)** | 1.23 (1.08;1.40)** | 1.04 (0.93;1.16) | 1.19 (1.05;1.35)** | 1.12 (1.00;1.27) | 1.06 (0.93;1.21) |
25–29 | 1.04 (0.92;1.18) | 1.21 (1.05;1.40)** | 1.02 (0.91;1.14) | 1.26 (1.09;1.46)** | 1.04 (0.93;1.17) | 0.97 (0.83;1.13) |
30–34 | 1.01 (0.88;1.16) | 1.21 (1.03;1.42)* | 0.97 (0.84;1.12) | 1.31 (1.11;1.55)** | 0.96 (0.86;1.07) | 1.02 (0.87;1.20) |
35–39 | 1.01 (0.88;1.16) | 1.32 (1.11;1.56)** | 0.89 (0.78;1.01) | 1.22 (1.03;1.44)* | 0.96 (0.84;1.10) | 1.08 (0.90;1.29) |
40–44 | 0.82 (0.71;0.96)* | 1.09 (0.91;1.31) | 0.83 (0.73;0.95)** | 1.27 (1.07;1.50)** | 0.96 (0.85;1.09) | 1.18 (0.99;1.40) |
45–49 | 0.75 (0.63;0.89)*** | 1.10 (0.90;1.33) | 0.86 (0.73;1.00) | 1.33 (1.12;1.59)** | 0.96 (0.82;1.12) | 1.24 (1.02;1.51)* |
Marital status | ||||||
Currently married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Formerly married | 0.85 (0.71;1.02) | 1.14 (0.95;1.36) | 1.12 (0.94;1.34) | 1.26 (1.03;1.55)* | 1.24 (1.06;1.45)** | 1.29 (1.06;1.58)* |
Never married | 1.18 (1.06;1.32)** | 1.35 (1.18;1.56)*** | 1.40 (1.27;1.53)*** | 1.64 (1.42;1.90)*** | 1.20 (1.11;1.31)*** | 1.62 (1.42;1.85)*** |
Educational level | ||||||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Non-formal | 0.75 (0.64;0.86)*** | 1.24 (1.05;1.46)** | – | – | 0.90 (0.78;1.03) | 1.07 (0.92;1.24) |
Primary | 1.19 (1.03;1.36)* | 1.81 (1.54;2.12)*** | 0.98 (0.86;1.11) | 1.21 (1.05;1.39)* | 1.01 (0.88;1.16) | 1.25 (1.06;1.46)** |
Secondary and above | 0.97 (0.69;1.38) | 0.80 (0.55;1.17) | 1.51 (1.35;1.70)*** | 1.50 (1.29;1.74)*** | 1.83 (1.55;2.16)*** | 2.19 (1.80;2.67)*** |
Higher | – | – | – | – | 1.01 (0.86;1.19) | 0.94 (0.78;1.13) |
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Second | 0.91 (0.76;1.09) | 0.94 (0.78;1.14) | 1.02 (0.90;1.17) | 1.02 (0.89;1.19) | 1.07 (0.91;1.26) | 1.05 (0.89;1.24) |
Middle | 0.88 (0.71;1.08) | 0.95 (0.75;1.19) | 1.26 (1.07;1.49)** | 1.27 (1.06;1.53)** | 1.06 (0.89;1.25) | 0.96 (0.79;1.16) |
Fourth | 0.83 (0.69;1.01) | 1.01 (0.80;1.27) | 1.30 (1.10;1.53)** | 1.39 (1.14;1.70)** | 1.17 (0.98;1.39) | 1.04 (0.82;1.33) |
Richest | 1.26 (1.03;1.54)* | 1.49 (1.16;1.92)** | 1.96 (1.67;2.31)*** | 1.95 (1.59;2.39)*** | 1.26 (1.06;1.49)** | 1.22 (0.96;1.54) |
Area | ||||||
Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 1.20 (1.04;1.37)* | 1.00 (0.84;1.18) | 1.44 (1.25;1.66)*** | 1.38 (1.18;1.62)*** | 1.13 (1.01;1.26)* | 1.14 (0.97;1.34) |
Zone | ||||||
North Central | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
North East | 0.91 (0.71;1.16) | 1.24 (0.97;1.59) | 0.88 (0.72;1.09) | 1.39 (1.13;1.71)** | 1.41 (1.18;1.70)*** | 1.83 (1.45;2.30)*** |
North West | 1.51 (1.23;1.85)*** | 2.08 (1.70;2.54)*** | 1.03 (0.84;1.25) | 1.57 (1.29;1.90)*** | 1.23 (1.06;1.43)** | 1.73 (1.47;2.04)*** |
South East | 0.84 (0.69;1.02) | 0.58 (0.47;0.71)*** | 0.81 (0.67;0.97)* | 0.67 (0.57;0.80)*** | 0.73 (0.62;0.87)*** | 0.56 (0.47;0.67)*** |
South South | 0.66 (0.55;0.79)*** | 0.50 (0.41;0.60)*** | 0.86 (0.70;1.06) | 0.65 (0.53;0.80)*** | 0.99 (0.85;1.15) | 0.79 (0.67;0.93)** |
South West | 0.79 (0.65;0.96)* | 0.56 (0.46;0.69)*** | 0.58 (0.47;0.71)*** | 0.34 (0.28;0.41)*** | 0.43 (0.37;0.49)*** | 0.30 (0.25;0.35)*** |
HIV Testing | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.63 (1.43;1.87)*** | 1.66 (1.44;1.90)*** | 1.80 (1.62;2.00)*** | 1.62 (1.45;1.81)*** | 1.93 (1.75;2.14)*** | 2.21 (1.99;2.46)*** |