Background
Methods
Study design and data source
Study variables
Outcome variable
Explanatory variables
Operational definitions
Statistical analysis
Data quality assurance
Ethical consideration
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Characteristic | Categories | Weighted frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Child’s characteristics | |||
Sex of the child | Male | 20,629 | 50.9 |
Female | 19,890 | 49.1 | |
Age of the child | 0–12 months | 10,040 | 24.8 |
13–24 months | 8093 | 20.0 | |
≥25 months | 22,386 | 55.2 | |
Diarrhea in the past 2 weeks (n = 38,037) | Yes | 6616 | 17.4 |
No | 31,421 | 82.6 | |
Mother’s characteristics | |||
Age of mother (in years) | 15–24 | 10,216 | 25.2 |
25–34 | 20,388 | 50.3 | |
> = 35 | 9916 | 24.5 | |
Marital status | Married | 37,281 | 92.0 |
Divorced/separated | 1651 | 4.1 | |
Widowed | 576 | 1.4 | |
Living with a partner | 823 | 2.0 | |
Single | 188 | 0.5 | |
Mother’s working status (n = 40,404) | Not working | 21,250 | 52.6 |
Working | 19,155 | 47.4 | |
Mother’s education | No education | 30,365 | 74.9 |
Primary | 8258 | 20.4 | |
Secondary | 1527 | 3.8 | |
Higher | 369 | 0.9 | |
Paternal characteristics | |||
Partner educational level (n = 39,822) | No education | 22,254 | 55.9 |
Primary | 13,485 | 33.9 | |
Secondary | 3193 | 8.0 | |
Higher | 890 | 2.2 | |
Partner occupational status (n = 40,006) | Working in agriculture | 32,539 | 81.3 |
Work in non-agriculture | 6794 | 17.0 | |
Not working | 673 | 1.7 | |
Household characteristics | |||
Household size | Less than 5 | 9841 | 24.3 |
5 or more | 30,679 | 75.7 | |
Number of children 5 and below | 2 or less | 33,572 | 82.9 |
3 and above | 6948 | 17.1 | |
Sex of household head | Male | 35,364 | 87.3 |
Female | 5156 | 12.7 | |
Place of residence | Urban | 4032 | 10.0 |
Rural | 36,488 | 90.0 | |
Main floor material (n = 39,595) | Cement | 2705 | 6.8 |
Earth | 36,890 | 93.2 | |
Media exposure | |||
Listening radio (n = 40,508) | Yes | 14,094 | 34.8 |
No | 26,414 | 65.2 | |
Watching TV (n = 40,476) | Yes | 6369 | 84.3 |
No | 34,107 | 15.7 | |
Water and sanitation facility | |||
Sources of drinking water (n = 39,685) | Improved | 17,519 | 44.1 |
Unimproved | 22,165 | 55.9 | |
Latrine type (n = 39,698) | Improved | 4475 | 11.3 |
Unimproved | 35,223 | 88.7 | |
Survey year | 2000 | 11,550 | 28.5 |
2005 | 10,692 | 26.4 | |
2011 | 11,413 | 28.2 | |
2016 | 6864 | 16.9 |
Unsafe child feces disposal
Child stool disposal practice | Weighted Frequency | Weighted percent with 95% (CI) |
---|---|---|
Always use toilet/latrine | 831 | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) |
Throw in toilet/latrine | 8217 | 20.3 (19.0–21.6) |
Throw outside the dwelling | 5158 | 12.7 (11.6–14.0) |
Throw outside the yard | 7598 | 18.8 (17.6–20.0) |
Bury in the yard | 2088 | 5.2 (4.5–5.9) |
Rinse away | 4397 | 10.9 (10.0–11.8) |
Use disposable diapers | 402 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
Use washable diapers | 1993 | 4.9 (4.2–5.7) |
Not disposed of | 7000 | 17.3 (15.9–18.7) |
Other | 2837 | 7.0 (6.3–7.8) |
Overall pooled child stool disposal practice | ||
Unsafe a | 31,471 | 77.7 (76.3–79.0) |
Safe | 9048 | 22.3 (21.0–23.7) |
Child feces disposal for urban-rural households
Result of bivariate and multivariable analysis
Characteristic | Categories | Child stool disposal | COR(95%CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unsafe (n = 31,471) | Safe (n = 9048) | ||||
Child’s characteristics | |||||
Sex of the child | Male | 16,202 | 4427 | 1.12(1.04–1.18)* | 0.00 |
Female | 15,269 | 4621 | 1 | ||
Age of the child | 0–12 months | 8035 | 2005 | 1 | |
13–24 months | 6064 | 2029 | 0.75(0.67–0.83)* | 0.00 | |
≥25 months | 17,372 | 5014 | 0.86(0.80–0.93)* | ||
Diarrhea in the past 2 weeks (n = 38,038) | Yes | 5220 | 1396 | 1 | |
No | 24,194 | 7228 | 0.89(0.79–1.00) | 0.06 | |
Mother’s characteristics | |||||
Age of mother (in years) | 15–24 | 8197 | 2019 | 1 | |
25–34 | 15,509 | 4879 | 0.78(0.69–0.88)* | 0.00 | |
≥35 | 7765 | 2151 | 0.89(0.78–1.02) | ||
Mother’s working status (n = 40,403) | Not working | 16,371 | 4878 | 1 | |
Working | 15,018 | 4136 | 1.08(0.96–1.21) | 0.18 | |
Mother’s education | No education | 25,181 | 5184 | 1 | |
Primary | 5403 | 2855 | 0.39(0.34–0.44)* | 0.00 | |
Secondary | 779 | 748 | 0.21(0.17–0.26)* | ||
Higher | 108 | 261 | 0.09(0.06–0.12)* | ||
Paternal characteristics | |||||
Partner educational level (n = 39,825) | No education | 18,834 | 3421 | 1 | |
Primary | 9828 | 3657 | 0.49(0.43–0.55)* | 0.00 | |
Secondary | 1923 | 1271 | 0.28(0.23–0.33)* | ||
Higher | 347 | 544 | 0.12(0.09–0.15)* | ||
Partner occupational status (n = 40,006) | Working in agriculture | 26,817 | 5721 | 1 | |
Work in non-agriculture | 3839 | 2955 | 0.28(0.24–0.32)* | 0.00 | |
Not working | 444 | 229 | 0.41(0.29–0.59)* | ||
Household characteristics | |||||
Household size | Less than 5 | 7552 | 2289 | 0.93(0.85–1.03) | 0.15 |
5 or more | 23,919 | 6759 | 1 | ||
Number of children 5 and below | 2 or fewer | 25,857 | 7715 | 0.79(0.69–0.92)* | 0.00 |
3 and above | 5614 | 1333 | 1 | ||
Sex of household head | Male | 27,636 | 7728 | 1 | |
Female | 3835 | 1321 | 0.81(0.71–0.92)* | 0.00 | |
Place of residence | Urban | 1847 | 2185 | 0.19(0.16–0.24)* | 0.00 |
Rural | 29,625 | 6863 | 1 | ||
Main floor material (n = 39,595) | Cement | 1117 | 1588 | 0.17(0.14–0.21)* | 0.00 |
Earthen floors | 29,615 | 7275 | 1 | ||
Media exposure | |||||
Listening radio (n = 40,508) | Yes | 9798 | 4296 | 0.50(0.45–0.56)* | 0.00 |
No | 21,663 | 4751 | 1 | ||
Watching TV (n = 40,476) | Yes | 3595 | 2774 | 0.29(0.25–0.34)* | 0.00 |
No | 27,834 | 6274 | 1 | ||
Water and sanitation facility | |||||
Sources of drinking water (n = 39,685) | Improved | 12,582 | 4937 | 0.56(0.48–0.64)* | 0.00 |
Unimproved | 18,195 | 3971 | 1 | ||
Latrine type (n = 39,698) | Improved | 2093 | 2382 | 0.20(0.17–0.23)* | 0.00 |
Unimproved | 28,696 | 6527 | 1 | ||
Survey year | 2000 | 10,602 | 948 | 1 | |
2005 | 8762 | 1931 | 0.41(0.31–0.53)* | 0.00 | |
2011 | 7697 | 3716 | 0.19(0.14–0.24)* | ||
2016 | 4411 | 2453 | 0.16(0.12–0.21)* |
Characteristic | Categories | Child stool disposal | AOR(95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unsafe (n = 31,471) | Safe (n = 9048) | |||
Child’s characteristics | ||||
Sex of the child | Male | 16,202 | 4427 | 1.11(1.03–1.21)** |
Female | 15,269 | 4621 | 1 | |
Age of the child | 0–12 months | 8035 | 2005 | 1 |
13–24 months | 6064 | 2029 | 0.68(0.60–0.78)** | |
≥25 months | 17,372 | 5014 | 0.66(0.60–0.72)** | |
Diarrhea in past 2 weeks (n = 38,038) | Yes | 5220 | 1396 | 1 |
No | 24,194 | 7228 | 1.25(1.11–1.42)** | |
Mother’s characteristics | ||||
Age of mother (in years) | 15–24 | 8197 | 2019 | 1 |
25–34 | 15,509 | 4879 | 0.74(0.63–0.87)** | |
> = 35 | 7765 | 2151 | 0.69(0.57–0.82)** | |
Mother’s working status (n = 40,403) | Not working | 16,371 | 4878 | 1 |
Working | 15,018 | 4136 | 1.04(0.92–1.17) | |
Mother’s education | No education | 25,181 | 5184 | 1 |
Primary | 5403 | 2855 | 0.65(0.55–0.76)** | |
Secondary | 779 | 748 | 0.73(0.55–0.96)** | |
Higher | 108 | 261 | 0.87(0.50–1.53) | |
Paternal characteristics | ||||
Partner educational level (n = 39,825) | No education | 18,834 | 3421 | 1 |
Primary | 9828 | 3657 | 0.74(0.64–0.85)** | |
Secondary | 1923 | 1271 | 0.56(0.46–0.69)** | |
Higher | 347 | 544 | 0.72(0.50–1.04) | |
Partner occupational status (n = 40,006) | Working in agriculture | 26,817 | 5721 | 1 |
Work in non-agriculture | 3839 | 2955 | 0.74(0.62–0.90)** | |
Not working | 444 | 229 | 0.94(0.61–1.42) | |
Household characteristics | ||||
Household size | Less than 5 | 7552 | 2289 | 1.09(0.96–1.25) |
5 or more | 23,919 | 6759 | 1 | |
Number of children 5 and below | 2 or fewer | 25,857 | 7715 | 0.67(0.56–0.79)** |
3 and above | 5614 | 1333 | 1 | |
Sex of household head | Male | 27,636 | 7728 | 1 |
Female | 3835 | 1321 | 1.00(0.86–1.17) | |
Place of residence | Urban | 1847 | 2185 | 0.64(0.49–0.82)** |
Rural | 29,625 | 6863 | 1 | |
Main floor material (n = 39,595) | Cement | 1117 | 1588 | 0.71(0.54–0.92)** |
Earthen floors | 29,615 | 7275 | 1 | |
Media exposure | ||||
Listening radio (n = 40,508) | Yes | 9798 | 4296 | 0.88(0.76–1.01) |
No | 21,663 | 4751 | 1 | |
Watching TV (n = 40,476) | Yes | 3595 | 2774 | 0.96(0.72–1.03) |
No | 27,834 | 6274 | 1 | |
Water and sanitation facility | ||||
Sources of drinking water (n = 39,685) | Improved | 12,582 | 4937 | 0.82(0.70–0.94)** |
Unimproved | 18,195 | 3971 | 1 | |
Latrine type (n = 39,698) | Improved | 2093 | 2382 | 0.24(0.19–0.29)** |
Unimproved | 28,696 | 6527 | 1 | |
Survey year | 2000 | 10,602 | 948 | 1 |
2005 | 8762 | 1931 | 0.34(0.27–0.43)** | |
2011 | 7697 | 3716 | 0.15(0.12–0.19)** | |
2016 | 4411 | 2453 | 0.11(0.09–0.14)** |