Labor dystocia and oxytocin augmentation before or after six centimeters cervical dilatation, in nulliparous women with spontaneous labor, in relation to mode of birth

Labor dystocia is a common complication in nulliparous women and is strongly related to cesarean section (CS) and instrumental vaginal birth [1‐3]. The majority of women diagnosed with labor dystocia receive oxytocin infusion to enhance uterine contractions [4, 5]. Currently, the definition of labor dystocia at different stages of labor is about to change. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [6] and the World Health Organization (WHO) [7, 8] suggests that active labor starts at 5 or 6 cm cervical dilatation, compared with the traditional definition by Friedman [9] stating 3–4 cm as the threshold for the start of active labor. Besides that active labor seems to start at a higher cervical dilatation than previously assumed [10, 11], the view of what is normal labor progress is debated and new cut offs for protracted labor at different cervical dilatations has been suggested [7].

The WHO and ACOG both changed their definitions of the start of active labor (recommendations) to stem the rising CS rates, as too much focus on cervical progression in early labor was viewed as a risk factor for CS and other interventions in labor that may negatively affect maternal and neonatal outcomes [6, 7]. Recommendations in Sweden still adhere to Friedman’s’ definition of active labor (4 cm cervical dilatation and expected cervical dilatation rate of 1 cm/hour from 4 cm with some slight moderations) [12], as do the Swedish recommendations for when to diagnose labor dystocia and initiate labor augmentation [5].

The CS rates in nulliparous women with a singleton term (≥ 37 + 0 gestational weeks) pregnancy, spontaneous onset of labor and vertex presentation, e.g. the Ten Group Classification System (TGCS) group 1 [13, 14] are relatively low in Sweden (range in 2020, 3–11%) compared with many other countries [15]. In Sweden, Region Östergötland has one of the lowest CS rates (5.9% in 2020) as an effect of an active improvement project, focusing on increasing the rate of spontaneous vaginal births in TGCS group 1 women. The TGCS group 1 was targeted for the improvement project as this relatively large group of women had much to gain by avoiding the first cesarean section. An increased vaginal birth rate in this group would reduce the risk of complications associated with CS both during the first birth and subsequent pregnancies and births [16].

It is still not clear whether diagnosing and treating labor dystocia with oxytocin before 5–6 cm cervical dilatation increases the risk of CS compared with after 5–6 cm [17]. Some studies, show decreased rate of CS performed due to labor dystocia by changing the recommendations of active labor [18] while others have not found the same compelling connection [19]. Most of these studies have been performed in countries with a generally high rate of CS [18, 19]. An important question that arises is whether the positive results in lowering the CS rate by changing the recommendations on labor dystocia from studies performed in a high CS rate context could be extrapolated to settings with relatively low numbers of CSs? A change in the definition of active labor and permitting a slower labor progress during active labor need to be thoroughly evaluated in relation to mode of birth and other outcomes in different contexts before the definition is fully implemented. Since the CS rate in Region Östergötland is low among women in the TGCS group 1, studying this group regarding degree of cervical dilatation at labor dystocia in relation to mode of birth would enable an evaluation in a new context (with low CS rate) compared with previous studies.

We hypothesized that a diagnose of labor dystocia and start of oxytocin infusion before 6 cm cervical dilatation increased the risk of cesarean section and instrumental birth, compared to labor dystocia diagnosed after 6 cm cervical dilatation in the TGCS group 1.

Thus, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate cervical dilatation at diagnose of labor dystocia and initiation of oxytocin infusion for labor augmentation in relation to mode of birth, in the TGCS group 1. Secondary outcomes were obstetrical and neonatal adverse outcomes and women´s experience of childbirth.

A total number of 588 women were included in the study. The women eligible for the study and the women who were excluded are presented in Fig. 1. A total number of 242 (41%) women were classified as low risk on admission to the labor ward and 346 (59%) as medium risk. None of the women were risk-classified as a high risk.

In the study population 34.5% had a diagnosis of labor dystocia and oxytocin infusion initiated at ≤ 5 cm cervix dilatation, 31.1% at 6–10 cm of cervical dilatation, and 34.3% at fully dilated cervix. The three groups were similar in terms of maternal characteristics, apart from a statistically significant difference in height, BMI in early pregnancy and risk classification on admission to the labor ward (Table 1). No women had pre-pregnancy hypertension, renal disease, preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus or heart disease.

The primary outcome, mode of birth in relation to cervical dilatation at diagnosis of dystocia and initiation of oxytocin infusion, is presented in Tables 2 and 3.

This cohort study, including 588 women in the TGCS group 1, showed significant differences between the three cervical dilatation groups (≤ 5 cm, 6–10 cm, fully dilated) in rates of spontaneous vaginal births and CS, but no difference in rates of instrumental birth. The risk of operative birth (cesarean and vacuum extraction) was significantly lower in the fully dilated group compared with the 6–10 cm group, but no increased risk could be shown in the ≤ 5 cm group in comparison to the 6–10 cm group. Furthermore, women with a diagnosis of dystocia and start of oxytocin infusion at ≤ 5 cm had an increased risk of a negative birth experience.

These results are in line with a study by Häggsgård et al. who compared mode of birth among women in the TGCS group 1 according to the degree of cervical dilation when initiating labor augmentation with oxytocin. They found, in 464 women, that the more dilated the cervix was when initiating oxytocin augmentation, the higher the likelihood of a vaginal birth, and concluded that women who had oxytocin infusion initiated at ≤ 4 cm cervical dilatation had the highest risk of CS (13.6%) [21]. In this context it is also of interest to look at studies comparing mode of birth outcome according to cervical dilatation degree when active labor starts. Results from the present study are in line with results from a French study, where the definition of active labor was changed from 4 to 6 cm cervical dilatation, in which women who were diagnosed with labor dystocia and had oxytocin infusion was initiated before 7 cm had an increased risk of CS [18]. On the other hand, when the Norwegian LaPS trial cluster-randomized women in the TGCS group 1 to active labor defined as either 4 or 6 cm of cervical dilatation, they found no difference in mode of delivery. However, the total CS rate in both groups decreased during the trial, from 9–10% to 6% [19]. One reason for the current study’s incoherence with the LaPS-trial might be due to the differences in study design. More studies are needed to evaluate both mode of birth and neonatal outcomes in women with and without interventions due to labor dystocia at low cervical dilatation degrees.

In the present study population 34.5% were diagnosed with dystocia and received oxytocin infusion when the cervix dilatation was ≤ 5 cm and were thus in the latent phase of labor according to the ACOG definition [6] but not according to the Swedish criteria of active labor [12]. We found that in the ≤ 5 cm group the CS rate was twice as high as in in the 6–10 cm group. With the proposed definition of start of active labor at a cervical dilatation of 6 cm [6, 11], oxytocin infusion before that would be classified as induction of labor in the latent phase of labor, instead of spontaneous onset and labor augmentation due to labor dystocia. It is well described that the rates of CS increase when labor is induced compared to spontaneous onset of labor [22], and the increased rate of CS in the ≤ 5 cm group in the present study might have been because these women were still in the latent phase of first stage of labor when diagnosed with labor dystocia and oxytocin infusion was initiated. As women enter the active stage of labor the cervical collagen structure transforms to become softer and more prone to dilatation [23]. If the contractions are reinforced with oxytocin infusion before the cervix has changed its structure and thus remains firm, it might not be able to dilate and thereby there is no progress of labor.

The current study found that 20% of the women that were diagnosed with labor dystocia and had oxytocin augmentation initiated at ≤ 5 cm of dilatation had a negative birthing experience measured by VAS, compared to one out of five women with start of augmentation at 6–10 cm cervical dilatation. A negative birthing experience has in earlier studies been associated with a long duration of labor and CS [1, 24, 25], oxytocin augmentation during the first stage of labor [24, 26], instrumental birth and PPH [24]. Satisfaction with childbirth experience is a measure of quality and should be a significant endpoint according to the WHO, alongside the outcome of healthy mother and healthy baby. WHO further states that the increased medicalization of normal childbirth deprives women of their own birthing capabilities and contributes to a higher risk of a negative childbirth experience [8]. The individual parts of the cascade of interventions in women with diagnosed labor dystocia have not been evaluated in relation to the women’s birth experience in the current study. Factors of importance could be that the use of oxytocin infusion not only restricts women’s mobility during labor and birth due to the increased need of continuous CTG, but also increase the risk of more discomfort, pain and need for epidural analgesia [27].

This study on nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labor and labor dystocia, performed in a low CS setting, showed a significant difference in mode of birth rates among the three cervical dilatation groups. The fact that the highest rate of CS occurred when labor dystocia was diagnosed and oxytocin was initiated before ≤ 5 cm of cervical dilatation might indicate that oxytocin augmentation before 6 cm could be contra productive in preventing CS. Additionally, the higher risk for a negative birth satisfaction among the women in the ≤ 5 cm of cervical dilatation group, calls for caution when considering augmenting labor at ≤ 5 cm of cervical dilatation. The results from the present study support the shift toward a definition of active labor at a higher cervical dilatation degree, minimizing interventions in early stages of labor, and thus potentially increasing both the number of spontaneous vaginal births and women´s satisfaction with childbirth. These results should be considered when designing new recommendations on labor care.