Introduction
Methods
Participants
Questionnaire
Detection of children's nutritional status
BMI and body fat percentage
Haemoglobin
Calcium, Iron, and Zinc
Quality control
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | N (%) | Attitude Mean SD | Behaviour Mean SD | Skill Mean SD | Environment Mean SD | Total score Mean SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | ||||||
Cities | 693(66.4) | 15.0 2.7 | 15.3 3.5 | 19.0 4.1 | 14.0 2.8 | 63.2 10.3 |
Countryside | 350(33.6) | 13.6 3.2 | 14.3 3.9 | 18.1 4.5 | 12.8 3.2 | 58.7 11.5 |
p | < .001 | < .001 | .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |
Relationship with child | ||||||
Parents | 894(85.7) | 14.7 2.8 | 15.1 3.5 | 18.9 4.1 | 13.8 2.8 | 62.5 10.4 |
Grandparents | 128(12.3) | 13.2 3.4 | 13.7 4.1 | 17.3 4.9 | 12.4 3.5 | 56.6 12.7 |
Other | 21(2.0) | 13.1 3.6 | 13.8 4.5 | 19.0 4.6 | 12.6 3.7 | 58.3 13.3 |
p | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |
Diet provider age | ||||||
< 30 years | 44(4.2) | 14.4 3.1 | 14.6 4.1 | 19.0 4.7 | 13.1 3.3 | 61.0 12.6 |
30 ~ 40 years | 649(62.2) | 14.8 2.8 | 15.2 3.4 | 19.0 4.0 | 13.9 2.8 | 62.9 10.1 |
40 ~ 50 years | 223(21.4) | 14.3 3.0 | 15.0 3.7 | 18.4 4.4 | 13.4 3.1 | 61.1 11.2 |
50 ~ 60 years | 47(4.5) | 13.5 3.5 | 14.5 4.6 | 18.3 4.3 | 13.3 3.5 | 59.5 12.5 |
> 60 years | 80(7.7) | 13.2 3.2 | 13.3 3.8 | 16.9 4.9 | 12.0 3.3 | 55.3 12.1 |
p | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |
Education | ||||||
Primary school or lower | 197(18.9) | 13.3 3.2 | 13.8 4.0 | 17.8 4.8 | 12.4 3.1 | 57.2 12.0 |
Junior middle school | 417(40.0) | 14.6 3.0 | 15.0 3.5 | 18.7 4.2 | 13.9 2.8 | 62.2 10.4 |
High school | 233(22.3) | 15.0 2.6 | 15.5 3.8 | 19.3 4.1 | 13.9 3.0 | 63.6 11.1 |
College and higher | 196(18.8) | 14.9 2.6 | 15.3 3.1 | 18.9 3.7 | 13.8 2.8 | 62.9 9.5 |
p | < .001 | < .001 | .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |
Self-rated family economy | ||||||
Medium lower | 236(22.6) | 14.3 3.0 | 14.2 3.8 | 18.1 4.7 | 13.2 3.1 | 59.8 11.6 |
Medium | 755(72.4) | 14.5 3.0 | 15.0 3.5 | 18.8 4.1 | 13.7 2.9 | 62.1 10.6 |
Medium upper | 52(5.0) | 15.0 2.9 | 16.2 3.9 | 19.6 4.4 | 14.0 3.0 | 64.7 11.5 |
p | .277 | < .001 | < .001 | .063 | .002 |
Dietary literacy | N (%) | Body fat percentagea | BMIb | Haemoglobinc | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | High | Low | Normal | Wasting | Overweight or obesity | Normal | Deficiency | |||||
Attitude | ||||||||||||
Low score < 13 | 233(22.3) | 109 | 63 | 61 | 147 | 21 | 65 | 219 | 14(6.0) | |||
Moderate score 13–17 | 652(62.5) | 327 | 166 | 159 | 483 | 31 | 138 | 590 | 62(9.5) | |||
High score > 17 | 158(15.2) | 79 | 35 | 44 | 103 | 14 | 41 | 142 | 16(10.1) | |||
χ2 | 2.00 | 14.29 | 3.01 | |||||||||
p | .735 | .006 | .222 | |||||||||
Behaviour | ||||||||||||
Low score < 13 | 246(23.6) | 116 | 66 | 64 | 178 | 12 | 56 | 226 | 20(8.1) | |||
Moderate score 13–18 | 610(58.5) | 306 | 153 | 151 | 432 | 39 | 139 | 554 | 56(9.2) | |||
High score > 18 | 187(17.9) | 93 | 45 | 49 | 123 | 15 | 49 | 171 | 16(8.6) | |||
χ2 | 0.86 | 3.15 | 0.26 | |||||||||
p | .930 | .532 | .878 | |||||||||
Skill | ||||||||||||
Low score < 16 | 222(21.3) | 109 | 58 | 55 | 157 | 17 | 48 | 202 | 20(9.0) | |||
Moderate score 16–22 | 605(58.0) | 290 | 162 | 153 | 420 | 40 | 145 | 551 | 54(8.9) | |||
High score > 22 | 216(20.7) | 116 | 44 | 56 | 156 | 9 | 51 | 198 | 18(8.3) | |||
χ2 | 3.79 | 2.87 | 0.08 | |||||||||
p | .435 | .581 | .960 | |||||||||
Environment | ||||||||||||
Low score < 12 | 251(24.1) | 121 | 65 | 65 | 183 | 16 | 52 | 228 | 23(9.2) | |||
Moderate score 12–16 | 614(58.9) | 294 | 160 | 160 | 429 | 39 | 146 | 557 | 57(9.3) | |||
High score > 16 | 178(17.0) | 100 | 39 | 39 | 121 | 11 | 46 | 166 | 12(6.7) | |||
χ2 | 3.98 | 1.67 | 1.16 | |||||||||
p | .409 | .797 | .561 | |||||||||
Total score | ||||||||||||
Low score < 55 | 258(24.7) | 125 | 66 | 67 | 183 | 16 | 59 | 236 | 22(8.5) | |||
Moderate score 55–70 | 550(52.7) | 261 | 153 | 136 | 393 | 39 | 118 | 500 | 50(9.1) | |||
High score > 70 | 235(22.6) | 129 | 45 | 61 | 157 | 11 | 67 | 215 | 20(8.5) | |||
χ2 | 6.96 | 5.59 | 0.11 | |||||||||
p | .138 | .232 | .949 |
Dietary literacy | N (%) | Calcium | Iron | Zinc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Deficiency | Normal | Deficiency | Normal | Deficiency | |||
Attitude | ||||||||
Low score | 233(22.3) | 192 | 41 | 189 | 44 | 213 | 20 | |
Moderate score | 652(62.5) | 494 | 158 | 533 | 119 | 565 | 87 | |
High score | 158(15.2) | 126 | 32 | 131 | 27 | 141 | 17 | |
χ2 | 4.77 | 0.20 | 3.94 | |||||
p | .092 | .903 | .140 | |||||
Behaviour | ||||||||
Low score | 246(23.6) | 191 | 55 | 203 | 43 | 213 | 33 | |
Moderate score | 610(58.5) | 480 | 130 | 497 | 113 | 537 | 73 | |
High score | 187(17.9) | 141 | 46 | 153 | 34 | 169 | 18 | |
χ2 | 0.91 | 0.13 | 1.47 | |||||
p | .636 | .938 | .481 | |||||
Skill | ||||||||
Low score | 222(21.3) | 178 | 44 | 177 | 45 | 185 | 37 | |
Moderate score | 605(58.0) | 469 | 136 | 498 | 107 | 541 | 64 | |
High score | 216(20.7) | 165 | 51 | 178 | 38 | 193 | 23 | |
χ2 | 1.01 | 0.80 | 6.15 | |||||
p | .605 | .671 | .146 | |||||
Environment | ||||||||
Low score | 251(24.0) | 198 | 53 | 211 | 40 | 224 | 27 | |
Moderate score | 614(58.9) | 474 | 140 | 500 | 114 | 540 | 74 | |
High score | 178(17.1) | 140 | 38 | 142 | 36 | 155 | 23 | |
χ2 | 0.37 | 1.41 | 0.50 | |||||
p | .830 | .495 | .777 | |||||
Total score | ||||||||
Low score | 258(24.7) | 206 | 52 | 212 | 46 | 228 | 30 | |
Moderate score | 550(52.7) | 429 | 121 | 451 | 99 | 479 | 71 | |
High score | 235(22.6) | 177 | 58 | 190 | 45 | 212 | 23 | |
χ2 | 1.48 | 0.18 | 1.55 | |||||
p | .478 | .914 | .460 |
Dietary literacy | Satiety responsiveness Mean SD | Slowness in eating Mean SD | Food fussiness Mean SD | Food responsiveness Mean SD | Enjoyment of food Mean SD | Desire to drink Mean SD | Emotional undereating Mean SD | Emotional overeating Mean SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude | ||||||||
Low score | 12.7 3.7 | 10.3 3.5 | 16.1 4.1 | 11.4 4.2 | 13.1 3.8 | 6.6 3.0 | 10.3 3.3 | 8.2 3.5 |
Moderate score | 12.4 3.3 | 10.0 3.2 | 15.2 4.1 | 10.4 3.9 | 13.8 3.7 | 6.1 2.9 | 10.0 3.1 | 7.2 3.0 |
High score | 11.9 2.9 | 9.6 3.2 | 14.2 4.2 | 10.1 4.0 | 14.5 4.1 | 5.9 2.8 | 9.8 3.4 | 6.3 2.9 |
F | 3.17 | 1.79 | 9.74 | 6.77 | 6.64 | 2.91 | 1.06 | 18.6 |
p | .042 | .167 | < .001 | .001 | .001 | .055 | .347 | < .001 |
Behaviour | ||||||||
Low score | 12.8 3.5 | 10.1 3.3 | 15.9 4.1 | 11.1 4.0 | 13.2 3.7 | 6.7 3.1 | 10.3 3.3 | 7.9 3.2 |
Moderate score | 12.4 3.2 | 10.1 3.3 | 15.3 4.0 | 10.6 4.0 | 13.8 3.6 | 6.1 2.8 | 10.0 3.1 | 7.2 3.1 |
High score | 11.9 3.5 | 9.8 3.3 | 14.3 4.6 | 9.7 3.6 | 14.2 4.3 | 5.8 3.0 | 9.7 3.4 | 6.7 3.1 |
F | 3.85 | 0.77 | 7.82 | 7.11 | 3.80 | 5.74 | 1.84 | 7.84 |
p | .022 | .466 | < .001 | .001 | .023 | .003 | .159 | < .001 |
Skill | ||||||||
Low score | 12.9 3.3 | 10.5 3.5 | 16.7 4.3 | 11.1 4.0 | 13.4 3.5 | 7.0 3.2 | 10.1 3.4 | 7.5 3.4 |
Moderate score | 12.6 3.3 | 10.0 3.3 | 15.2 3.8 | 10.7 3.9 | 13.6 3.6 | 6.1 2.7 | 10.1 3.1 | 7.3 3.1 |
High score | 12.0 3.4 | 9.7 3.0 | 14.0 4.4 | 9.7 4.0 | 14.5 4.3 | 5.6 3.0 | 9.7 3.4 | 7.0 3.2 |
F | 3.74 | 4.23 | 25.47 | 7.28 | 5.56 | 12.72 | 1.26 | 1.94 |
p | .024 | .015 | < .001 | .001 | .004 | < .001 | .283 | .144 |
Environment | ||||||||
Low score | 13.0 3.6 | 10.3 3.3 | 16.0 4.0 | 11.2 4.2 | 13.0 3.8 | 6.5 2.9 | 10.2 3.2 | 7.9 3.4 |
Moderate score | 12.4 3.3 | 10.0 3.4 | 15.2 4.2 | 10.6 3.9 | 13.9 3.7 | 6.3 3.0 | 10.1 3.2 | 7.2 3.0 |
High score | 11.6 3.0 | 9.9 3.0 | 14.6 4.2 | 9.5 3.8 | 14.1 4.0 | 5.3 2.6 | 9.3 3.3 | 6.6 3.2 |
F | 8.81 | 0.87 | 5.95 | 10.22 | 6.92 | 10.90 | 5.88 | 9.44 |
p | < .001 | .419 | .003 | < .001 | .001 | < .001 | .003 | < .001 |
Total score | ||||||||
Low score | 12.9 3.6 | 10.3 3.3 | 16.2 4.1 | 11.6 4.0 | 13.2 3.5 | 6.6 3.0 | 10.4 3.4 | 8.1 3.4 |
Moderate score | 12.4 3.3 | 10.0 3.3 | 15.3 4.0 | 10.6 4.0 | 13.7 3.7 | 6.2 2.8 | 10.0 3.8 | 7.2 3.0 |
High score | 11.8 3.1 | 9.8 3.2 | 14.2 4.5 | 9.4 3.6 | 14.4 4.2 | 5.6 3.0 | 9.6 3.4 | 6.6 3.0 |
F | 6.96 | 1.30 | 14.05 | 18.73 | 6.12 | 6.99 | 3.35 | 14.85 |
p | .001 | .274 | < .001 | < .001 | .002 | .001 | .036 | < .001 |
Dietary literacy | Satiety responsiveness | Slowness in eating | Food fussiness | Food responsiveness | Enjoyment of food | Desire to drink | Emotional undereating | Emotional overeating | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Attitude | ||||||||||||||||
Moderate score | -0.02 | .535 | -0.06 | .126 | -0.09 | .023 | -0.10 | .010 | 0.08 | .040 | -0.09 | .015 | -0.04 | .342 | -0.13 | < .001 |
High score | -0.07 | .053 | -0.10 | .010 | -0.15 | < .001 | -0.09 | .011 | 0.12 | .002 | -0.10 | .005 | -0.04 | .271 | -0.20 | < .001 |
Behaviour | ||||||||||||||||
Moderate score | -0.04 | .334 | -0.01 | .958 | -0.06 | .109 | -0.04 | .310 | 0.07 | .074 | -0.12 | .001 | -0.05 | .194 | -0.09 | .014 |
High score | -0.08 | .036 | -0.05 | .223 | -0.14 | < .001 | -0.12 | .002 | 0.08 | .035 | -0.14 | < .001 | -0.07 | .080 | -0.12 | .001 |
Skill | ||||||||||||||||
Moderate score | -0.07 | .082 | -0.10 | .007 | -0.19 | < .001 | -0.03 | .478 | 0.02 | .561 | -0.16 | < .001 | -0.01 | .907 | -0.02 | .671 |
High score | -0.09 | .023 | -0.12 | .003 | -0.27 | < .001 | -0.13 | .001 | 0.10 | .008 | -0.20 | < .001 | -0.05 | .164 | -0.07 | .094 |
Environment | ||||||||||||||||
Moderate score | -0.07 | .074 | -0.03 | .375 | -0.10 | .008 | -0.07 | .064 | 0.11 | .004 | -0.04 | .249 | -0.01 | .771 | -0.10 | .006 |
High score | -0.13 | < .001 | -0.06 | .095 | -0.12 | .002 | -0.15 | < .001 | 0.09 | .011 | -0.18 | < .001 | -0.11 | .005 | -0.14 | < .001 |
Total score | ||||||||||||||||
Moderate score | -0.06 | .116 | -0.05 | .175 | -0.11 | .004 | -0.10 | .006 | 0.05 | .157 | -0.09 | .014 | -0.05 | .167 | -0.12 | .002 |
High score | -0.11 | .005 | -0.08 | .031 | -0.19 | < .001 | -0.20 | < .001 | 0.11 | .006 | -0.17 | < .001 | -0.09 | .015 | -0.18 | < .001 |