Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Quality appraisal
Data extraction and synthesis
Statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics for the GSTM1-null genotype and bladder cancer risk
Author, year | Country | Ethnicity | Source of controls | Quality Score | Case | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | + | total | – | + | total | |||||
Bell 1993 | USA | Overall | Population-based | 9 | 111 | 89 | 200 | 85 | 115 | 200 |
Caucasian | Population-based | 61 | 39 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 100 | |||
African | Population-based | 50 | 50 | 100 | 35 | 65 | 100 | |||
Daly 1993 | UK | Caucasian | Population-based | 4 | 45 | 8 | 53 | 31 | 27 | 58 |
Zhong 1993 | UK | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 4 | 39 | 58 | 97 | 94 | 131 | 225 |
Lin 1994 | USA, etc | Overall | Population-based | 6 | 61 | 46 | 107 | 442 | 473 | 915 |
Caucasian | Population-based | 52 | 37 | 89 | 236 | 243 | 479 | |||
Asian | Population-based | 5 | 1 | 6 | 179 | 170 | 349 | |||
African | Population-based | 4 | 8 | 12 | 27 | 60 | 87 | |||
Okkels 1996 | Denmark | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 133 | 100 | 233 | 100 | 100 | 200 |
Anwar 1996 | Egypt | African | Population-based | 9 | 19 | 3 | 22 | 10 | 11 | 21 |
Brockmoller 1996 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 217 | 157 | 374 | 192 | 181 | 373 |
Lafuente 1996 | Egypt | African | Population-based | 5 | 39 | 27 | 66 | 28 | 27 | 55 |
Katoh 1998 | Japan | Asian | Hospital-based | 9 | 66 | 46 | 112 | 50 | 62 | 112 |
Abdel-Rahman 1998 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 8 | 26 | 11 | 37 | 15 | 19 | 34 |
Salagovic 1999 | Slovakia | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 40 | 36 | 76 | 123 | 125 | 248 |
Mungan 2000 | Netherlands | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 4 | 38 | 23 | 61 | 30 | 39 | 69 |
Peluso 2000 | Italy | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 5 | 61 | 69 | 130 | 29 | 25 | 54 |
Schnakenberg 2000 | Germany | Caucasian | Population-based | 6 | 93 | 64 | 157 | 129 | 94 | 223 |
Steinhoff 2000 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 80 | 55 | 135 | 57 | 70 | 127 |
Georgiou 2000 | Greece | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 56 | 33 | 89 | 56 | 91 | 147 |
Kim 2000 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 6 | 78 | 34 | 112 | 128 | 97 | 225 |
Toruner 2001 | Turkey | Asian | Hospital-based | 8 | 75 | 46 | 121 | 55 | 66 | 121 |
Aktas 2001 | Turkey | Asian | Population-based | 4 | 56 | 47 | 103 | 70 | 132 | 202 |
Giannakopoulos 2002 | Greece | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 56 | 33 | 89 | 56 | 91 | 147 |
Kim 2002 | Korea | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 138 | 78 | 216 | 265 | 184 | 449 |
Lee 2002 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 8 | 149 | 83 | 232 | 86 | 79 | 165 |
Ma 2002 | China | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 180 | 137 | 317 | 99 | 83 | 182 |
Schroeder 2003 | USA | Mix | Hospital-based | 8 | 137 | 93 | 230 | 101 | 112 | 213 |
Jong 2003 | Korea | Asian | Population-based | 9 | 75 | 51 | 126 | 99 | 105 | 204 |
Moore 2004 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 8 | 54 | 52 | 106 | 49 | 60 | 109 |
Srivastava 2004 | India | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 42 | 64 | 106 | 54 | 128 | 182 |
Hung 2004 | France | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 132 | 69 | 201 | 112 | 102 | 214 |
Saad 2005 | UK | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 45 | 27 | 72 | 40 | 41 | 81 |
Srivastava 2005 | India | Asian | Population-based | 10 | 140 | 230 | 370 | 43 | 63 | 106 |
Sobti 2005 | India | Asian | Population-based | 9 | 37 | 63 | 100 | 24 | 52 | 76 |
Garcia-Closas 2005 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 716 | 422 | 1138 | 571 | 561 | 1132 |
Karagas 2005 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 9 | 210 | 134 | 344 | 309 | 233 | 542 |
Kim 2005 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 92 | 61 | 153 | 73 | 80 | 153 |
McGrath 2006 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 11 | 109 | 82 | 191 | 483 | 439 | 922 |
Ouerhani 2006 | Tunisia | African | Population-based | 6 | 39 | 23 | 62 | 36 | 43 | 79 |
Murta-Nascimento 2007 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 428 | 251 | 679 | 367 | 368 | 735 |
Moore 2007 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 683 | 394 | 1077 | 524 | 498 | 1022 |
Cengiz 2007 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 34 | 17 | 51 | 22 | 31 | 53 |
Kellen 2007 | Belgium | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 312 | 267 | 579 | 597 | 466 | 1063 |
Zhao 2007 | USA | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 324 | 298 | 622 | 317 | 316 | 633 |
Shao 2008 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 10 | 85 | 117 | 202 | 81 | 191 | 272 |
Yuan 2008 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 11 | 387 | 275 | 662 | 335 | 351 | 686 |
Covolo 2008 | Italy | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 128 | 69 | 197 | 111 | 100 | 211 |
Golka 2008 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 184 | 109 | 293 | 88 | 88 | 176 |
Song 2009 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 11 | 131 | 77 | 208 | 108 | 104 | 212 |
Altayli 2009 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 58 | 77 | 135 | 65 | 63 | 128 |
Grando 2009 | Brazil | Mix | Population-based | 7 | 40 | 60 | 100 | 33 | 67 | 100 |
Lin 2009 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 9 | 312 | 292 | 604 | 286 | 324 | 610 |
Zupa 2009 | Italy | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 13 | 10 | 23 | 68 | 53 | 121 |
Abd 2010 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 6 | 11 | 9 | 20 | 9 | 11 | 20 |
Moore 2011 | USA | Mix | Hospital-based | 10 | 653 | 400 | 1053 | 690 | 545 | 1235 |
Öztürk 2011 | Turkey | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 98 | 78 | 176 | 51 | 46 | 97 |
Rouissi 2011 | Tunisia | African | Population-based | 7 | 63 | 62 | 125 | 56 | 69 | 125 |
Salinas-Sonchez 2011 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 5 | 109 | 92 | 201 | 78 | 115 | 193 |
Goerlitz 2011 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 9 | 344 | 274 | 618 | 332 | 289 | 621 |
Marenne 2012 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 488 | 285 | 773 | 402 | 357 | 759 |
Ovsiannikov 2012 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 102 | 94 | 196 | 123 | 112 | 235 |
Schwender 2012 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 909 | 663 | 1572 | 863 | 876 | 1739 |
Henriquez-Hernondez 2012 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 23 | 67 | 90 | 17 | 64 | 81 |
Lesseur 2012 | New Hampshire | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 378 | 275 | 653 | 508 | 420 | 928 |
Zhang 2012 | USA | Mix | Hospital-based | 10 | 381 | 329 | 710 | 402 | 380 | 782 |
Matic 2013 | Serbia | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 111 | 90 | 201 | 61 | 61 | 122 |
Savic-Radojevic 2013 | Serbia | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 45 | 35 | 80 | 32 | 28 | 60 |
Safarinejad 2013 | Iran | Asian | Hospital-based | 10 | 50 | 116 | 166 | 93 | 239 | 332 |
Wang 2013 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 699 | 351 | 1050 | 834 | 570 | 1404 |
Berber 2013 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 54 | 60 | 114 | 51 | 63 | 114 |
Kang 2013 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 9 | 65 | 45 | 110 | 103 | 117 | 220 |
Reszka 2014 | Poland | Caucasian | Population-based | 9 | 149 | 95 | 244 | 165 | 200 | 365 |
Ceylan 2015 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 22 | 43 | 65 | 31 | 39 | 70 |
Elhawary 2017 | Saudi Arabia | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 24 | 28 | 52 | 40 | 64 | 104 |
Ali 2017 | Pakistan | Asian | Population-based | 11 | 83 | 117 | 200 | 57 | 143 | 200 |
Study characteristics for GSTT1-null genotype and bladder cancer risk
Author, Year | Country | Ethnicity | Source of controls | Quality score | Case | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | + | total | – | + | total | |||||
Brockmoller 1996 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 66 | 308 | 374 | 78 | 295 | 373 |
Kempkes 1996 | Germany | Caucasian | Population-based | 7 | 20 | 93 | 113 | 31 | 139 | 170 |
Abdel-Rahman 1998 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 8 | 17 | 20 | 37 | 5 | 29 | 34 |
Katoh 1998 | Japan | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 46 | 66 | 112 | 59 | 53 | 112 |
Kim 1998 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 18 | 49 | 67 | 29 | 38 | 67 |
Lee 1999 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 93 | 65 | 158 | 66 | 65 | 131 |
Salagovic 1999 | Slovakia | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 21 | 55 | 76 | 42 | 206 | 248 |
Georgiou 2000 | Greece | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 5 | 84 | 89 | 16 | 131 | 147 |
Peluso 2000 | Italy | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 5 | 14 | 108 | 122 | 6 | 48 | 54 |
Kim 2000 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 6 | 47 | 65 | 112 | 101 | 119 | 220 |
Steinhoff 2000 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 20 | 115 | 135 | 17 | 110 | 127 |
Schnakenberg 2000 | Germany | Asian | Hospital-based | 6 | 28 | 129 | 157 | 48 | 175 | 223 |
Toruner 2001 | Turkey | Asian | Hospital-based | 8 | 24 | 97 | 121 | 21 | 100 | 121 |
Giannakopoulos 2002 | Greece | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 5 | 84 | 89 | 16 | 131 | 147 |
Lee 2002 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 8 | 135 | 97 | 232 | 85 | 80 | 165 |
Ma 2002 | China | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 29 | 32 | 61 | 88 | 94 | 182 |
Kim 2002 | Korea | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 91 | 125 | 216 | 228 | 221 | 449 |
Gago-Dominguez 2003 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 8 | 50 | 146 | 196 | 34 | 142 | 176 |
Jong 2003 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 9 | 68 | 58 | 126 | 113 | 91 | 204 |
Chen 2004 | China | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 32 | 30 | 62 | 51 | 30 | 81 |
Moore 2004 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 8 | 17 | 89 | 106 | 12 | 97 | 109 |
Hung 2004 | France | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 43 | 158 | 201 | 33 | 181 | 214 |
Srivastava 2004 | India | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 28 | 78 | 106 | 29 | 153 | 182 |
Sanyal 2004 | Sweden | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 66 | 204 | 270 | 12 | 110 | 122 |
Broberg 2005 | Sweden | Caucasian | Population-based | 9 | 7 | 54 | 61 | 22 | 132 | 154 |
Garcia-Closas 2005 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 230 | 899 | 1129 | 248 | 873 | 1121 |
Saad 2005 | UK | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 26 | 46 | 72 | 14 | 67 | 81 |
Karagas 2005 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 9 | 53 | 83 | 136 | 301 | 458 | 759 |
Golka 2005 | Dortmund | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 30 | 106 | 136 | 38 | 125 | 163 |
Kim 2005 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 71 | 82 | 153 | 89 | 64 | 153 |
Srivastava 2005 | India | Asian | Population-based | 10 | 28 | 78 | 106 | 79 | 291 | 370 |
Shao 2005 | China | Asian | Population-based | 7 | 204 | 201 | 405 | 195 | 194 | 389 |
Sobti 2005 | India | Asian | Population-based | 9 | 30 | 70 | 100 | 11 | 65 | 76 |
McGrath 2006 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 11 | 35 | 156 | 191 | 148 | 776 | 924 |
Ouerhani 2006 | Tunisia | African | Population-based | 6 | 26 | 36 | 62 | 35 | 44 | 79 |
Kogevinas 2006 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 24 | 75 | 99 | 17 | 74 | 91 |
Cengiz 2007 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 18 | 33 | 51 | 11 | 42 | 53 |
Kellen 2007 | Belgium | Caucasian | Population-based | 8 | 30 | 164 | 194 | 61 | 319 | 380 |
Zhao 2007 | USA | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 103 | 520 | 623 | 115 | 519 | 634 |
Covolo 2008 | Italy | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 42 | 155 | 197 | 33 | 178 | 211 |
Yuan 2008 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 11 | 140 | 518 | 658 | 124 | 556 | 680 |
Song 2008 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 71 | 37 | 108 | 58 | 54 | 112 |
Altayli 2009 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 31 | 104 | 135 | 9 | 119 | 128 |
Grando 2009 | Brazil | Mix | Population-based | 7 | 51 | 49 | 100 | 37 | 63 | 100 |
Song 2009 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 11 | 110 | 98 | 208 | 105 | 107 | 212 |
Cantor 2010 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 136 | 542 | 678 | 160 | 550 | 710 |
Moore 2011 | USA | Mix | Hospital-based | 10 | 210 | 794 | 1004 | 237 | 942 | 1179 |
Rouissi 2011 | Tunisia | African | Population-based | 7 | 30 | 95 | 125 | 38 | 87 | 125 |
Goerlitz 2011 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 9 | 147 | 470 | 617 | 156 | 464 | 620 |
Salinas-Sánchez 2011 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 5 | 42 | 148 | 190 | 25 | 138 | 163 |
Lesseur 2012 | New Hampshire | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 9 | 106 | 556 | 662 | 143 | 780 | 923 |
Ovsiannikov 2012 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 33 | 163 | 196 | 47 | 188 | 235 |
Henriquez-Hernondez 2012 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 60 | 30 | 90 | 40 | 41 | 81 |
Berber 2013 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 31 | 83 | 114 | 16 | 98 | 114 |
Matic 2013 | Serbia | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 56 | 145 | 201 | 34 | 88 | 122 |
Safarinejad 2013 | Iran | Asian | Hospital-based | 10 | 35 | 131 | 166 | 69 | 263 | 332 |
Kang 2013 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 9 | 64 | 46 | 110 | 128 | 92 | 220 |
Reszka 2014 | Poland | Caucasian | Population-based | 9 | 30 | 212 | 242 | 77 | 288 | 365 |
Ceylan 2015 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 19 | 46 | 65 | 9 | 61 | 70 |
Ali 2017 | Pakistan | Asian | Population-based | 11 | 34 | 166 | 200 | 26 | 174 | 200 |
Elhawary 2017 | Saudi Arabia | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 6 | 46 | 52 | 8 | 96 | 104 |
Study characteristics for the dual-null GSTM1-GSTT1 genotype and bladder cancer risk
Author, Year | Country | Ethnicity | Source of controls | Quality score | Case | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
null-null | non-null-null | total | null-null | non-null-null | total | |||||
Abdel-Rahman 1998 | Egypt | African | Hospital-based | 8 | 14 | 23 | 37 | 3 | 31 | 34 |
Steinhoff 2000 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 12 | 123 | 135 | 4 | 123 | 127 |
Schnakenberg 2000 | Germany | Caucasian | Population-based | 6 | 12 | 145 | 157 | 31 | 192 | 223 |
Ma 2002 | China | Asian | Population-based | 8 | 16 | 45 | 61 | 54 | 128 | 182 |
Lee 2002 | Korea | Asian | Hospital-based | 8 | 83 | 149 | 232 | 37 | 128 | 165 |
Srivastava 2004 | India | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 16 | 90 | 106 | 9 | 173 | 182 |
Moore 2004 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 8 | 9 | 97 | 106 | 6 | 103 | 109 |
Hung 2004 | France | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 28 | 173 | 201 | 19 | 195 | 214 |
Srivastava 2005 | India | Asian | Population-based | 10 | 17 | 89 | 106 | 32 | 338 | 370 |
McGrath 2006 | USA | Mix | Population-based | 11 | 18 | 173 | 191 | 78 | 844 | 922 |
Song 2009 | China | Asian | Hospital-based | 11 | 77 | 131 | 208 | 50 | 162 | 212 |
Salinas-Sonchez 2011 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 5 | 20 | 131 | 151 | 6 | 88 | 94 |
Ovsiannikov 2012 | Germany | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 6 | 17 | 179 | 196 | 29 | 206 | 235 |
Henriquez-Hernondez 2012 | Spain | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 17 | 73 | 90 | 8 | 73 | 81 |
Berber 2013 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 7 | 11 | 103 | 114 | 7 | 107 | 114 |
Safarinejad 2013 | Iran | Asian | Hospital-based | 10 | 38 | 128 | 166 | 73 | 259 | 332 |
Ceylan 2015 | Turkey | Caucasian | Hospital-based | 8 | 8 | 57 | 65 | 8 | 62 | 70 |
Elhawary 2017 | Saudi Arabia | Asian | Hospital-based | 7 | 0 | 104 | 104 | 0 | 208 | 208 |
Association of the GSTM1-null genotype with bladder cancer risk
Genetic contrasts | Group and subgroups | Studies Number | Q test P value | Model selected | OR (95% CI) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GSTM1 | ||||||
- vs + | Overall | 72 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.40 (1.31,1.48) | <0.00001 |
Caucasian | 37 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.39 (1.26,1.54) | <0.00001 | |
Asian | 20 | 0.39 | Fixed | 1.45 (1.33,1.59) | <0.00001 | |
African | 9 | 0.10 | Random | 1.54 (1.16,2.05) | 0.003 | |
Hospital-based | 46 | 0.0001 | Random | 1.42 (1.32,1.52) | <0.00001 | |
Population-based | 26 | 0.003 | Random | 1.36 (1.21,1.53) | <0.00001 | |
High quality | 54 | 0.0002 | Random | 1.37 (1.28,1.45) | <0.00001 | |
Low quality | 18 | 0.0009 | Random | 1.58 (1.29,1.94) | <0.0001 | |
GSTM1 (smoking) | ||||||
- vs + | Overall | 24 | 0.02 | Random | 1.37 (1.19,1.59) | <0.0001 |
Caucasian | 10 | 0.007 | Random | 1.17 (0.85,1.59) | 0.33 | |
Asian | 7 | 0.63 | Fixed | 1.67 (1.32,2.11) | <0.0001 | |
African | 3 | 0.22 | Fixed | 1.44 (0.95,2.17) | 0.08 | |
High quality | 17 | 0.02 | Random | 1.35 (1.14,1.60) | 0.0005 | |
Low quality | 7 | 0.27 | Fixed | 1.48 (1.12,1.96) | 0.006 | |
GSTT1 | ||||||
- vs + | Overall | 61 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.11 (1.01,1.22) | 0.03 |
Caucasian | 29 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.16 (0.99,1.36) | 0.07 | |
Asian | 21 | 0.01 | Random | 1.05 (0.91,1.22) | 0.51 | |
African | 4 | 0.03 | Random | 1.07 (0.65,1.76) | 0.79 | |
Hospital-based | 40 | <0.0001 | Random | 1.11 (0.99,1.24) | 0.07 | |
Population-based | 21 | 0.0002 | Random | 1.12 (0.94,1.35) | 0.20 | |
High quality | 52 | <0.00001 | Random | 1.14 (1.03,1.26) | 0.01 | |
Low quality | 9 | 0.23 | Fixed | 0.93 (0.75,1.14) | 0.49 | |
GSTT1 (smoking) | ||||||
Overall | 21 | 0.67 | Fixed | 1.06 (0.93,1.20) | 0.38 | |
Caucasian | 9 | 0.84 | Fixed | 1.14 (0.91,1.43) | 0.24 | |
Asian | 7 | 0.62 | Fixed | 1.00 (0.77,1.30) | 0.99 | |
African | 2 | 0.41 | Fixed | 0.60 (0.36,1.02) | 0.06 | |
High quality | 16 | 0.52 | Fixed | 1.06 (0.93,1.22) | 0.37 | |
Low quality | 5 | 0.64 | Fixed | 1.01 (0.70,1.48) | 0.94 | |
Dual-null genotype of GSTM1/GSTT1 | ||||||
Overall | 18 | 0.003 | Random | 1.48 (1.15,1.92) | 0.002 | |
Caucasian | 8 | 0.03 | Random | 1.30 (0.83,2.03) | 0.25 | |
Asian | 7 | 0.04 | Random | 1.62 (1.15,2.28) | 0.006 | |
Hospital-based | 13 | 0.03 | Random | 1.71 (1.28,2.28) | 0.0003 | |
Population-based | 5 | 0.06 | Random | 1.07 (0.67,1.71) | 0.77 | |
High quality | 15 | 0.11 | Fixed | 1.61 (1.36,1.91) | <0.00001 | |
Low quality | 3 | 0.04 | Random | 0.86 (0.40,1.85) | 0.70 |