Introduction
Methods
Design
Study sample
Data collection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Outcomes
Explanatory variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Study population characteristics
Variable (% missing) | All participants (crude values) | CBD use (crude values) | Prevalence2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | No (N = 1772) | Yes (N = 197) | P-value1 | % [95% CI] | |
Age (mean) in years (0) | 51.7 (18.5) | 52.8 (18.4) | 42.2 (16.7) | < 10–3 | / |
Age (in years) (0) | |||||
18–24 | 205 (10.4) | 170 (9.6) | 35 (17.8) | < 10–3 | 17.1 [12.5 – 22.9]a |
25–34 | 278 (14.1) | 228 (12.9) | 50 (25.4) | 18.0 [13.9 – 23.0]a | |
35–49 | 440 (22.4) | 384 (21.7) | 56 (28.4) | 12.7 [9.9 – 16.2]a | |
50–64 | 503 (25.6) | 469 (26.5) | 34 (17.3) | 6.7 [4.9 – 9.3]b | |
65–74 | 291 (14.8) | 276 (15.6) | 15 (7.6) | 5.2 [3.1 – 8.4]bc | |
≥ 75 | 252 (12.8) | 245 (13.8) | 7 (3.6) | 2.8 [1.3 – 5.7]bc | |
Gender (0) | |||||
Men | 909 (46.2) | 803 (45.3) | 106 (53.8) | 0.023 | 11.7 [9.7 – 13.9] |
Women | 1060 (53.8) | 969 (54.7) | 91 (46.2) | 8.6 [7.0 – 10.4] | |
Country of birth (0) | |||||
France | 1858 (94.4) | 1670 (94.2) | 188 (95.4) | 0.493 | 10.1 [8.8 – 11.6]a |
Outside France | 111 (5.6) | 102 (5.8) | 9 (4.6) | 8.1 [4.2 – 15.0]a | |
Region (0) | |||||
Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine | 174 (8.8) | 148 (8.4) | 26 (13.2) | 0.327 | 14.9 [10.4 – 21.1]a |
Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou–Charentes | 197 (10.0) | 180 (10.2) | 17 (8.6) | 8.6 [5.4 – 13.5]a | |
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | 236 (12.0) | 206 (11.6) | 30 (15.2) | 12.7 [9.0 – 17.6]a | |
Burgundy-Franche-Comté | 85 (4.3) | 75 (4.2) | 10 (5.1) | 11.8 [6.4 – 20.7]a | |
Brittany | 115 (5.8) | 103 (5.8) | 12 (6.1) | 10.4 [6.0 – 17.6]a | |
Centre-Val de Loire | 89 (4.5) | 83 (4.7) | 6 (3.0) | 6.7 [3.0 – 14.3]a | |
Île-de-France | 333 (16.9) | 301 (17.0) | 32 (16.2) | 9.6 [6.9 – 13.3]a | |
Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées | 183 (9.3) | 166 (9.4) | 17 (8.6) | 9.3 [5.8 – 14.5]a | |
Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy | 167 (8.5) | 154 (8.7) | 13 (6.6) | 7.8 [4.6 – 13.0]a | |
Normandy | 108 (5.5) | 102 (5.8) | 6 (3.0) | 5.6 [2.5 – 11.9]a | |
Pays de la Loire | 121 (6.1) | 107 (6) | 14 (7.1) | 11.6 [6.9 – 18.7]a | |
Provence- Alpes-Côte d'Azur | 161 (8.2) | 147 (8.3) | 14 (7.1) | 8.7 [5.2 – 14.2]a | |
City size (0) | |||||
< 2 000 inhabitants (rural area) | 537 (27.3) | 488 (27.5) | 49 (24.9) | 0.839 | 9.1 [7.0 – 11.9]a |
2 000—20 000 inhabitants | 738 (37.5) | 663 (37.4) | 75 (38.1) | 10.2 [8.2 – 12.6]a | |
20 000—100 000 inhabitants | 414 (21.0) | 372 (21.0) | 42 (21.3) | 10.1 [7.6 – 13.5]a | |
> 100 000 inhabitants | 280 (14.2) | 249 (14.1) | 31 (15.7) | 11.1 [7.9 – 15.3]a | |
Socio-professional status (0) | |||||
Farmer/ craftsperson, trader or business manager/ skilled or unskilled worker | 315 (16.0) | 270 (15.2) | 45 (22.8) | < 10–3 | 14.3 [10.8 – 18.6]a |
Executive or higher intellectual profession/ Intermediate profession | 503 (25.5) | 438 (24.7) | 65 (33.0) | 12.9 [10.3 – 16.2]a | |
Employee | 324 (16.5) | 285 (16.1) | 39 (19.8) | 12.0 [8.9 – 16.1]a | |
Pensioner | 666 (33.8) | 636 (35.9) | 30 (15.2) | 4.5 [3.2 – 6.4] | |
Other, no professional activity | 161 (8.2) | 143 (8.1) | 18 (9.1) | 11.2 [7.13 – 17.1]a | |
Educational level (0) | |||||
No upper secondary school certificate | 668 (33.9) | 608 (34.3) | 60 (30.5) | 0.278 | 9.0 [7.0 – 11.4]a |
At least upper secondary school certificate | 1301 (66.1) | 1164 (65.7) | 137 (69.5) | 10.5 [9.0 – 12.3]a | |
Dependent children (0) | |||||
No | 1361 (69.1) | 1240 (70.0) | 121 (61.4) | 0.014 | 8.9 [7.5 – 10.5] |
Yes | 608 (30.9) | 532 (30.0) | 76 (38.6) | 12.5 [10.1 – 15.4] | |
Difficulty paying bills (0)3 | |||||
Easy | 1238 (62.9) | 1115 (62.9) | 123 (62.4) | 0.893 | 9.9 [8.4 – 11.7]a |
Difficult | 731 (37.1) | 657 (37.1) | 74 (37.6) | 10.1 [8.1 – 12.5]a | |
Tobacco use (0.4) | |||||
No | 1493 (76.1) | 1410 (79.8) | 83 (42.6) | < 10–3 | 5.6 [4.5 – 6.8] |
Yes | 468 (23.9) | 356 (20.2) | 112 (57.4) | 23.9 [20.3 – 28.0] | |
Alcohol use (0.3)4 | |||||
Never | 516 (26.3) | 471 (26.7) | 45 (23.0) | 0.074 | 8.7 [6.6 – 11.5]a |
Occasional | 965 (49.2) | 875 (49.5) | 90 (45.9) | 9.3 [7.6 – 11.3]a | |
Regular | 482 (24.6) | 421 (23.8) | 61 (31.1) | 12.7 [10.0 – 15.9]a | |
Cannabis use (0.5) | |||||
No | 1840 (93.9) | 1715 (96.9) | 125 (65.8) | < 10–3 | 6.8 [5.7 – 8.0] |
Yes | 119 (6.1) | 54 (3.1) | 65 (34.2) | 54.6 [45.5 – 63.4] | |
Self-reported general health status (0)5 | |||||
Good | 1232 (62.6) | 1112 (62.8) | 120 (60.9) | 0.023 | 9.7 [8.2 – 11.5]a |
Quite good | 559 (28.4) | 510 (28.8) | 49 (24.9) | 8.8 [6.7 – 11.4]a | |
Poor | 178 (9.0) | 150 (8.5) | 28 (14.2) | 15.7 [11.1 – 21.9] | |
Chronic disease or health problem (0) | |||||
No | 995 (50.5) | 912 (51.5) | 83 (42.1) | 0.020 | 8.3 [6.8 – 10.2]a |
One | 712 (36.2) | 634 (35.8) | 78 (39.6) | 11.0 [8.9 – 13.5]ab | |
More than one | 262 (13.3) | 226 (12.8) | 36 (18.3) | 13.7 [10.1 – 18.5]b | |
‘Alternative medicines provide better solutions to health problems than conventional medicines’ (0.3) | |||||
Disagree | 497 (25.3) | 456 (25.8) | 41 (20.9) | < 10–3 | 8.3 [6.1 – 11.0]a |
Agree | 597 (30.4) | 500 (28.3) | 97 (49.5) | 16.3 [13.5 – 19.4] | |
No opinion | 869 (44.3) | 811 (45.9) | 58 (29.6) | 6.7 [5.2 – 8.5]a | |
Preferred means to obtain information (0) | |||||
Television | 621 (31.5) | 556 (31.4) | 65 (33) | 0.864 | 10.5 [8.3 – 13.1]a |
Radio | 211 (10.7) | 188 (10.6) | 23 (11.7) | 10.9 [7.3 – 15.9]a | |
Print media | 190 (9.7) | 173 (9.8) | 17 (8.6) | 9.0 [5.6 – 14.0]a | |
Online media | 205 (10.4) | 185 (10.4) | 20 (10.2) | 9.8 [6.4 – 14.7]a | |
Other internet 6 | 345 (17.5) | 307 (17.3) | 38 (19.3) | 11.0 [8.1 – 14.8]a | |
Close family members and friends | 397 (20.2) | 363 (20.5) | 34 (17.3) | 8.6 [6.2 – 11.8]a | |
Had heard of CBD (0)7 | |||||
Had never heard of CBD | 605 (30.7) | 605 (34.1) | 0 (0) | < 10–3 | / |
Only heard of the term ‘CBD’ | 477 (24.2) | 434 (24.5) | 43 (21.8) | 9.0 [6.8 – 11.9]a | |
Knew a little about CBD | 591 (30.0) | 539 (30.4) | 52 (26.4) | 8.8 [6.8 – 11.4]a | |
Had good knowledge of CBD | 194 (9.9) | 139 (7.8) | 55 (27.9) | 28.4 [22.4 – 35.1] | |
Had very good knowledge of CBD | 102 (5.2) | 55 (3.1) | 47 (23.9) | 46.1 [36.6 – 55.9] | |
‘Do you think that CBD is harmful for health?’ (30.7)7 | |||||
Did not want to answer | 6 (0.4) | 5 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | < 10–3 | 16.7 [1.2 – 77.0]ab |
No opinion | 325 (23.8) | 308 (26.4) | 17 (8.6) | 5.2 [3.3 – 8.3]a | |
Not at all | 397 (29.1) | 286 (24.5) | 111 (56.3) | 28.0 [23.8 – 32.6]b | |
Slightly harmful | 382 (28.0) | 342 (29.3) | 40 (20.3) | 10.5 [7.8 – 13.9]a | |
Quite harmful | 171 (12.5) | 155 (13.3) | 16 (8.1) | 9.4 [5.8 – 14.8]a | |
Very harmful | 83 (6.1) | 71 (6.1) | 12 (6.1) | 14.5 [8.3 – 23.9]ab |
Factors associated with having heard of CBD
Variable | Having heard of cannabidiol (N = 1953) | Cannabidiol use (N = 1948) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR [95% CI] | P-value | aOR [95% CI] | P-value | |
Age (in years) | 0.97 [0.96—0.98] | < 10–3 | 0.98 [0.97—0.99] | < 10–3 |
Country of birth | ||||
France | 1 | |||
Elsewhere | 0.55 [0.35 – 0.87] | 0.010 | ||
Socio-professional status | ||||
Farmer/ craftsperson, trader or business manager/ skilled or unskilled worker | 1 | 0.022 | ||
Executive or higher intellectual profession/ Intermediate profession | 0.60 [0.43—0.85] | 0.004 | ||
Employee | 0.81 [0.57—1.16] | 0.258 | ||
Pensioner | 0.72 [0.49—1.07] | 0.108 | ||
Other, no professional activity | 0.45 [0.28—0.70] | 0.001 | ||
Tobacco use | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.38 [1.05—1.82] | 0.021 | 2.82 [1.93—4.11] | < 10–3 |
Cannabis use | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 2.18 [1.14—4.17] | 0.019 | 7.53 [4.66—12.16] | < 10–3 |
Self-reported general health status 1 | ||||
Good | 1 | 0.001 | ||
Quite good | 1.43 [0.95—2.15] | 0.088 | ||
Poor | 2.68 [1.60—4.49] | < 10–3 | ||
‘Alternative medicines provide better solutions to health problems than conventional medicines’ | ||||
Disagree | 1 | 0.001 | ||
Agree | 1.64 [1.03—2.58] | 0.035 | ||
No opinion | 0.81 [0.50—1.32] | 0.400 |
Factors associated with CBD use
CBD user profiles
Variable | All participants | Cluster 11 (n = 33) | Cluster 2 (n = 25) | Cluster 3 (n = 71) | Cluster 4 (n = 68) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
Age (mean) (in years) | 42.2 (16.7) | 59.6 (12.6) | 45.8 (14.5)a | 41.9 (17.7)a | 32.8 (9.9) |
Gender | |||||
Men | 106 (53.8) | 13 (39.4)a | 22 (88.0)b | 21 (29.6)a | 50 (73.5)b |
Women | 91 (46.2) | 20 (60.6) | 3 (12.0) | 50 (70.4) | 18 (26.5) |
Country of birth | |||||
France | 188 (95.4) | 31 (93.9)a | 25 (100)a | 69 (97.2)a | 63 (92.6)a |
Elsewhere | 9 (4.6) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.8) | 5 (7.4) |
Region | |||||
Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine | 26 (13.2) | 8 (24.2)a | 1 (4.0)a | 10 (14.1)a | 7 (10.3)a |
Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou–Charentes | 17 (8.6) | 3 (9.1) | 3 (12.0) | 7 (9.9) | 4 (5.9) |
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | 30 (15.2) | 7 (21.2) | 5 (20.0) | 10 (14.1) | 8 (11.8) |
Burgundy-Franche-Comté | 10 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.0) | 3 (4.2) | 4 (5.9) |
Brittany | 12 (6.1) | 3 (9.1) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (4.2) | 4 (5.9) |
Centre-Val de Loire | 6 (3.0) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 3 (4.2) | 1 (1.5) |
Île-de-France | 32 (16.2) | 1 (3.0) | 4 (16.0) | 9 (12.7) | 18 (26.5) |
Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées | 17 (8.6) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (4.0) | 9 (12.7) | 5 (7.4) |
Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy | 13 (6.6) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.6) | 7 (10.3) |
Normandy | 6 (3.0) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (4.4) |
Pays de la Loire | 14 (7.1) | 1 (3.0) | 3 (12.0) | 6 (8.5) | 4 (5.9) |
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | 14 (7.1) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (4.0) | 6 (8.5) | 3 (4.4) |
City size | |||||
< 2 000 inhabitants (rural area) | 49 (24.9) | 14 (42.4)a | 7 (28.0)ab | 18 (25.4)ab | 10 (14.7)b |
2 000—20 000 inhabitants | 75 (38.1) | 13 (39.4) | 10 (40.0) | 26 (36.6) | 26 (38.2) |
20 000—100 000 inhabitants | 42 (21.3) | 2 (6.1) | 6 (24.0) | 14 (19.7) | 20 (29.4) |
> 100 000 inhabitants | 31 (15.7) | 4 (12.1) | 2 (8.0) | 13 (18.3) | 12 (17.6) |
Type of professional occupation | |||||
Farmer/ craftsperson, trader or business manager/ skilled or unskilled worker | 45 (22.8) | 5 (15.2)a | 8 (32.0)a | 14 (19.7)a | 18 (26.5)a |
Executive or higher intellectual profession/ Intermediate profession | 65 (33) | 8 (24.2) | 10 (40.0) | 23 (32.4) | 24 (35.3) |
Employee | 39 (19.8) | 6 (18.2) | 3 (12.0) | 17 (23.9) | 13 (19.1) |
Pensioner | 30 (15.2) | 14 (42.4) | 1 (4.0) | 13 (18.3) | 2 (2.9) |
Other, no professional activity | 18 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.0) | 4 (5.6) | 11 (16.2) |
Educational level | |||||
No upper secondary school certificate | 60 (30.5) | 14 (42.4) a | 10 (40.0) a | 17 (23.9) a | 19 (27.9) a |
Upper secondary school certificate | 137 (69.5) | 19 (57.6) | 15 (60.0) | 54 (76.1) | 49 (72.1) |
Dependent children | |||||
No | 121 (61.4) | 23 (69.7) a | 20 (80.0) a | 39 (54.9) a | 39 (57.4) a |
Yes | 76 (38.6) | 10 (30.3) | 5 (20.0) | 32 (45.1) | 29 (42.6) |
Difficulty paying bills2 | |||||
Easy | 123 (62.4) | 17 (51.5) a | 12 (48.0) a | 50 (70.4) a | 44 (64.7) a |
Difficult | 74 (37.6) | 16 (48.5) | 13 (52.0) | 21 (29.6) | 24 (35.3) |
Tobacco use | |||||
No | 83 (42.6) | 26 (78.8) a | 3 (12.0) b | 48 (68.6) a | 6 (9.0) b |
Yes | 112 (57.4) | 7 (21.2) | 22 (88.0) | 22 (31.4) | 61 (91.0) |
Alcohol use3 | |||||
Never | 45 (23.0) | 7 (21.2) a | 5 (20.0) a | 19 (27.1) a | 14 (20.6) a |
Occasional | 90 (45.9) | 16 (48.5) | 10 (40.0) | 33 (47.1) | 31 (45.6) |
Regular | 61 (31.1) | 10 (30.3) | 10 (40.0) | 18 (25.7) | 23 (33.8) |
Cannabis use | |||||
No | 125 (65.8) | 33 (100) a | 15 (65.2) | 69 (100) a | 8 (12.3) |
Yes | 65 (34.2) | 0 (0) | 8 (34.8) | 0 (0) | 57 (87.7) |
Self-reported general health status4 | |||||
Good | 120 (60.9) | 5 (15.2) a | 1 (4.0) a | 60 (84.5) b | 54 (79.4) b |
Quite good | 49 (24.9) | 18 (54.5) | 16 (64.0) | 6 (8.5) | 9 (13.2) |
Poor | 28 (14.2) | 10 (30.3) | 8 (32.0) | 5 (7.0) | 5 (7.4) |
Chronic disease or health problem | |||||
No | 83 (42.1) | 4 (12.1) a | 2 (8.0) a | 43 (60.6) b | 34 (50.0) b |
One | 78 (39.6) | 24 (72.7) | 16 (64.0) | 19 (26.8) | 19 (27.9) |
More than one | 36 (18.3) | 5 (15.2) | 7 (28.0) | 9 (12.7) | 15 (22.1) |
‘Alternative medicines provide better solutions to health problems than conventional medicine’ | |||||
Disagree | 41 (20.9) | 8 (24.2) a | 15 (60.0) | 9 (12.7) a | 9 (13.4) a |
Agree | 97 (49.5) | 5 (15.2) | 2 (8.0) | 43 (60.6) | 47 (70.1) |
No opinion | 58 (29.6) | 20 (60.6) | 8 (32.0) | 19 (26.8) | 11 (16.4) |
Preferred means to obtain information | |||||
Television | 65 (33.0) | 17 (51.5) a | 11 (44.0) a | 18 (25.4) a | 19 (27.9) a |
Radio | 23 (11.7) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (12.0) | 10 (14.1) | 6 (8.8) |
Print media | 17 (8.6) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (4.0) | 3 (4.2) | 11 (16.2) |
Online media | 20 (10.2) | 2 (6.1) | 3 (12.0) | 7 (9.9) | 8 (11.8) |
Other internet5 | 38 (19.3) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (12.0) | 19 (26.8) | 12 (17.6) |
Close family members and friends | 34 (17.3) | 4 (12.1) | 4 (16.0) | 14 (19.7) | 12 (17.6) |
Cannabidiol use | |||||
Less than once a week | 100 (50.8) | 15 (45.5) a | 15 (60.0) a | 37 (52.1) a | 33 (48.5) a |
Around once a week | 32 (16.2) | 5 (15.2) | 1 (4.0) | 8 (11.3) | 18 (26.5) |
Several times a week | 34 (17.3) | 7 (21.2) | 2 (8.0) | 15 (21.1) | 10 (14.7) |
Every day or almost every day | 31 (15.7) | 6 (18.2) | 7 (28.0) | 11 (15.5) | 7 (10.3) |
‘Do you think that CBD is harmful for health?’ | |||||
Did not want to answer | 1 (0.5) | 0 a | 0 a | 1 (1.4) a | 0 a |
No opinion | 17 (8.6) | 7 (21.2) | 5 (19.2) | 3 (4.2) | 2 (2.9) |
Not at all harmful | 111 (56.3) | 18 (54.5) | 16 (61.5) | 50 (70.4) | 27 (39.1) |
Slightly harmful | 40 (20.3) | 6 (18.2) | 4 (15.4) | 8 (11.3) | 22 (31.9) |
Quite harmful | 16 (8.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0 | 4 (5.6) | 10 (14.5) |
Very harmful | 12 (6.1) | 0 | 0 | 5 (7.0) | 7 (10.1) |
Factors associated with CBD perceived harmfulness
Variables | Cannabidiol is not harmful1 (n = 397) | Cannabidiol is harmful1 (n = 636) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aRRR [95% CI] | P-value | aRRR [95% CI] | P-value | |
Age (in years) | 0.98 [0.97—0.99] | < 10–3 | 0.99 [0.98 – 1.00] | 0.007 |
Gender | ||||
Men | 1 | 1 | ||
Women | 1.40 [1.01—1.94] | 0.044 | 0.90 [0.67—1.19] | 0.453 |
Country of birth | ||||
France | 1 | 1 | ||
Elsewhere | 0.43 [0.22—0.87] | 0.018 | 0.53 [0.29—0.95] | 0.032 |
Alcohol use2 | ||||
Never | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.151 |
Occasional | 1.19 [0.82—1.72] | 0.368 | 1.13 [0.81—1.57] | 0.479 |
Regular | 2.25 [1.41—3.57] | 0.001 | 1.51 [0.99—2.30] | 0.057 |
Cannabis use | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 8.21 [2.80—24.06] | < 10–3 | 5.52 [1.95—15.65] | 0.001 |
‘Alternative medicines provide better solutions to health problems than conventional medicines’ | ||||
Disagree | 1 | < 10–3 | 1 | 0.001 |
Agree | 1.26 [0.81—1.95] | 0.301 | 1.21 [0.81—1.81] | 0.351 |
No opinion | 0.57 [0.38—0.84] | 0.005 | 0.64 [0.45—0.92] | 0.015 |
Preferred means to obtain information | ||||
Television | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.017 |
Radio | 1.33 [0.79—2.24] | 0.284 | 1.21 [0.74—1.97] | 0.443 |
Print media | 0.47 [0.26—0.86] | 0.014 | 0.65 [0.40—1.07] | 0.088 |
Online media | 1.80 [1.04—3.10] | 0.035 | 1.58 [0.95—2.62] | 0.079 |
Other internet3 | 1.47 [0.93—2.33] | 0.098 | 1.53 [1.00—2.33] | 0.049 |
Close family members and friends | 1.10 [0.69—1.73] | 0.691 | 1.42 [0.95—2.12] | 0.089 |