Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 4/2021

30.03.2021 | COVID-19 | Occupational Allergies (JA Poole, Section Editor) Zur Zeit gratis

What Is New in Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Year of the COVID Pandemic?

verfasst von: Erica B. Lee, Marissa Lobl, Aubree Ford, Vincent DeLeo, Brandon L. Adler, Ashley Wysong

Erschienen in: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports | Ausgabe 4/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This article aims to summarize some recent trends in occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), including dermatitis related to pandemic-level personal protective equipment in healthcare workers, hazards patients may experience when working from home, and occupational perspectives on the recent American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) allergens of the year and ACDS Core Allergen Series updates.

Recent Findings

Recent ACDS Allergens of the Year may be particularly relevant to healthcare workers, including isobornyl acrylate, which is present in glucose sensors and propylene glycol present in hand cleansers and disinfectants. Lavender, limonene, and linalool, all of which are new additions to the ACDS Core Allergen Series, have been reported as causes for occupational ACD in massage therapists and aromatherapists. Isothiazolinone allergy continues to rise in both consumer and occupational settings. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a wave of occupational ACD in healthcare workers to personal protective equipment, and revealed new potential allergens for individuals working from home.

Summary

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis continues to exert a significant occupational disease burden. Remaining aware of the current trends in allergens may allow for earlier recognition, diagnosis, and treatment, subsequently helping our patients to work in healthier and safer environments.
Literatur
6.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Hollins LC, Flamm A. Occupational contact dermatitis: evaluation and management considerations [Internet]. Dermatol. Clin. W.B. Saunders; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13]. p. 329–38. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32475511/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. Great overview of workup and treatment for occupational contact dermatitis. •• Hollins LC, Flamm A. Occupational contact dermatitis: evaluation and management considerations [Internet]. Dermatol. Clin. W.B. Saunders; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13]. p. 329–38. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32475511/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. Great overview of workup and treatment for occupational contact dermatitis.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosa G, Fernandez AP, Vij A, Sood A, Plesec T, Bergfeld WF, et al. Langerhans cell collections, but not eosinophils, are clues to a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in appropriate skin biopsies. J Cutan Pathol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 25];43:498–504. Available from: https://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cup.12707. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Rosa G, Fernandez AP, Vij A, Sood A, Plesec T, Bergfeld WF, et al. Langerhans cell collections, but not eosinophils, are clues to a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in appropriate skin biopsies. J Cutan Pathol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 25];43:498–504. Available from: https://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cup.​12707. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wildemore JK, Junkins-Hopkins JM, James WD. Evaluation of the histologic characteristics of patch test confirmed allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby Inc. 2003;49:243–8.CrossRef Wildemore JK, Junkins-Hopkins JM, James WD. Evaluation of the histologic characteristics of patch test confirmed allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby Inc. 2003;49:243–8.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Frings VG, Böer-Auer A, Breuer K. Histomorphology and immunophenotype of eczematous skin lesions revisited—skin biopsies are not reliable in differentiating allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. Am J Dermatopathol [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 13];40:7–16. Available from: http://www.journals.lww.com/00000372-201801000-00002. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Frings VG, Böer-Auer A, Breuer K. Histomorphology and immunophenotype of eczematous skin lesions revisited—skin biopsies are not reliable in differentiating allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. Am J Dermatopathol [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 13];40:7–16. Available from: http://​www.​journals.​lww.​com/​00000372-201801000-00002. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Rashid RS, Shim TN. Contact dermatitis. BMJ [Internet]. BMJ Publishing Group; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 13];353. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Rashid RS, Shim TN. Contact dermatitis. BMJ [Internet]. BMJ Publishing Group; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 13];353. Available from: http://​www.​bmj.​com/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu C, Marks JG, Flamm A. Occupational contact dermatitis: common occupational allergens. Dermatol. Clin. W.B. Saunders. 2020;38(3):339–49.CrossRef Chu C, Marks JG, Flamm A. Occupational contact dermatitis: common occupational allergens. Dermatol. Clin. W.B. Saunders. 2020;38(3):339–49.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Toby Mathias CG. Contact dermatitis and workers’ compensation: criteria for establishing occupational causation and aggravation. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby. 1989;20:842–8.CrossRef Toby Mathias CG. Contact dermatitis and workers’ compensation: criteria for establishing occupational causation and aggravation. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby. 1989;20:842–8.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat DeKoven JG, Warshaw EM, Zug KA, Maibach HI, Belsito D V., Sasseville D, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch Test Results: 2015-2016 [Internet]. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 31]. p. 297–309. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30422882/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 DeKoven JG, Warshaw EM, Zug KA, Maibach HI, Belsito D V., Sasseville D, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch Test Results: 2015-2016 [Internet]. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 31]. p. 297–309. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​30422882/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Herman A, Baeck M, de Montjoye L, Bruze M, Giertz E, Goossens A, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in the Enlite glucose sensor and the Paradigm MiniMed Quick-set insulin infusion set. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];81:432–7. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31385313/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Herman A, Baeck M, de Montjoye L, Bruze M, Giertz E, Goossens A, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in the Enlite glucose sensor and the Paradigm MiniMed Quick-set insulin infusion set. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];81:432–7. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​31385313/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Mowitz M, Fornander L, Hosseiny S, Ryberg K, Bruze M. Patch testing with isobornyl acrylate in 16 swedish patients with contact dermatitis from glucose sensors and/or insulin pumps. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet]. Medical Journals/Acta D-V; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];99:1286–7. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31289841/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Mowitz M, Fornander L, Hosseiny S, Ryberg K, Bruze M. Patch testing with isobornyl acrylate in 16 swedish patients with contact dermatitis from glucose sensors and/or insulin pumps. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet]. Medical Journals/Acta D-V; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];99:1286–7. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​31289841/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Raison-Peyron N, Mowitz M, Bonardel N, Aerts O, Bruze M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in OmniPod, an innovative tubeless insulin pump. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 1];79:76–80. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29635853/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Raison-Peyron N, Mowitz M, Bonardel N, Aerts O, Bruze M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in OmniPod, an innovative tubeless insulin pump. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 1];79:76–80. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​29635853/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ulriksdotter J, Svedman C, Bruze M, Glimsjö J, Källberg K, Sukakul T, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by glucose sensors—15 adult patients tested with a medical device patch test series. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 1]; Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32608015/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Ulriksdotter J, Svedman C, Bruze M, Glimsjö J, Källberg K, Sukakul T, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by glucose sensors—15 adult patients tested with a medical device patch test series. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 1]; Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32608015/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Christoffers WA, Coenraads P-J, Schuttelaar M-LA. Two decades of occupational (meth)acrylate patch test results and focus on isobornyl acrylate. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013 [cited 2020 Sep 1];69:86–92. Available from: .https://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cod.12023. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Christoffers WA, Coenraads P-J, Schuttelaar M-LA. Two decades of occupational (meth)acrylate patch test results and focus on isobornyl acrylate. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013 [cited 2020 Sep 1];69:86–92. Available from: .https://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cod.​12023. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Fransway AF, Fransway PJ, Belsito D V., Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, et al. Parabens. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2019. p. 3–31. Fransway AF, Fransway PJ, Belsito D V., Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, et al. Parabens. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2019. p. 3–31.
32.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Warshaw EM, Botto NC, Maibach HI, Fowler JF, Rietschel RL, Zug KA, et al. Positive patch-test reactions to propylene glycol: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006. Dermatitis. 2009;20:14–20. Warshaw EM, Botto NC, Maibach HI, Fowler JF, Rietschel RL, Zug KA, et al. Positive patch-test reactions to propylene glycol: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006. Dermatitis. 2009;20:14–20.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Voller LM, Schlarbaum JP, Hylwa SA. Allergenic ingredients in health care hand sanitizers in the United States. Dermatitis. 2020;Publish Ah:1–9. Voller LM, Schlarbaum JP, Hylwa SA. Allergenic ingredients in health care hand sanitizers in the United States. Dermatitis. 2020;Publish Ah:1–9.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhoyrul B, Solman L, Kirk S, Orton D, Wilkinson M. Patch testing with alkyl glucosides: concomitant reactions are common but not ubiquitous. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];80:286–90. Available from: https://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cod.13186. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Bhoyrul B, Solman L, Kirk S, Orton D, Wilkinson M. Patch testing with alkyl glucosides: concomitant reactions are common but not ubiquitous. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];80:286–90. Available from: https://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cod.​13186. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Monteiro AF, Paulino M, Máquina A, Amaro C, Viana I. Allergic contact dermatitis to decyl glucoside: still an important allergen in Tinosorb M. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26];82:126–8. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31566773/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Monteiro AF, Paulino M, Máquina A, Amaro C, Viana I. Allergic contact dermatitis to decyl glucoside: still an important allergen in Tinosorb M. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26];82:126–8. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​31566773/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
49.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat das Graças Mota Melo M, Villarinho ALCF, da Costa Leite I. Sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with occupational contact dermatitis seen at a work-related dermatology service, 2000 - 2014. An Bras Dermatol [Internet]. NLM (Medline); 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];94:147–56. Available from: https://www.pmc/articles/PMC6486076/?report=abstract. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 das Graças Mota Melo M, Villarinho ALCF, da Costa Leite I. Sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with occupational contact dermatitis seen at a work-related dermatology service, 2000 - 2014. An Bras Dermatol [Internet]. NLM (Medline); 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 1];94:147–56. Available from: https://​www.​pmc/​articles/​PMC6486076/​?​report=​abstract. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
51.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kettelarij J, Midander K, Lidén C, Julander A. Contamination of skin and surfaces by cobalt in the hard metal industry. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 1];79:226–31. Available from: .httsp://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cod.13056. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Kettelarij J, Midander K, Lidén C, Julander A. Contamination of skin and surfaces by cobalt in the hard metal industry. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 1];79:226–31. Available from: .httsp://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cod.​13056. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
53.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Schalock PC, Dunnick CA, Nedorost S, Brod B, Warshaw E, Mowad C, et al. American contact dermatitis society core allergen series: 2020 update [Internet]. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14]. p. 279–82. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947457/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. ACDS Core Allergen Series 2020 Update. •• Schalock PC, Dunnick CA, Nedorost S, Brod B, Warshaw E, Mowad C, et al. American contact dermatitis society core allergen series: 2020 update [Internet]. Dermatitis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14]. p. 279–82. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32947457/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. ACDS Core Allergen Series 2020 Update.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Schalock PC, Dunnick CA, Nedorost S, Brod B, Warshaw E, Mowad C. American contact dermatitis society core allergen series. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 25];28:141–3. Available from: http://www.journals.lww.com/01206501-201703000-00005. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. ACDS Core Allergen Series 2017 Update. •• Schalock PC, Dunnick CA, Nedorost S, Brod B, Warshaw E, Mowad C. American contact dermatitis society core allergen series. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 25];28:141–3. Available from: http://​www.​journals.​lww.​com/​01206501-201703000-00005. Accessed 31 Aug 2020. ACDS Core Allergen Series 2017 Update.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Warshaw EM, Zug KA, Belsito D V., Fowler JF, Dekoven JG, Sasseville D, et al. Positive patch-test reactions to essential oils in consecutive patients from North America and Central Europe. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 28];28:246–52. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28614106/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Warshaw EM, Zug KA, Belsito D V., Fowler JF, Dekoven JG, Sasseville D, et al. Positive patch-test reactions to essential oils in consecutive patients from North America and Central Europe. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Aug 28];28:246–52. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​28614106/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bingham LJ, Tam MM, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis caused by lavender: a retrospective study from an Australian clinic. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 28];81:37–42. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779160/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Bingham LJ, Tam MM, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis caused by lavender: a retrospective study from an Australian clinic. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 28];81:37–42. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​30779160/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Keane F, Smith H, White I, Rycroft R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in two aromatherapists. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:49–51.PubMed Keane F, Smith H, White I, Rycroft R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in two aromatherapists. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:49–51.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Navarro-Triviño FJ, Jadczak P, Ruiz-Villaverde R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Lavandula angustifolia and cross-reaction with Citrus bergamia essential oils in an aromatherapist [Internet]. Int. J. Dermatol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 28]. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614066/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Navarro-Triviño FJ, Jadczak P, Ruiz-Villaverde R. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Lavandula angustifolia and cross-reaction with Citrus bergamia essential oils in an aromatherapist [Internet]. Int. J. Dermatol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 28]. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32614066/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Crawford GH, Katz KA, Ellis E, James WD. Use of aromatherapy products and increased risk of hand dermatitis in massage therapists. Arch Dermatol [Internet]. American Medical Association; 2004 [cited 2020 Aug 28];140:991–6. Available from: https://www.jamanetwork.com/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Crawford GH, Katz KA, Ellis E, James WD. Use of aromatherapy products and increased risk of hand dermatitis in massage therapists. Arch Dermatol [Internet]. American Medical Association; 2004 [cited 2020 Aug 28];140:991–6. Available from: https://​www.​jamanetwork.​com/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagvall L, Bråred Christensson J. Patch testing with main sensitizers does not detect all cases of contact allergy to oxidized lavender oil. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet]. Medical Journals/Acta D-V; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 28];96:679–84. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26671837/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Hagvall L, Bråred Christensson J. Patch testing with main sensitizers does not detect all cases of contact allergy to oxidized lavender oil. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet]. Medical Journals/Acta D-V; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 28];96:679–84. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​26671837/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
68.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, et al. Oxidized limonene and oxidized linalool - concomitant contact allergy to common fragrance terpenes. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 15];74:273–80. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918793/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, et al. Oxidized limonene and oxidized linalool - concomitant contact allergy to common fragrance terpenes. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 15];74:273–80. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​26918793/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
73.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Foti C, Zambonin CG, Conserva A, Casulli C, D’Accolti L, Angelini G. Occupational contact dermatitis to a limonene-based solvent in a histopathology technician. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Contact Dermatitis; 2007 [cited 2020 Oct 15];56:109–12. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17244081/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Foti C, Zambonin CG, Conserva A, Casulli C, D’Accolti L, Angelini G. Occupational contact dermatitis to a limonene-based solvent in a histopathology technician. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Contact Dermatitis; 2007 [cited 2020 Oct 15];56:109–12. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​17244081/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Guarneri F, Barbuzza O, Vaccaro M, Galtieri G. Allergic contact dermatitis and asthma caused by limonene in a labourer handling citrus fruits. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Contact Dermatitis; 2008 [cited 2020 Oct 15];58:315–6. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18416769/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Guarneri F, Barbuzza O, Vaccaro M, Galtieri G. Allergic contact dermatitis and asthma caused by limonene in a labourer handling citrus fruits. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Contact Dermatitis; 2008 [cited 2020 Oct 15];58:315–6. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​18416769/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Uter W, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, Andersen KE, Bircher AJ, Brans R, et al. The epidemic of methylisothiazolinone contact allergy in Europe: follow-up on changing exposures. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];34:333–9. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31419348/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Uter W, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, Andersen KE, Bircher AJ, Brans R, et al. The epidemic of methylisothiazolinone contact allergy in Europe: follow-up on changing exposures. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];34:333–9. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​31419348/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwensen JF, Friis UF, Menné T, Flyvholm MA, Johansen JD. Contact allergy to preservatives in patients with occupational contact dermatitis and exposure analysis of preservatives in registered chemical products for occupational use. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. Springer Verlag; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];90:319–33. Available from: https://www.link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00420-017-1203-5. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Schwensen JF, Friis UF, Menné T, Flyvholm MA, Johansen JD. Contact allergy to preservatives in patients with occupational contact dermatitis and exposure analysis of preservatives in registered chemical products for occupational use. Int Arch Occup Environ Health [Internet]. Springer Verlag; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];90:319–33. Available from: https://​www.​link.​springer.​com/​article/​10.​1007/​s00420-017-1203-5. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnuch A, Schubert S, Lessmann H, Geier J, Beiteke U, Dissemond J, et al. The methylisothiazolinone epidemic goes along with changing patients’ characteristics – after cosmetics, industrial applications are the focus. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13];82:87–93. Available from: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cod.13414. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Schnuch A, Schubert S, Lessmann H, Geier J, Beiteke U, Dissemond J, et al. The methylisothiazolinone epidemic goes along with changing patients’ characteristics – after cosmetics, industrial applications are the focus. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13];82:87–93. Available from: https://​www.​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1111/​cod.​13414. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Zirwas MJ, Hamann D, Warshaw EM, Maibach HI, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, et al. Epidemic of isothiazolinone allergy in North America: prevalence data from the North American contact dermatitis group, 2013-2014. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 13];28:204–9. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509715/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Zirwas MJ, Hamann D, Warshaw EM, Maibach HI, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, et al. Epidemic of isothiazolinone allergy in North America: prevalence data from the North American contact dermatitis group, 2013-2014. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 13];28:204–9. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​28509715/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollins LC, Hallock K, Disse M, Chu C, Szollas R, Marks J, et al. Occupationally induced allergic contact dermatitis to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone among water bottle plant workers. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];31:265–7. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32049715/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Hollins LC, Hallock K, Disse M, Chu C, Szollas R, Marks J, et al. Occupationally induced allergic contact dermatitis to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone among water bottle plant workers. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];31:265–7. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32049715/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Tramontana M, Hansel K, Bianchi L, Foti C, Romita P, Stingeni L. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from a glue: concomitant sensitivity to “declared” isothiazolinones and “undeclared” (meth)acrylates. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];83:150–2. Available from: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cod.13569. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Tramontana M, Hansel K, Bianchi L, Foti C, Romita P, Stingeni L. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from a glue: concomitant sensitivity to “declared” isothiazolinones and “undeclared” (meth)acrylates. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];83:150–2. Available from: https://​www.​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​abs/​10.​1111/​cod.​13569. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Marrero-Alemán G, Saavedra Santana P, Liuti F, Hernández N, López-Jiménez E, Borrego L. The role of cleaning products in epidemic allergic contact dermatitis to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 14];29:77–80. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494393/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Marrero-Alemán G, Saavedra Santana P, Liuti F, Hernández N, López-Jiménez E, Borrego L. The role of cleaning products in epidemic allergic contact dermatitis to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. Dermatitis [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 14];29:77–80. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​29494393/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Marrero-Alemán G, Borrego L, Antuña AG, Macías Montes A, Pérez Luzardo O. Isothiazolinones in cleaning products: analysis with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of samples from sensitized patients and market. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];82:94–100. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31657463/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Marrero-Alemán G, Borrego L, Antuña AG, Macías Montes A, Pérez Luzardo O. Isothiazolinones in cleaning products: analysis with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of samples from sensitized patients and market. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14];82:94–100. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​31657463/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Todberg T, Opstrup MS, Johansen JD, Hald M. Occupational facial contact dermatitis caused by methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone in a stainless steel aerosol spray. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];77:173–4. Available from: .https://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cod.12773. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Todberg T, Opstrup MS, Johansen JD, Hald M. Occupational facial contact dermatitis caused by methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone in a stainless steel aerosol spray. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];77:173–4. Available from: .https://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cod.​12773. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Corazza M, Amendolagine G, Cristofaro D, Bernardi T, Foti C, Romita P, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by isothiazolinones in ultrasound gel: 2 cases. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];77:337–8. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29063693/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Corazza M, Amendolagine G, Cristofaro D, Bernardi T, Foti C, Romita P, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by isothiazolinones in ultrasound gel: 2 cases. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 14];77:337–8. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​29063693/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin P, Zhu S, Huang Y, Li L, Tao J, Lei T, et al. Adverse skin reactions among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a survey in Wuhan and its surrounding regions [Internet]. Br. J. Dermatol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]. p. 190–2. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262186/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Lin P, Zhu S, Huang Y, Li L, Tao J, Lei T, et al. Adverse skin reactions among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a survey in Wuhan and its surrounding regions [Internet]. Br. J. Dermatol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]. p. 190–2. Available from: https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC7262186/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Guertler A, Moellhoff N, Schenck TL, Hagen CS, Kendziora B, Giunta RE, et al. Onset of occupational hand eczema among healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: comparing a single surgical site with a COVID-19 intensive care unit. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26];83:108–14. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32452036/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Guertler A, Moellhoff N, Schenck TL, Hagen CS, Kendziora B, Giunta RE, et al. Onset of occupational hand eczema among healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: comparing a single surgical site with a COVID-19 intensive care unit. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26];83:108–14. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32452036/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh M, Pawar M, Bothra A, Maheshwari A, Dubey V, Tiwari A, et al. Personal protective equipment induced facial dermatoses in healthcare workers managing Coronavirus disease 2019 [Internet]. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatology Venereol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]. p. e378–80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7272982/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Singh M, Pawar M, Bothra A, Maheshwari A, Dubey V, Tiwari A, et al. Personal protective equipment induced facial dermatoses in healthcare workers managing Coronavirus disease 2019 [Internet]. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatology Venereol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]. p. e378–80. Available from: https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC7272982/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
97.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Nettis E, Assennato G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Type I allergy to natural rubber latex and type IV allergy to rubber chemicals in health care workers with glove-related skin symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. Clin Exp Allergy; 2002 [cited 2020 Aug 17];32:441–7. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940076/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Nettis E, Assennato G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Type I allergy to natural rubber latex and type IV allergy to rubber chemicals in health care workers with glove-related skin symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy [Internet]. Clin Exp Allergy; 2002 [cited 2020 Aug 17];32:441–7. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​11940076/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Dejonckheere G, Herman A, Baeck M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by synthetic rubber gloves in healthcare workers: sensitization to 1,3-diphenylguanidine is common. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 27];81:167–73. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30891769/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Dejonckheere G, Herman A, Baeck M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by synthetic rubber gloves in healthcare workers: sensitization to 1,3-diphenylguanidine is common. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 27];81:167–73. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​30891769/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, et al. Hand eczema and occupational contact allergies in healthcare workers with a focus on rubber additives. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 15];79:149–56. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29923205/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, et al. Hand eczema and occupational contact allergies in healthcare workers with a focus on rubber additives. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 15];79:149–56. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​29923205/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Marks JG, Fowler JF, et al. Occupation-related contact dermatitis in North American health care workers referred for patch testing: Cross-sectional data, 1998 to 2004. Dermatitis. 2008;19:261–74.CrossRef Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Marks JG, Fowler JF, et al. Occupation-related contact dermatitis in North American health care workers referred for patch testing: Cross-sectional data, 1998 to 2004. Dermatitis. 2008;19:261–74.CrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat MacGibeny MA, Wassef C. Preventing adverse cutaneous reactions from amplified hygiene practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: how dermatologists can help through anticipatory guidance. Arch Dermatol Res [Internet]. NLM (Medline); 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27];1. Available from: https://www.pmc/articles/PMC7210798/?report=abstract. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 MacGibeny MA, Wassef C. Preventing adverse cutaneous reactions from amplified hygiene practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: how dermatologists can help through anticipatory guidance. Arch Dermatol Res [Internet]. NLM (Medline); 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27];1. Available from: https://​www.​pmc/​articles/​PMC7210798/​?​report=​abstract. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Kosann MK, Brancaccio R, Cohen D. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in an obstetrics and gynecology resident. Am J Contact Dermat. 2003;14:217–8.CrossRef Kosann MK, Brancaccio R, Cohen D. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in an obstetrics and gynecology resident. Am J Contact Dermat. 2003;14:217–8.CrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Badri FM. Surgical mask contact dermatitis and epidemiology of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. Curr Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;30:183–8. Al Badri FM. Surgical mask contact dermatitis and epidemiology of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. Curr Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;30:183–8.
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Bothra A, Das S, Singh M, Pawar M, Maheswari A. Retroauricular dermatitis with vehement use of ear loop face masks during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatology Venereol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491204/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Bothra A, Das S, Singh M, Pawar M, Maheswari A. Retroauricular dermatitis with vehement use of ear loop face masks during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatology Venereol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32491204/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
116.
118.
Zurück zum Zitat van Kudla Dono I, Holness LD, Skotniki-Grant S, Nethercott JR. Skin reactions following use of N95 facial masks. Dermatitis. 2007;18:104. van Kudla Dono I, Holness LD, Skotniki-Grant S, Nethercott JR. Skin reactions following use of N95 facial masks. Dermatitis. 2007;18:104.
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu J, Chen JK, Mowad CM, Reeder M, Hylwa S, Chisolm S, et al. Occupational dermatitis to facial personal protective equipment in healthcare workers: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14]; Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33011325/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Yu J, Chen JK, Mowad CM, Reeder M, Hylwa S, Chisolm S, et al. Occupational dermatitis to facial personal protective equipment in healthcare workers: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14]; Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​33011325/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Rundle CW, Presley CL, Militello M, Barber C, Powell DL, Jacob SE, et al. Hand hygiene during COVID-19: recommendations from the American Contact Dermatitis Society. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]; Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32707253/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Rundle CW, Presley CL, Militello M, Barber C, Powell DL, Jacob SE, et al. Hand hygiene during COVID-19: recommendations from the American Contact Dermatitis Society. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. Elsevier BV; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 27]; Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32707253/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Crepy MN, Lecuen J, Ratour-Bigot C, Stocks J, Bensefa-Colas L. Accelerator-free gloves as alternatives in cases of glove allergy in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 26];78:28–32. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28748553/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Crepy MN, Lecuen J, Ratour-Bigot C, Stocks J, Bensefa-Colas L. Accelerator-free gloves as alternatives in cases of glove allergy in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 26];78:28–32. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​28748553/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
125.
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Koo JR, Cook AR, Park M, Sun Y, Sun H, Lim JT, et al. Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:678–88. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213332/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Koo JR, Cook AR, Park M, Sun Y, Sun H, Lim JT, et al. Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:678–88. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​32213332/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Midander K, Hurtig A, Borg Tornberg A, Julander A. Allergy risks with laptop computers - nickel and cobalt release. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 23];74:353–9. Available from: .https://www.wiley.com/10.1111/cod.12525. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Midander K, Hurtig A, Borg Tornberg A, Julander A. Allergy risks with laptop computers - nickel and cobalt release. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 23];74:353–9. Available from: .https://​www.​wiley.​com/​10.​1111/​cod.​12525. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen P, Jellesen MS, Moller P, Frankild S, Johansen JD, Menné T, et al. Nickel allergy and dermatitis following use of a laptop computer. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby Inc. 2012;67:e170–1.CrossRef Jensen P, Jellesen MS, Moller P, Frankild S, Johansen JD, Menné T, et al. Nickel allergy and dermatitis following use of a laptop computer. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mosby Inc. 2012;67:e170–1.CrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Diepgen TL, Ofenloch RF, Bruze M, Bertuccio P, Cazzaniga S, Coenraads PJ, et al. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population in different European regions. Br J Dermatol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 23];174:319–29. Available from: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26370659/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Diepgen TL, Ofenloch RF, Bruze M, Bertuccio P, Cazzaniga S, Coenraads PJ, et al. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population in different European regions. Br J Dermatol [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 23];174:319–29. Available from: https://​www.​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​26370659/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob SE, Admani S. IPad - Increasing nickel exposure in children. Pediatrics [Internet]. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 23];134:580. Available from: https://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/. Accessed 31 Aug 2020 Jacob SE, Admani S. IPad - Increasing nickel exposure in children. Pediatrics [Internet]. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 23];134:580. Available from: https://​www.​pediatrics.​org/​cgi/​. Accessed 31 Aug 2020
Metadaten
Titel
What Is New in Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Year of the COVID Pandemic?
verfasst von
Erica B. Lee
Marissa Lobl
Aubree Ford
Vincent DeLeo
Brandon L. Adler
Ashley Wysong
Publikationsdatum
30.03.2021
Verlag
Springer US
Schlagwort
COVID-19
Erschienen in
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1529-7322
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6315
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-021-01000-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2021

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 4/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Immunotherapy and Immunomodulators (B Vickery, Section Editor)

How to Incorporate Oral Immunotherapy into Your Clinical Practice

Rhinosinusitis (J Mullol, Section Editor)

The COVID-19 Pandemic—an Epidemiological Perspective

Autoimmunity (TK Tarrant, Section Editor)

Fatal Anaphylaxis: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Occupational Allergies (JA Poole, Section Editor)

Nutritional Factors in Occupational Lung Disease

Kinder mit anhaltender Sinusitis profitieren häufig von Antibiotika

30.04.2024 Rhinitis und Sinusitis Nachrichten

Persistieren Sinusitisbeschwerden bei Kindern länger als zehn Tage, ist eine Antibiotikatherapie häufig gut wirksam: Ein Therapieversagen ist damit zu über 40% seltener zu beobachten als unter Placebo.

CUP-Syndrom: Künstliche Intelligenz kann Primärtumor finden

30.04.2024 Künstliche Intelligenz Nachrichten

Krebserkrankungen unbekannten Ursprungs (CUP) sind eine diagnostische Herausforderung. KI-Systeme können Pathologen dabei unterstützen, zytologische Bilder zu interpretieren, um den Primärtumor zu lokalisieren.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Update HNO

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.