Background
Methods
Sociodemographic-clinical data form
Socioeconomic status evaluation (SES)
Turgay DSM-IV-based ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders screening scale (T-DSM-IV-S)
Weiss functional impairment rating scale-parent report (WFIRS-P)
Statistical analysis
Results
OROS-MPH (n = 238) | ATX (n = 137) | Statistics | p | |
Demographics | ||||
Age | 9.29 ± 2.30 | 9.51 ± 2.33 | t = − 0.908 | 0.919 |
Sex | χ2 = 0.243 | 0.622 | ||
Female | 100 (42%) | 54 (39.4%) | ||
Male | 138 (58%) | 83 (60.4%) | ||
Hollingshead Index (mean of both parents total score) | 3.88 ± 2.37 | 3.97 ± 2.31 | t = − 0.354 | 0.723 |
ADHD subtype | χ2 = 0.587 | 0.746 | ||
Inattentive | 113 (47.5%) | 69 (50.4%) | ||
Hyperactive/impulsive | 20 (8.4%) | 13 (9.5%) | ||
Combined | 105 (44.1%) | 55 (40.1%) | ||
ODD | 53 (22.3%) | 26 (19%) | χ2 = 0.566 | 0.452 |
CD | 92 (%38.7) | 58 (%42.3) | χ2 = 0.491 | 0.484 |
AP usage | 39 (%16.4) | 21 (%15.3) | χ2 = 0.072 | 0.788 |
AD usage | 14 (%5.9) | 7 (%5.1) | χ2 = 0.098 | 0.754 |
T-DSM-IV-S | ||||
Total | 35.80 ± 2.60 | 35.72 ± 2.71 | t = 0.267 | 0.790 |
Inattention | 21.53 ± 4.21 | 21.20 ± 4.69 | t = 0.690 | 0.491 |
H/I | 14.27 ± 4.38 | 14.22 ± 4.50 | t = -0.526 | 0.600 |
Opposition-defiance | 7.72 ± 5.82 | 7.02 ± 5.19 | t = 1.158 | 0.247 |
Conduct disorder | 4.22 ± 2.90 | 4.56 ± 2.99 | t = -1.091 | 0.276 |
WFIRS-P | ||||
Total | 1.29 ± 0.32 | 1.32 ± 0.35 | t = -0.966 | 0.335 |
Family | 1.40 ± 0.84 | 1.32 ± 0.79 | t = 0.915 | 0.361 |
School | 1.51 ± 0.86 | 1.59 ± 0.86 | t = -0.881 | 0.379 |
Learning*** | 1.85 ± 0.94 | 1.47 ± 0.97 | t = 3.668 | < 0.001 |
Behavior*** | 1.27 ± 0.89 | 1.65 ± 0.87 | t = -3.973 | < 0.001 |
Life skills | 1.47 ± 0.85 | 1.57 ± 0.84 | t = -1.052 | 0.294 |
Self-concept | 0.51 ± 0.42 | 0.53 ± 0.37 | t = -0.453 | 0.651 |
Social activities | 1.44 ± 0.85 | 1.43 ± 0.83 | t = 0.057 | 0.954 |
Risky activities | 0.90 ± 0.85 | 0.98 ± 0.59 | t = -1.216 | 0.225 |
OROS-MPH | ATX | Slope difference between OROS-MPH and ATX | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | 95%CI | Cohen’s da | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | Cohen’s da | Estimate | SE | 95% CI | t value | Cohen’s da | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | LL | UL | |||||||||||
Week 4–7 to baseline | ||||||||||||||||
T-DSM-IV-S scores | ||||||||||||||||
Total | 22.333*** | 0.404 | 21.360 | 23.307 | 2.647 | 2.082 | 0.939 | − 0.201 | 4.365 | 0.143 | − 20.199*** | 0.857 | − 21.882 | − 18.515 | 23.557 | 1.012 |
İnattention | 13.203*** | 0.392 | 12.260 | 14.146 | 1.613 | 0.911 | 0.494 | − 0.283 | 2.105 | 0.119 | − 12.321*** | 0.790 | − 13.873 | − 10.769 | 15.585 | 0.669 |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 8.936*** | 0.320 | 8.166 | 9.707 | 1.337 | 1.027 | 0.871 | − 1.085 | 3.139 | 0.076 | − 7.877*** | 0.753 | − 9.357 | − 6.398 | 10.454 | 0.449 |
Oppositional defiance | 0.079 | 0.471 | − 1.506 | 1.214 | 0.008 | − 0.240 | 0.570 | − 1.618 | 1.139 | 0.028 | 0.304 | 0.764 | − 1.807 | 1.199 | 0.398 | 0.017 |
Conduct disorder | 0.427 | 0.249 | − 0.173 | 1.027 | 0.082 | 0.250 | 0.364 | − 0.631 | 1.131 | 0.044 | 0.184 | 0.425 | − 1.021 | 1.199 | 0.435 | 0.018 |
Week 9–12 to 4–7 | ||||||||||||||||
T-DSM-IV-S scores | ||||||||||||||||
Total | 4.473*** | 0.509 | 3.244 | 5.701 | 0.471 | 12.893*** | 1.215 | 9.947 | 15.840 | 0.762 | 8.498*** | 0.947 | 6.632 | 10.364 | 8.969 | 0.345 |
İnattention | 2.968*** | 0.423 | 1.948 | 3.988 | 0.376 | 7.617*** | 0.645 | 6.049 | 9.184 | 0.848 | 4.782*** | 0.532 | 3.734 | 5.831 | 8.987 | 0.345 |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 1.632 | 0.277 | − 0.962 | 2.301 | 0.315 | 5.369*** | 0.989 | 2.970 | 7.769 | 0.390 | 3.717*** | 0.803 | 2.135 | 5.299 | 4.625 | 0.178 |
Oppositional defiance | 0.793 | 0.560 | − 0.557 | 2.143 | 0.075 | 3.666*** | 0.542 | 2.351 | 4.980 | 0.485 | 2.703** | 0.849 | 1.030 | 4.376 | 3.183 | 0.122 |
Conduct disorder | 1.463*** | 0.242 | 0.881 | 2.045 | 0.324 | 2.856*** | 0.286 | 2.161 | 3.551 | 0.717 | 1.368*** | 0.341 | 0.697 | 2.039 | 4.009 | 0.154 |
Week 9–12 to baseline | ||||||||||||||||
T-DSM-IV-S scores | ||||||||||||||||
Total | 26.806*** | 0.462 | 25.691 | 27.921 | 2.941 | 14.975*** | 0.892 | 12.805 | 17.146 | 1.109 | − 6.125*** | 0.490 | − 7.088 | − 5.161 | 12.492 | 0.503 |
İnattention | 16.171*** | 0.428 | 15.142 | 17.200 | 1.918 | 8.527*** | 0.723 | 6.777 | 10.277 | 0.779 | − 3.917*** | 0.410 | − 4.725 | − 3.110 | 9.545 | 0.384 |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 10.568*** | 0.368 | 9.684 | 11.452 | 1.458 | 6.396*** | 0.710 | 4.678 | 8.114 | 0.595 | − 2.085*** | 0.367 | − 2.807 | − 1.362 | 5.678 | 0.228 |
Oppositional defiance | 0.872 | 0.603 | − 0.580 | 2.323 | 0.073 | 3.426*** | 0.512 | 2.191 | 4.662 | 0.442 | 1.196** | 0.374 | 0.460 | 1.933 | 3.199 | 0.128 |
Conduct disorder | 1.890*** | 0.258 | 1.270 | 2.510 | 0.372 | 3.107*** | 0.285 | 2.419 | 3.794 | 0.712 | 0.617** | 0.208 | 0.206 | 1.028 | 2.957 | 0.119 |
OROS-MPH | ATX | Slope difference between OROS-MPH and ATX | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | 95%CI | Cohen’s da | Adjusted P valuesb | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | Cohen’s da | Adjusted P valuesb | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | t value | Cohen’s da | Adjusted P valuesb | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||||||||||
Week 4-7 to baseline | |||||||||||||||||||
WIFRS scores | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | 0.105*** | 0.015 | 0.068 | 0.142 | 0.335 | < 0.001 | − 0.018 | 0.021 | − 0.068 | 0.032 | 0.055 | 1.000 | − 0.092 | 0.053 | − 0.197 | 0.012 | − 1.725 | 0.074 | 0.510 |
Family | 0.070*** | 0.009 | 0.047 | 0.092 | 0.374 | < 0.001 | 0.032 | 0.018 | − 0.012 | 0.077 | 0.115 | 1.000 | − 0.015 | 0.132 | − 0.275 | 0.244 | − 0.120 | 0.004 | 1.000 |
School | 0.387*** | 0.018 | 0.343 | 0.431 | 1.034 | < 0.001 | − 0.027 | 0.012 | − 0.056 | 0.002 | 0.145 | 0.560 | − 0.364** | 0.135 | 0.630 | − 0.098 | − 2.690 | 0.115 | 0.049 |
Learning | 1.107*** | 0.046 | 0.997 | 1.216 | 1.153 | < 0.001 | − 0.254*** | 0.053 | − 0.382 | − 0.126 | 0.310 | < 0.001 | 1.352*** | 0.074 | − 1.500 | − 1.205 | 18.047 | 0.785 | < 0.001 |
Behavior | − 0.100** | 0.031 | − 0.175 | − 0.026 | 0.154 | 0.002 | 0.126** | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.217 | 0.214 | 0.024 | 0.230*** | 0.050 | 0.130 | 0.330 | 4.544 | 0.197 | < 0.001 |
Life skills | 0.050 | 0.043 | − 0.053 | 0.154 | 0.055 | 0.727 | − 0.035 | 0.036 | − 0.122 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 1.000 | − 0.046 | 0.143 | − 0.327 | 0.234 | − 0.325 | 0.013 | 1.000 |
Self-concept | 0.050* | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.096 | 0.126 | 0.132 | 0.043 | 0.031 | − 0.032 | 0.118 | 0.089 | 1.000 | − 0.021 | 0.063 | − 0.146 | 0.102 | − 0.346 | 0.014 | 1.000 |
Social activity | 0.010 | 0.078 | − 0.177 | 0.197 | 0.006 | 1.000 | − 0.036 | 0.111 | − 0.305 | 0.234 | 0.021 | 1.000 | − 0.044 | 0.136 | − 0.313 | 0.223 | − 0.329 | 0.013 | 1.000 |
Risky activity | 0.009 | 0.015 | − 0.028 | 0.045 | 0.028 | 1.000 | − 0.026 | 0.028 | − 0.093 | 0.041 | 0.060 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.096 | − 0.187 | 0.192 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Week 9–12 to 4–7 | |||||||||||||||||||
WIFRS scores | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | − 0.017 | 0.018 | − 0.062 | 0.027 | 0.050 | 1.000 | 0.127*** | 0.021 | 0.076 | 0.177 | 0.434 | < 0.001 | 0.137*** | 0.029 | 0.078 | 0.195 | 4.632 | 0.181 | < 0.001 |
Family | 0.079*** | 0.011 | 0.052 | 0.105 | 0.385 | < 0.001 | 0.328*** | 0.018 | 0.284 | 0.373 | 1.312 | < 0.001 | 0.250*** | 0.022 | 0.206 | 0.293 | 11.235 | 0.437 | < 0.001 |
School | 0.011 | 0.019 | − 0.035 | 0.057 | 0.031 | 1.000 | 0.150*** | 0.013 | 0.120 | 0.180 | 0.833 | < 0.001 | 0.139*** | 0.030 | 0.079 | 0.199 | 4.615 | 0.178 | < 0.001 |
Learning | − 0.021 | 0.044 | − 0.126 | 0.084 | 0.025 | 1.000 | − 0.034 | 0.055 | − 0.168 | 0.100 | 0.044 | 1.000 | − 0.002 | 0.068 | − 0.136 | 0.131 | − 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.970 |
Behavior | 0.045 | 0.034 | − 0.038 | 0.128 | 0.070 | 1.000 | 0.287 | 0.038 | 0.194 | 0.379 | 0.543 | < 0.001 | 0.234*** | 0.055 | 0.124 | 0.344 | 4.206 | 0.163 | < 0.001 |
Life skills | − 0.005 | 0.048 | − 0.120 | 0.110 | 0.005 | 1.000 | 0.077 | 0.039 | − 0.170 | 0.016 | 0.142 | 0.705 | 0.077 | 0.076 | − 0.073 | 0.227 | 1.012 | 0.039 | 0.771 |
Self-concept | − 0.028 | 0.023 | − 0.085 | 0.028 | 0.065 | 1.000 | 0.016 | 0.035 | − 0.070 | 0.102 | 0.032 | 1.000 | 0.047 | 0.042 | − 0.034 | 0.130 | 1.137 | 0.043 | 0.771 |
Social activity | − 0.204 | 0.086 | − 0.411 | 0.004 | 0.127 | 0.456 | 0.004 | 0.120 | − 0.288 | 0.296 | 0.002 | 1.000 | 0.206 | 0.142 | − 0.075 | 0.487 | 1.441 | 0.055 | 0.635 |
Risky activity | − 0.006 | 0.018 | − 0.039 | 0.050 | 0.017 | 1.000 | 0.050 | 0.029 | − 0.120 | 0.020 | 0.012 | 1.000 | 0.056 | 0.036 | − 0.016 | 0.128 | 1.531 | 0.059 | 0.635 |
Week 9–12 to baseline | |||||||||||||||||||
WIFRS scores | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | 0.088** | 0.023 | 0.032 | 0.143 | 0.194 | 0.006 | 0.109*** | 0.027 | 0.043 | 0.175 | 0.267 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.011 | − 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.427 | 0.014 | 1.000 |
Family | 0.149*** | 0.015 | 0.113 | 0.184 | 0.505 | < 0.001 | 0.361*** | 0.026 | 0.298 | 0.424 | 0.918 | < 0.001 | 0.103*** | 0.012 | 0.079 | 0.127 | 8.320 | 0.346 | < 0.001 |
School | 0.398*** | 0.026 | 0.334 | 0.462 | 0.778 | < 0.001 | 0.123*** | 0.017 | 0.082 | 0.165 | 0.478 | < 0.001 | − 0.139*** | 0.013 | − 0.166 | − 0.112 | − 10.131 | 0.431 | < 0.001 |
Learning | 1.086*** | 0.061 | 0.938 | 1.233 | 0.904 | < 0.001 | − 0.287** | 0.076 | − 0.470 | − 0.105 | 0.249 | 0.005 | − 0.704*** | 0.034 | − 0.772 | − 0.637 | − 20.469 | 0.834 | < 0.001 |
Behavior | − 0.056 | 0.043 | − 0.160 | 0.049 | 0.066 | 1.000 | 0.413*** | 0.048 | 0.297 | 0.530 | 0.568 | < 0.001 | 0.244*** | 0.024 | 0.195 | 0.293 | 9.892 | 0.410 | < 0.001 |
Life skills | 0.046 | 0.056 | − 0.090 | 0.182 | 0.041 | 1.000 | 0.042 | 0.052 | − 0.083 | 0.167 | 0.053 | 1.000 | 0.010 | 0.013 | − 0.015 | 0.036 | 0.799 | 0.031 | 1.000 |
Self-concept | 0.021 | 0.030 | − 0.051 | 0.093 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 0.059 | 0.043 | − 0.046 | 0.163 | 0.090 | 1.000 | 0.006 | 0.015 | − 0.024 | 0.036 | 0.392 | 0.016 | 1.000 |
Social activity | − 0.194 | 0.087 | − 0.403 | 0.015 | 0.113 | 0.395 | − 0.032 | 0.111 | − 0.299 | 0.235 | 0.019 | 1.000 | 0.076 | 0.067 | − 0.057 | 0.210 | 1.127 | 0.045 | 1.000 |
Risky activity | 0.003 | 0.024 | − 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.006 | 1.000 | 0.024 | 0.038 | − 0.067 | 0.115 | 0.041 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 0.013 | − 0.013 | 0.039 | 0.953 | 0.037 | 1.000 |