HLA-B8 association with late-stage melanoma – an immunological lesson?

Active immunization against solid tumors is amongst the most promising therapeutic approaches for such diseases. Different immunization schedules are currently being explored in numerous clinical trials, including vaccination with MHC class I restricted T-cell epitopes derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) [1]. To date, oncogenes have been intensively studied as targets for immunotherapy to minimize the risk of immune escape. As an example, we have recently identified B-Raf V600E (previously designated B-Raf V599E) as a potential TAA for immunotherapies against melanoma [2, 3]. The tumor antigens deployed are characterized by their ability to elicit immune responses in patients, and the choice of peptide epitopes derived from these antigens is mainly dictated by the frequency of HLA alleles in the normal population [4]. However, this strategy for identifying targets for therapy might actually miss the most valuable epitopes.

As early as 1991, it was proposed that disease-associated imbalances in HLA allele frequencies between diseased and healthy populations may signify efficient immune responses [5]. Although this approach was successfully adapted for the malaria system [6], transfer to cancer research has not yet been envisioned. In theory, any epitope derived from TAA that elicits an effective immune response able to eradicate the tumor should impact on the frequency of the respective HLA allele in this patient population. Assuming that the antigen is reasonably common within the patient cohort, the frequency of the HLA allele in the context of which the epitope is presented should be substantially reduced in patients with progressive disease, i.e. those who failed to mount an effective immune response. In practice, it is difficult to validate this edifice of ideas, as several prerequisites usually remain unknown: (i) the nature and (ii) the grade of expression of the corresponding TAA, and (iii) the percentage of patients mounting a protective immune response against this antigen. The fact that the HLA phenotype is known for a large number of patients suffering from advanced stages of immunogenic tumors such as melanoma allows at least one consequence of this intellectual experiment to be verified or falsified: viz., whether the frequency of certain HLA class I alleles is reduced in patients in whom the immune system failed to control the disease.

However, HLA imbalances can also be explained by linkage to genetic factors influencing disease progression. In this respect, it should be noted that many non-MHC genes encoding immunologically relevant molecules such as TNF-α or components of the complement system are located in the HLA locus, and that some alleles of these non-MHC genes are genetically linked to certain HLA alleles.

Table 1 summarizes the HLA frequencies for MHC class I alleles of the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C loci in stage IV melanoma patients. Frequencies are given for all alleles that have been typed. If subtypes (depicted in italics) were determined, the main type (depicted in bold) contains the cumulative carrier frequencies and the percentage of subtypes is given. Because HLA-C was only phenotyped in approximately half the patients, only the HLA-A and -B carrier frequencies were compared to healthy blood donors, and we restricted our analysis to HLA alleles with carrier frequencies above 4.5% (table 2). Subtypes were compared if more than 90% of the corresponding allele were subtyped in both groups. While no significant variation between the two groups was evident for most alleles, the frequency of HLA-B8 exhibited a significant decrease from 20.3% in bone marrow donors to 16.2% in melanoma patients (P = 0.0079, two-sided chi square test). In addition, HLA-B35 and HLA-A26 showed a non-significant tendency towards lower carrier frequencies (HLA-B35 from 18.5% to 15.2%; P = 0.027, and HLA-A26 from 6.98% to 5.01%; P = 0.039). The statistical analysis was performed using a two sided chi-square test and P values below 0.01 were regarded as statistically significant. The lower P value was chosen to avoid type I errors due to multiallele comparison, according to the suggestion by Svejgaard and Ryder [8]. In contrast, a Bonferroni correction for an hypothesis-generating approach in a retrospective study like this, with no a priori hypothesis for a specific association, is not indicated [9].

To analyze sufficient numbers of stage IV melanoma patients, we pooled data sets from different dermatology departments throughout Germany. Although this approach has the advantage of minimizing the likelihood of systematic errors from the data acquisition process, it would be still of interest to compare data sets derived from the same center. This would also help to overcome the necessity to compare stage IV melanoma patients with healthy bone marrow donors, with no further information on parameters such as skin type or ethnic background, by using the more appropriate control of early disease patients. Consequently, in one center, additional HLA data were acquired from stage I-III melanoma patients. Thus, it was possible to compare HLA-A and -B carrier frequencies of patients with loco-regional disease (n = 302 HLA-A, n = 301 HLA-B) with those of disseminated melanoma (n = 214 HLA-A, n = 215 HLA-B). As depicted in Fig. 1, stage IV patients are again characterized by a decrease in carrier frequencies for HLA-A26, HLA-B8 and HLA-B35, whereas the means of the other HLA alleles remain stable. The difference is in the same range as that observed when the initial cohort of stage IV patients was compared with healthy bone marrow donors. It should be noted, however, that the observed reduction was not statistically significant for either HLA-B8 (stage I-III: 20.93%, stage IV: 17.67%, P = 0.37 two sided Fisher's exact test), HLA-B35 (stage I-III: 19.27%, stage IV: 14.42%, P = 0.16) or HLA-A26 (stage I-III: 7.28%, stage IV: 5.61%, P = 0.48), mainly because of the small number of patients included in this analysis, leading to a low statistical power. However, differences in ethnic background within the melanoma patient and bone marrow donor groups might still be a concern. Indeed, the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (8.1 AH) encompassing the alleles HLA-A1, -B8 and DR3 is much more frequent in the Caucasian population than in other ethnic groups. As an example, Cao et al. compared the HLA frequencies of the five major ethnic groups in the US population [10]. In their study, HLA-B8 allele frequencies were estimated as 10.9% for Caucasians, with values ranging from 1.2% (Asians) to 4.6% (African Americans) for the other ethnic groups. Although these values cannot be translated into the skin types of German bone marrow donors, it is obvious that all ethnic groups having a darker skin type have significantly lower HLA-B8 allele frequencies than Caucasians. Therefore, an under-representation of these ethnic groups in stage IV melanoma patients should lead to an increased, rather than a reduced, HLA-B8 frequency when compared to the normal population. Taken together, these arguments do not support the notion that differences in skin type between the melanoma patient and control groups account for the observed reduction in HLA-B8 carrier frequencies.

It should be noted that several independent reports have already demonstrated a reduction of HLA-B8 and HLA-B35 in melanoma patients [11‐13] or a selective loss of HLA alleles in metastasis [14]. Furthermore, HLA-B8- and HLA-B35-restricted melanoma-specific T cell responses have been identified [15, 16]. The recognized epitopes are derived from tyrosinase, Melan-A/MART-1, gp100, MAGE-A3/MAGE-A6 and NY-ESO-1 [17‐19]; we recently added a HLA-B35-restricted epitope of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin to this list [20]. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that the observed decrease of HLA-B8 carrier frequencies in advanced melanoma is the result of an effective immune response directed against specific TAA-derived epitopes presented by the respective HLA restriction elements, or, conversely, the lack of such response in patients not expressing these restriction elements. However, whether the epitopes already identified are indeed the targets for the hypothetical, protective immune response responsible for the observed decrease in HLA frequencies remains elusive. Such epitopes could only be defined by quantitative and qualitative comparison of the cellular immune responses between patients with early disease, preferentially the primary tumor, and those with advanced disease; in the latter patients, the protective responses should be underrepresented.

An alternative explanation for the observed decrease in HLA frequencies could be the genetic linkage to a tumor suppressor in the broadest sense. HLA-B8 has been shown to be linked genetically to HLA-A1 [21]. This linkage is also obvious in our data set of stage IV melanoma patients, where 80.8% of the patients carrying HLA-B8 are also positive for HLA-A1. Although no gene dosage effect that could translate into a reduced number of homozygous HLA-B8 carriers in the patient group was observed (data not shown), the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype with autoimmune diseases or distinct TNF-α or complement alleles might be of special interest, as this might exert an influence on the anti-tumoral immune response [22‐24]. In the case of TNF-α, the -308A allele that is linked with 8.1 AH is associated with altered TNF-α production in vitro [22]. Also, 8.1 AH is characterized by a non-functional C4B allele and the lack of the C4A gene, translating into defective complement function [25, 26]. As the complement cascade is involved in inflammation, the clearance of immune complexes, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicty and other immunologically relevant processes, a genetic defect in the complement system may indeed affect both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the definitive answer to whether HLA-B8 itself or genetic elements linked to HLA-B8 are responsible for the observed protective phenotype can only be elucidated by further studies, including the study of TNF-α or complement alleles.

Overall, this study suggests a significant decrease of HLA-B8 carrier frequencies in melanoma patients compared to healthy donors. This difference, which was observed when HLA carrier frequencies in advanced cancer patients were compared with healthy bone marrow donors or patients with loco-regional disease, supports the hypothesis that protective immune responses may be operational in a subset of melanoma patients independently of therapy, and that distinct MHC class I restriction elements seem to be preferentially involved in such responses. Alternatively, the association of 8.1 AH with genetic elements such as distinct TNF-α alleles or defective complement components might result in an altered quality of immune response, preventing the progression of the disease. If the observed differences can be verified in a follow-up study, a search for the corresponding T-cell epitopes and/or the associated genetic elements is indicated and might lead to a new generation of effective tumor vaccines.