nach oben

Erschienen in:

2011 | Inhalationsanästhetika | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Inhalationsanästhetika

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. Franz Kehl

Erschienen in: Pharmakotherapie in der Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Substanzgruppe der Inhalationsanästhetika besteht physikochemisch aus Gasen oder Dämpfen, die über die Lungenatmung in den Körper aufgenommen werden. Man unterscheidet streng genommen die eigentlichen Gase wie das Lachgas (Distickstoffoxid, N₂O) und das Edelgas Xenon sowie die sog. volatilen Anästhetika Isofluran, Desfluran und Sevofluran, die bei Raumtemperatur als Flüsigkeiten vorliegen und erst in den gasförmigen Zustand durch Verdunstung oder Verdampfung überführt werd.

[1]

Ausschuss für Gefahrstoffe (2005) Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe -TRGS 905. Bundesarbeitsblatt

[2]

Ausschuss für Gefahrstoffe (2006) Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe -TRGS 900. Bundesarbeitsblatt

[3]

Axelsson G, Ahlborg G, Bodin L (1996) Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure, and spontaneous abortion among Swedish midwives. Occup Environ Med 53:374–378PubMedCrossRef

[4]

Baden JM, Rice SA (1994) Metabolism and Toxicity. In: Miller RD (ed), Anesthesia. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 157–183

[5]

Basler Af Rohrborn G (1981) Lack of mutagenic effects of halothane in mammals in vivo. Anesthesiology 55:143–147PubMedCrossRef

[6]

Bassi A et al. (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD 006313

[7]

Bedford RF, Ives HE (2000) The renal safety of sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 90:505–508PubMedCrossRef

[8]

Bito H, Ikeuchi Y, Ikeda K (1997) Effects of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal function: comparison with high-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:1231–1237PubMedCrossRef

[9]

Bock M, Klippel K, Nitsche B et al. (2000) Rocuronium potency and recovery characteristics during steady-state desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 84: 43–47PubMedCrossRef

[10]

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (1997) Vierter Bericht der Bundesregierung an den Deutschen Bundestag über Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. 13/8273:1–63

[11]

Buring JE, Hennekens CH, Mayrent SL et al. (1985) Health experiences of operating room personnel. Anesthesiology 62:325–330PubMedCrossRef

[12]

Cahalan MK, Weiskopf RB, Eger El et al. (1991) Hemodynamic effects of desflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg 73:157–164PubMedCrossRef

[13]

Carpenter RL, Eger El, Johnson BH, Unadkat JD, Sheiner LB (1986) The extent of metabolism of inhaled anesthetics in humans. Anesthesiology 65:201–205PubMedCrossRef

[14]

Carton EG, Housmans PR (1992) Role of transsarcolemmal Ca2+ entry in the negative inotropic effect of nitrous oxide in isolated ferret myocardium. Anesth Analg 74:575–579PubMedCrossRef

[15]

Chang WP, Lee S, Tu J, Hseu S (1996) Increased micronucleus formation in nurses with occupational nitrous oxide exposure in operating theaters. Environ Mol Mutagen 27:93–97PubMedCrossRef

[16]

Dale O, Husum B (1994) Nitrous oxide: at threat to personnel and global environment? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:777–779PubMedCrossRef

[17]

Daunderer M, Schwender D (2001) [Depth of anesthesia, awareness and EEG] Anaesthesist 50:231–241

[18]

De Hert SG, Cromheecke S, ten Broecke PW et al. (2003) Effects of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane on recovery of myocardial function after coronary surgery in elderly high-risk patients. Anesthesiology 99:314–323PubMedCrossRef

[19]

Ebert TJ, Kampine JP (1989) Nitrous oxide augments sympathetic outflow: direct evidence from human peroneal nerve recordings. Anesth Analg 69:444–449PubMedCrossRef

[20]

Ebert TJ, Messana LD, UhrichTD, Staacke TS (1998) Absence of renal and hepatic toxicity after four hours of 1.25 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg 86: 662–667PubMed

[21]

Eger EI (1974) Anesthetic Uptake and Action. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

[22]

Eger El, Eisenkraft JB, Weiskopf RB (2003) Pharmakokinetik, Die Pharmakologie der Inhalationsanästhesie. Baxter, Deutschland, S. 41–67

[23]

Engelhard K, Werner C, Reeker W et al. (1999) Desflurane and isoflurane improve neurological outcome after incomplete cerebral ischaemia in rats. Br J Anaesth 83:415–421PubMedCrossRef

[24]

Frink EJ, Malan TP, Isner RJ et al. (1994) Renal concentrating function with prolonged sevoflurane or enflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology 80:1019–1025PubMedCrossRef

[25]

Fröhlich D, Rothe G, Schwall B et al. (1997) Effects of volatile anaesthetics on human neutrophil oxidative response to the bacterial peptide FMLP1. Br J Anaesth 78:718–723PubMedCrossRef

[26]

Fröhlich D, Rothe G, Wittmann S et al. (1998) Nitrous oxide impairs the neutrophil oxidative response. Anesthesiology 88: 1281–1290PubMedCrossRef

[27]

Funk W, Gruber M, Wild K, Hobbhahn J (1999) Dry soda lime markedly degrades sevoflurane during simulated inhalation induction. Br J Anaesth 82:193–198PubMedCrossRef

[28]

Funk W, Moldaschl J, Fujita Y, Taeger K, Hobbhahn J (1996) [Sevoflurane or halothane in inhalational anesthesia induction in childhood. Anesthesia quality and fluoride level]. Anaesthesist 45:22–30PubMedCrossRef

[29]

Gueugniaud PY, Hanouz JL, Martino JM et al. (1990) Interaction of halogenated anesthetics with dobutamine in rat myocardium. Anesthesiology 90:1663–1670CrossRef

[30]

Habre W, Wildhaber JH, Sly PD (1997) Prevention of methacholine-induced changes in respiratory mechanics in piglets: a comparison of sevoflurane and halothane. Anesthesiology 87: 585–590PubMedCrossRef

[31]

Hanouz JL, Vivien B, Gueugniaud PY et al. (1998) Interaction of isoflurane and sevoflurane with alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulations in rat myocardium. Anesthesiology 88:1249–1258PubMedCrossRef

[32]

Hettrick DA, Pagel PS, Warltier DC (1996) Desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane impair canine left ventricular-arterial coupling and mechanical efficiency. Anesthesiology 85:403–413PubMedCrossRef

[33]

Hoerauf K, Koller C, Fröhlich D,Taeger K, Hobbhahn J (1995) [Nitrous oxide exposure to personnel in a recovery room with modern climate control]. Anaesthesist 44:590–594PubMedCrossRef

[34]

Husum B, Wulf HC, Mathiassen F, Niebuhr E (1986) Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of dentists and chairside assistants: no indication of a mutagenic effect of exposure to waste nitrous oxide. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 14:148–151PubMedCrossRef

[35]

Ishibe Y, Gui X, Uno H et al. (1993) Effect of sevoflurane on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the perfused rabbit lung. Anesthesiology 79:1348–1353PubMedCrossRef

[36]

Jin L, BaillieTA, Davis MR, Kharasch ED (1995) Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane compound A [fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoro-methyl)vinyl ether] in rats: evidence for glutathione and cysteine conjugate formation and the role of renal cysteine conjugate beta-Iyase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 210:498–506PubMedCrossRef

[37]

Julier K, da Silva R, Garcia C et al. (2003) Preconditioning by sevoflurane decreases biochemical markers for myocardial and renal dysfunction in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Anesthesiology 98:1315–1327PubMedCrossRef

[38]

Katoh T, Suguro Y, Ikeda T, Kazama T, Ikeda K (1993) Influence of age on awakening concentrations of sevoflurane and isoflurane. Anesth Analg 76:348–352PubMed

[39]

Katoh T, Uchiyama T, Ikeda K (1994) Effect of fentanyl on awakening concentration of sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth 73:322–325PubMedCrossRef

[40]

Kehl F, Krolikowski JG, Tessmer JP et al. (2002) Increases in coronary collateral blood flow produced by sevoflurane are mediated by calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels in vivo. Anesthesiology 97:725–731PubMedCrossRef

[41]

Kehl F, Shen H, Moreno C et al. (2002) Isoflurane-induced cerebral hyperemia is partially mediated by nitric oxide and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in mice in vivo. Anesthesiology 97: 1528–1533PubMedCrossRef

[42]

Kehl F, Krolikowski JG, Mraovic B et al. (2002) Is isoflurane-induced preconditioning dose related? Anesthesiology 96:675–680PubMedCrossRef

[43]

Kehl F, Payne RS, Roewer N, Schurr A (2004) Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning of rat brain in vitro and the role of KATP channels. Brain Res 1021:76–81PubMedCrossRef

[44]

Kersten JR, Schmeling TJ, Hettrick DA et al. (1996) Mechanism of myocardial protection by isoflurane. Role of adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium (KATP) channels. Anesthesiology 85: 794–807PubMedCrossRef

[45]

Kharasch ED, Frink EJ, Zager R et al. (1997) Assessment of low-flow sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on renal function using sensitive markers of tubular toxicity. Anesthesiology 86: 1238–1253PubMedCrossRef

[46]

Kharasch ED, Hankins DC,Thummel KE (1995) Human kidney methoxyflurane and sevoflurane metabolism. Intrarenal fluoride production as a possible mechanism of methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity. Anesthesiology 82:689–699PubMedCrossRef

[47]

Kharasch ED,Thummel KE (1993) Identification of cytochrome P450 2E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 79:795–807PubMedCrossRef

[48]

Lamberti L, Bigatti P, Ardito G, Armellino F (1989) Chromosome analysis in operating room personnel. Mutagenesis 4:95–97PubMedCrossRef

[49]

Langbein T, Sonntag H, Trapp D (1999) Volatile anaesthetics and the atmosphere: atmospheric lifetimes and atmospheric effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth 82:66–73PubMedCrossRef

[50]

Lange M, Smul TM, Redel A (2008) Differential role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in desflurane-induced preconditioning and cardioprotection by metoprolol: metoprolol blocks desflurane-induced preconditioning. Anesthesiology 109:72–80PubMedCrossRef

[51]

Lesitsky MA, Davis S, Murray PA (1998) Preservation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia compared to the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 89:1501–1508PubMedCrossRef

[52]

Lischke V, Westphal K, Behne M et al. (1998) Thoracoscopic microsurgical technique for vertebral surgery-anesthetic considerations Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:1199–1204PubMedCrossRef

[53]

Lowe D, Hettrick DA, Pagel PS, Warltier DC (1996) Influence of volatile anesthetics on left ventricular afterload in vivo. Differences between desflurane and sevoflurane. Anesthesiology 85: 112–120PubMedCrossRef

[54]

Martin JL, Plevak DJ, Flannery KD (1995) Hepatotoxicity after desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 83:1125–1129PubMedCrossRef

[55]

Marx GF, Kim Yl, Lin CC, Halevy S, Schulman H (1978) Postpartum uterine pressures under halothane or enflurance anesthesia. Obstet Gynecol 51:695–698PubMed

[56]

Mazze Rl, Callan CM, Galvez ST, Delgado-Herrera L, Mayer DB (2000) The effects of sevoflurane on serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations: a retrospective, twenty-two-center, comparative evaluation of renal function in adult surgical patients. Anesth Analg 90: 683–688PubMedCrossRef

[57]

Mazze Rl, Woodruff RE, Heerdt ME (1982) Isoniazid-induced enflurane defluorination in humans. Anesthesiology 57:5–8PubMedCrossRef

[58]

Mielck F, Stephan H, Weyland A, Sonntag H (1999) Effects of one minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow, and CO₂reactivity in cardiac patients. Anesth Analg 89:364–369PubMed

[59]

Moir DD (1970) Anaesthesia for Caesarean section. An evaluation of a method using low concentrations of halothane and 50 per cent of oxygen. Br J Anaesth 42:136–142PubMedCrossRef

[60]

Moon RE (1994) Cause of poisoning, relation to halogenated anesthetics still not clear. APSF Newsletter 9

[61]

Nunn JF (1987) Clinical aspects of the interaction between nitrous oxide and vitamin B₁₂. Br J Anaesth; 59:3–13PubMedCrossRef

[62]

Pagel PS, Hettrick DA, Lowe D, Tessmer JP, Warltier DC (1995) Desflurane and isoflurane exert modest beneficial actions on left ventricular diastolic function during myocardial ischemia in dogs. Anesthesiology 83:1021–1035PubMedCrossRef

[63]

Pandit JJ, Manning-Fox J, Dorrington KL, Robbins PA (1999) Effects of subanaesthetic sevoflurane on ventilation. 2: Response to acute and sustained hypoxia in humans. Br J Anaesth 83: 210–216PubMedCrossRef

[64]

Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, Sellke FW (1998) Epithelial dependence of the bronchodilatory effect of sevoflurane and desflurane in rat distal bronchi. Anesth Analg 86:646–651PubMed

[65]

Payne RS, Akca O, Roewer N, Schurr A, Kehl F (2005) Sevoflura-ne-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats. Brain Res 1034:147–152PubMedCrossRef

[66]

Peduto VA, Peli S, Amicucci G et al. (1998) Maintenance of and recovery from anaesthesia in elderly patients. A clinical comparison between sevoflurane and isoflurane. Minerva Anestesiol 64:18–25PubMed

[67]

Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Kraner JC et al. (1991) Induction of cytochrome P450IIE1 in the obese overfed rat. Mol Pharmacol 39:275–280PubMed

[68]

Roissant R, Werner C, Zwissler B (2008) Die Anästhesiologie, 2.Auflg. Springer, Heidelberg BerlinCrossRef

[69]

Rowland AS, Baird DD, Shore DL et al. (1995) Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. Am J Epidemiol 141:531–538PubMed

[70]

Scheller MS, Nakakimura K, Fleischer JE, Zornow MH (1990) Cerebral effects of sevoflurane in the dog: comparison with isoflurane and enflurane. Br J Anaesth 65:388–392PubMedCrossRef

[71]

Spence AA (1987) Environmental pollution by inhalation anaesthetics 1. Br J Anaesth 59: 96–103PubMedCrossRef

[72]

Stern RCT, owler SC, White PF, Evers AS (1990) Elimination kinetics of sevoflurane and halothane from blood, brain, and adipose tissue in the rat Anesth Analg 71:658–664PubMedCrossRef

[73]

Taeger,K, G Rodig, U Finsterer (1994) Grundlagen der Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin für Fachpflegepersonal. Abbott

[74]

Wappler F, Rossaint R, Baumert J et al. (2007) Multicenter randomized comparison of xenon and isoflurane on left ventricular function in patients undergoing elective surgery. Anesthesiology 106:463–471PubMedCrossRef

[75]

Watts AD, Luney SR, Lee D, Gelb AW (1998) Effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow velocity after induction of hypocapnia. J Nerrosueg ansstheiol 20:14–145

[76]

Weiskopf RB, Eger El, Noorani M, Daniel M (1994) Fentanyl, esmolol, and clonidine blunt the transient cardiovascular stimulation induced by desflurane in humans. Anesthesiology 81: 1350–1355PubMedCrossRef

[77]

Weiskopf RB, Eger El, Daniel M, Noorani M (1995) Cardiovascular stimulation induced by rapid increases in desflurane concentration in humans results from activation of tracheopulmonary and systemic receptors. Anesthesiology 83:1173–1178PubMedCrossRef

[78]

Wiesner G, Wild K, Schwurzer S, Merz M, Hobbhahn J (1996) [Serum fluoride concentrations and exocrine kidney function with sevoflurane and enflurane. An open, randomized, comparative phase 111 study of patients with healthy kidneys]. Anaesthesist 45:31–36PubMedCrossRef

[79]

Wolf AR, Lawson RA, Dryden CM, Davies FW (1996) Recovery after desflurane anaesthesia in the infant: comparison with isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 76:362–364PubMedCrossRef

[80]

Wulf H, Ledowski T, Linstedt U, Proppe D, Sitzlack D (1998) Neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium during desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 45: 526–532PubMedCrossRef

[81]

Yamada T,Takeda J, Koyama K et al. (1994) Effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane on left ventricular diastolic performance in dogs. J Cardiothorac Vase Anesth 8: 618–624CrossRef

[82]

Yamakage M, Hirshman CA, Croxton TL (1995) Volatile anesthetics inhibit voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in porcine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 268: L187-L191PubMed

[83]

Zang, FX, Eger, El (1994) UCSF Research Shows CO Comes from CO₂_Absorbent. APSF Newsletter 9

Titel: Inhalationsanästhetika
verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Franz Kehl
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Pharmakotherapie in der Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79155-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-540-79156-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79156-0_4

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

hier abonnieren

Springer Medizin

4. Inhalationsanästhetika

Zusammenfassung

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Häufigste Gründe für Brustschmerzen bei Kindern

Aquatherapie bei Fibromyalgie wirksamer als Trockenübungen

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

Update AINS

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Häufigste Gründe für Brustschmerzen bei Kindern

Aquatherapie bei Fibromyalgie wirksamer als Trockenübungen

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

Update AINS