Background
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) is fifth in the list of most common cancers and ranks fourth as the most common cause of cancer death [
1]. Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a major clinical feature of GC, which influences the poor prognosis of patients with GC [
2]. Even for early GC, the 10-year survival rates of patients with or without LN metastasis are significantly different, at 72 and 92%, respectively [
3]. Accurate evaluation of LN status in patients with GC before treatment is critical to evaluate the degree of disease and improve treatment strategies. Currently, the diagnosis of LN metastasis is carried out mainly using conventional tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA19-9)) and computed imaging methods (computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography with CT (PET-CT)). Unfortunately, these methods show poor performance to clinically identify LN and frequently demonstrate poor correlation and high error rates [
4,
5]. Thus, there is an urgent need for more accurate and reliable detection methods to identify LN metastasis in GC, which might be used to enhance the prognosis of patients with GC significantly.
Gastric cancer is still treated using surgery and endoscopic resection. Currently, Asian and European guidelines identify endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as the first choice treatments for most cases of early GC (cT1a) and are considered to be safe and definitive treatments [
6,
7]. However, patients who are considered to be at risk of LN metastasis after endoscopic surgery will undergo additional radical surgery, because of submucosal invasion (T1b), large tumor size, and poor differentiation [
8]. Unfortunately, pathological examination of these post-gastrectomy tissues, especially from early GC, revealed that only about 20% of patients were identified as having LN metastasis [
9,
10]. In past decades, the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy has also been discussed extensively in the field of surgery. With the development of precision medicine, for patients with GC with cT1-T2N0M0 status, laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery (LSNNS) was proposed for stomach preservation, which showed no difference in 3-year overall survival (3y-OS) and 3-year disease free survival (3y-DFS) compared with laparoscopic standard D2 gastrectomy, but resulted in better long-term quality of life and nutritional status [
11,
12]. Prospective evaluation of sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for relatively early GC (T1–T2) is a current development trend of function-preserving, personalized, and minimized gastrectomy [
12‐
14]. However, LSNNS is based on a comprehensive assessment of the LN status of patients, which is a challenge for its practical application. The lack of accurate and reliable detection of preoperative LN metastasis status means that many patients have experienced unnecessary overtreatment, which also limits the beneficial development of precision medicine.
It is highlighted by genome-wide association studies in cancer that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are related to cancer risk and more than 80% of cancer-associated SNPs occur in noncoding regions of the genome [
15]. In addition, most somatic mutations, copy number alterations, and cancer-related SNPs are related to ncRNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) account for the majority of human ncRNAs (approximately 76%) and maintain homogenous expression within and between tumor tissues [
16,
17]. Functionally, long noncoding RNAs are found in sense or antisense orientation to protein-coding genes, in introns of protein-coding genes or in intergenic regions of the genome, and mediate positive or negative regulation [
18]. Presently, the number of disease-related lncrnas identified by experiments is less than 1% of the identified sites, and its biological function needs to be further explored.
Herein, transcriptome-wide expression profiles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) were analyzed comprehensively and systematically, and a 10-lncRNA panel was established to identify GC LN metastasis (T1 and T2). We verified the effectiveness of the panel in independent databases and clinical tissue samples. The performance of the lncRNA panel was also compared with that of CEA, CA19-9, and CT, highlighting the value of this panel in predicting LN metastasis of T1 and T2 GC. The lncRNA panel could function as the basis for clinical decision-making for patients with GC.
Discussion
Currently, minimally invasive or non-invasive, stomach-preserving, function-preserving, and individualized treatment has become a trend in global GC treatment. Clinically, determining LN status is crucial to indicate and evaluate the curative potential of GC endoscopic treatment and surgery, especially in patients with relatively early GC (T1–T2). Pathological diagnosis following radical gastrectomy remains the optimal way to evaluate a patient's GC's LN status, considering our lack of effective molecular markers that can robustly detect LN metastasis before therapeutic decision-making. Moreover, only patients with GC in situ (Tis stage) and T1a GC without LN metastasis can be treated successfully using endoscopic mucosal or submucosal resection. However, the actual LN metastasis rate of early GC (T1) is only around 20%. In addition, the incidence of regional LN metastasis is limited in patients with T2 GC, in which D2 gastrectomy might be an excessively invasive surgery, involving in a significant waste of medical resources [
9,
10,
12]. Currently, the development of sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) and laparoscopic surgery in GC provides a direction for minimally invasive gastric surgery. The study group of the Japan Society of SNNS has already formulated the standard procedure for SNNS, which uses a dual tracer comprising technetium 99 m–labeled tin colloid and 1% isosulfan blue dye [
25]. Although several single institutions have reported the successful use of SNNS, because GC has a somewhat complex lymphatic flow, there still are controversial aspects regarding the application of SNNS [
12,
26,
27].
LncRNAs are mRNA-like transcripts of > 200 nucleotides with no capacity to encode proteins [
25]. A variety of cancers show abnormal expression of lncRNAs, which have diverse functions in gene regulation, cell biological behavior, and tumor initiation and progression [
28,
29]. To date, there have been a considerable number of studies on lymph node metastasis of GC; however, most of them explored the regulatory mechanism of a single lncRNA [
30,
31]. Although these studies are meaningful and significant, the lack of a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of lymph node metastasis limits the clinical application value of these findings. The recent development and popularization of high-throughput sequencing technologies have increased our understanding of the molecular characteristics of GC [
32,
33]. Notably, the different T stages of GC have strong histological heterogeneity, and the correlation between lncRNAs and LN metastasis in relatively early GC (T1–T2) remains unexplored.
In this article, we used RNA-sequencing to gain insights into the molecular biology of tumor heterogeneity and disease processes to identify LN metastasis. A systematic and comprehensive analysis of transcriptome-wide expression profiles of patients with T1–T2 GC, with and without LN metastasis, was used to establish an optimized 10-lncRNA panel to identify LN metastasis using logistic regression analysis. Subsequently, the panel was validated in three independent validation cohorts based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, achieving encouraging results. Our study is based on the concept of minimally invasive and non-invasive, devoted to the prediction of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer and clinical decision support. At the initial stage of the study, we also verified the predictive value of our panel in patients with T3 and T4 stage GC by TCGA and ACRG databases, but the results were not as expected (Supplementary Fig. 2), which may related to the heterogeneity of GC with different T stages.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA19-9) are the most commonly used clinical monitoring serum indicators of digestive system tumors. It has been widely reported that elevated serum CEA and CA19-9 levels correlated well with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, stage grouping, and depth of invasion [
4,
34‐
36]. Specifically, the thresholds of protein biomarkers were set according to clinical instruction, with 5 ng/mL for CEA and 37 U/mL for CA19-9. Fan et al. also reported that elevated CEA and CA19-9 level was correlated with the presence of lymph node metastasis in early GC, but the diagnostic sensitivity of CEA and CA19-9 was not satisfactory [
4]. Our further analysis demonstrated the superiority of the 10-lncRNA panel over current clinicopathological factors, including CEA, CA19-9, and CT-based imaging, to diagnose LN metastasis in patients with GC. Although the accuracy of 10-lncRNA panel in combined cohort 2 + 3 was slightly decreased, its diagnostic accuracy improved again after combining it with clinicopathological features. We also performed functional and expression enrichment analysis of the 10 lncRNAs, several of which are related to metastasis and prognosis. LncRNA
H19 is considered a carcinogenic factor in GC, and its upregulation is related to tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT [
37].
HOTAIR has been reported to be related to the expression of
HER2 (encoding human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and facilitates GC lymph node metastasis [
38]. A study using TCGA-based bioinformatics analysis and microarray analysis revealed that
HAR1A is a tumor suppressor involved in tumor progression via EMT regulation and is negatively associated with prognosis [
39,
40]. In our panel,
HAR1A also acted as a negative factor for early lymph node metastasis in GC. Similarly,
TP53TG1 and
TTTY15 have been confirmed to be differentially expressed in GC tissues compared with that in normal gastric mucosa [
28,
41]. Finally, as biomarkers, each lncRNA in our panel was endowed with an additional diagnostic coefficient and made a significant contribution to the identification of LN metastasis.
This study has certain limitations. First, this was a retrospective study, and its design means that although we validated our findings in multiple clinical cohorts, prospective studies are still required. Second, the main aim of this study was to find early-stage GC biomarkers; therefore, the samples were concentrated in the T1 and T2 GC stages, which limited the sample size to discover biomarkers and had a certain impact on obtaining the panel with maximum efficiency. To overcome these limitations, larger cohorts comprising patients with GC and T1 and T2 LN metastasis are required, which might involve the participation of multiple medical institutions.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Funds of Young Scientists of China (No. 81802944), the Key Project of Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (No. 2021J279), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ21H160013), the Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (2023KY1033, and 2023KY236), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (No. 2022J264), Ningbo Digestive System Tumor Clinical Medicine Research Center (No. 2019A21003), Project of Zhejiang Medical and Health Platform Plan (No. 2022KY1079), and Ningbo Public Welfare Science & Technology Major Project (No. 2021S106).
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