Raising the general population knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease is crucial for optimizing care and ultimately enhancing the quality of life of people diagnosed and their caregivers.
Aim
To assess knowledge among the general population in Makkah Region about symptoms, diagnosis, causes, course, life impact, care giving, and management of Alzheimer disease.
Material and methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during July to August 2018 in three main cities of Makkah Region, i.e., Makkah, Jeddah, and Taif, Saudi Arabia. Two to three mosques and/or malls were selected randomly from a list of all mosques and malls in each city, and then every fifth subject was selected using a systematic random technique, entering the mall or getting out from the mosques. Both genders, aged 18 years or more and able to understand Arabic were included. Valid and reliable Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) was used to assess knowledge about the diseases, in addition to socio-demographic characteristics of the participants.
Results
The study included 862 adult participants. Their age ranged between 18 and 65 years with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 31.2 ± 10.3 years. History of having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease was mentioned by 20.8% of the participants. Overall, the percentage of total Alzheimer’s disease knowledge score ranged between 26.7 and 100% with a mean of 58.5%, median of 60%, mode of 56.7%, and standard deviation of ± 11.5%. There was a significant positive correlation between participant’s age and their knowledge regarding Alzheimer’s disease (Spearman’s correlation coefficient “r” = 0.099, p = 0.004). The highest known subscale of Alzheimer’s disease was assessment (mean percentage was 62.21%), followed by treatment (62.09), care giving (61.83%) and course of the disease (60.99%) whereas the lowest known subscale was symptoms (53.25%). Participants who reported a history of having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease were more knowledgeable regarding symptoms than those who did not had such history (mean ranks were 470.48 and 421.28, respectively), p = 0.014.
Conclusion
Knowledge of the general population in Makkah Region is deficient, particularly regarding symptoms, risk factors and life impacts. Therefore, health education campaigns are required for general public in this regards.
Hinweise
Publisher’s Note
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Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive brain disease that gradually and slowly destroys memory and rational thinking processes and skills and eventually it affects the ability to perform the simplest tasks. Usually, the majority of the inflicted cases start to develop Alzheimer’s signs and symptoms after the age of 60. Nearly 3% of men and women ages 65–74 and almost half of those aged 85 and above usually have the disease with an average age at diagnosis of about 80 years. AD is the most underlying cause of dementia among older people that is characterized by the loss of cognitive functioning, thinking, remembering, reasoning, and behavioral abilities, to the degree that it interferes with a person’s daily life and basic activities [1]. According to the DSM3, the person of AD “must have the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder in addition to insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains (for major neurocognitive disorder, at least two domains must be impaired)” [2].
The Saudi Alzheimer’s Disease Association reported that Alzheimer’s disease accounts for 50 to 80% of dementia cases worldwide and the greatest known risk factor is increasing age of 65 and older. There are no official statistics on the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the Saudi Arabia, but experts estimate that there are at least 50 thousand patients in the Kingdom; most of them are women and there are chances of getting the disease to double each 5 years [3]. Studies in Arab countries revealed a prevalence ranging from 1.1 to 2.3% among people aged 50 years and older and from 13.5 to 18.5% among those aged 80 years and above [4]. The prevalence in the USA was 1.6% among people in the age group 65–74 years and 19% in the age group 75–84 years and reached up to 42% among those aged 85 years old and above [5].
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Patients with Alzheimer’s disease are characteristically exhibit and show symptoms of impaired memory and decision-making abilities, as well as other problems with their behavior and verbal abilities [6, 7].
As these caregivers witness the person with Alzheimer disease “die twice,” first in mind and then a few years later in body, they make day-to-day and often ethically charged decisions for the patient as they themselves experience notable morbidity, especially depression [8]. Other problems they may face include fall down and losses of dignity and respect, as well as abuse, neglect, and exploitation [9].
Matters of daily living become challenging and difficult when Alzheimer’s disease influences the patients their families and caregivers. During the progress of the disease, the caregivers, in addition to their own personal business and needs, are charged with more responsibilities, duties including seeking, dealing with healthcare providers, negotiating medications, monitoring patient’s behavior, and attending to the daily needs and requirements of the patient [9, 10].
Raising public knowledge of dementia is crucial for optimizing care and ultimately enhancing the quality of life of people diagnosed and their caregivers [11]. Increasing the knowledge levels of the general population will also help to tackle the stigma of dementia and open up a better-informed debate about the needs of those affected.
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The first step toward improving dementia knowledge of population is to assess their current level of dementia knowledge using a reliable tool that will identify knowledge gaps. Additionally as the problem is considerable in our country as a result of aging induced by improvement of care, although there is no epidemiologic evidence, it could have socioeconomic drawbacks and hence tracing community knowledge about the disease will help in prevention and treatment, so in this study, knowledge was measured among the population in Mecca Region about symptoms, diagnosis, causes, course, life impact, care giving, and management of Alzheimer disease.
Population and methods
It is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted during July to August 2018 in three main cities of Makkah Region, i.e., Makkah, Jeddah, and Taif, Saudi Arabia. Two mosques and one mall (because the authority prohibited us from including people from the other mall) were selected randomly from a list of the biggest in Makkah city, whereas two mosque and three malls were selected from Jeddah city and two mosques and two malls from Taif city and then every fifth subject was selected using a systematic random technique, entering the mall or getting out from the mosques. Both genders, aged 18 years or more and able to understand Arabic were included. Those aged over 65 years were excluded.
The data collection took about 2 months after getting the approval from the ethical committee of Umm Al Qura University. The purpose of the study was explained briefly and those who agreed and met the study criteria were invited to answer the question. One hundred and forty two persons refused to participate, mostly because they were busy and had no time. Those who refused were replaced immediately by the next one who agreed to participate. Valid and reliable Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) was used to assess knowledge about the diseases [9], in addition to socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. The ADKS is the only tool that can be used to assess knowledge about Alzheimer disease in general population; however, it includes some relatively easy items for those with some knowledge on the disease. It has an acceptable reliability and validity and reliability values [12].
The total sample size was calculated using epi info software version 3.01. Based on frequency of knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease and as there was no reliable data, 50% prevalence was utilized and design effect of two to calculate sample size, the confidence interval was set at 95%, and level of significance at 5%. Hence, the calculated sample size was 768. We added 77 more anticipating a non-response rate of 10%. Hence, a total sample size estimated was 845.
Surveys are completely anonymous and confidential. No names or any identifying information is required. In addition, the surveys were not distributed before getting the ethical approval from Umm Al-Qura University IRB. The participation in this study was voluntary, the collected information were kept in sealed envelopes by the participants before returning it to the investigators.
Statistical analysis
Data entry and statistical analysis were performed utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 25. Descriptive statistics was done using frequency and percentages for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Since the total of subscales knowledge scores were abnormally distributed as evidenced by significant Shapiro-Wilk test, they were described in the form of median, inter-quartile range, and mean ranks. Non-parametric statistical tests were used in comparisons. Mann-Whitney was applied to test for difference between two different groups and Kruskal-Wallis was applied to test for the difference between more than two groups. Statistical significance was determined at level of p < 0.05.
Results
The study included 862 adult participants. Their age ranged between 18 and 65 years with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 31.2 ± 10.3 years. Table 1 summarizes the remaining demographic characteristics of the participants. More than half of them (55.6%) were females and had between 13 and 16 years of education (56.4%). Majority (86.2%) were Saudis. Less than one third were recruited from Makkah as we are prohibited from including one another mall while 71% were from Jeddah and Taif.
Table 1
Personal characteristics of the participants (n = 862)
Frequency
Percentage
Gender
Male
383
44.4
Female
479
55.6
Nationality
Saudi
743
86.2
Non-Saudi
119
13.8
Years of education
≤ 9
63
7.3
10–12
240
27.8
13–16
486
56.4
> 16
73
8.5
City
Makkah
249
28.9
Jeddah
305
35.4
Taif
308
35.7
History of having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease was mentioned by 20.8% of the participants as demonstrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
History of having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease among the participants
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Table 2 shows that majority of the participants could recognize correctly that eventually, a person with Alzheimer’s disease will need 24 h supervision (83.3%), people with Alzheimer’s disease are particularly prone to depression (80.2%), Alzheimer’s disease is one type of dementia (79.5%), people whose Alzheimer’s disease is not yet severe can benefit from psychotherapy for depression and anxiety (73.5%), and people with Alzheimer’s disease do best with simple, instructions giving one step at a time (73.9%). On the other hand, only 44.5% of them knew that it is not safe for people with Alzheimer’s disease to drive, as long as they have a companion in the car at all times, 43.2% could recognize that having high cholesterol may increase a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, having high cholesterol may increase a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (43.2%), after symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease appear, the average life expectancy is 6 to 12 years (42.3%), and most people with Alzheimer’s disease do not live in nursing homes (40.8%).
Table 2
Response of the participants to Alzheimer’s disease knowledge statements
Right answer
No.
%
People with Alzheimer’s disease are particularly prone to depression. (True)
691
80.2
It has been scientifically proven that mental exercise can prevent a person from getting Alzheimer’s disease. (False)
558
64.7
After symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease appear, the average life expectancy is 6 to 12 years. (True)
365
42.3
When a person with Alzheimer’s disease becomes agitated, a medical examination might reveal other health problems that caused the agitation. (True)
610
70.8
People with Alzheimer’s disease do best with simple, instructions given one step at a time. (True)
637
73.9
When people with Alzheimer’s disease begin to have difficulty taking care of themselves, caregivers should take over right away. (False)
540
62.6
If a person with Alzheimer’s disease becomes alert and agitated at night, a good strategy is to try to make sure that the person gets plenty of physical activity during the day. (True)
629
73.0
In rare cases, people have recovered from Alzheimer’s disease. (False)
428
49.7
People whose Alzheimer’s disease is not yet severe can benefit from psychotherapy for depression and anxiety. (True)
649
75.3
If trouble with memory and confused thinking appears suddenly, it is likely due to Alzheimer’s disease. (False)
377
43.7
Most people with Alzheimer’s disease live in nursing homes. (False)
352
40.8
Poor nutrition can make the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease worse. (True)
633
73.4
People in their 30s can have Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
490
56.8
A person with Alzheimer’s disease becomes increasingly likely to fall down as the disease gets worse. (True)
592
68.7
When people with Alzheimer’s disease repeat the same question or story several times, it is helpful to remind them that they are repeating themselves. (False)
402
46.6
Once people have Alzheimer’s disease, they are no longer capable of making informed decisions about their own care. (False)
457
53.0
Eventually, a person with Alzheimer’s disease will need 24-h supervision. (True)
718
83.3
Having high cholesterol may increase a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
372
43.2
Tremor or shaking of the hands or arms is a common symptom in people with Alzheimer’s disease. (False)
418
48.5
Symptoms of severe depression can be mistaken for symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
473
54.9
Alzheimer’s disease is one type of dementia. (True)
685
79.5
Trouble handling money or paying bills is a common early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
482
55.9
One symptom that can occur with Alzheimer’s disease is believing that other people are stealing one’s things. (True)
528
61.3
When a person has Alzheimer’s disease, using reminder notes is a crutch that can contribute to decline. (False)
405
47.0
Prescription drugs that prevent Alzheimer’s disease are available. (False)
475
55.1
Having high blood pressure may increase a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
405
47.0
Genes can only partially account for the development of Alzheimer’s disease. (True)
506
58.7
It is safe for people with Alzheimer’s disease to drive, as long as they have a companion in the car at all times. (False)
384
44.5
Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured. (True)
454
52.7
Most people with Alzheimer’s disease remember recent events better than things that happened in the past. (False)
408
47.3
Overall, the percentage of total Alzheimer’s disease knowledge score ranged between 26.7 and 100% with a mean of 58.5%, median of 60%, mode of 56.7%, and standard deviation of ± 11.5%. It was abnormally distributed as evident by significant Shapiro-Wilk test (0.990, p < 0.001; Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Distribution of the percentage of the total Alzheimer’s knowledge score among the participants
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From Table 3, it is shown that none of the studied factors (gender, nationality, years of education, city, and having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease) was significantly associated with the knowledge level regarding Alzheimer’s disease. However, there was some border line association observed between knowledge level and relative with Alzheimer disease, though it did not reach to significant level.
Table 3
Factors associated with percentage of the total Alzheimer’s knowledge score among the participants
Percentage of the total Alzheimer’s knowledge score
p value
Median
IQR
Mean rank
Gender
Male
56.67
50–66.67
429.14
0.803*
Female
60
50–66.67
433.39
Nationality
Saudi
60
50–66.67
433.23
0.609*
Non-Saudi
56.67
50–66.67
420.69
Educational level
Below high school
60
53.33–66.67
461.64
0.582**
High school
56.67
50–66.6750–
425.43
University
56.67
66.6753.33–
426.91
Postgraduate
60
66.67
456.03
City
Makkah
60
51.67–66.67
458.43
0.096**
Jeddah
56.67
50–66.67
428.10
Taif
56.67
50–63.33
413..09
Having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease
Yes
60
53.33–66.67
423.73
0.072*
No
56.67
50–66.67
461.14
*Mann-Whitney test
**Kruskal-Wallis test
From Fig. 3, it is realized that there was a significant positive correlation between participant’s age and their knowledge regarding Alzheimer’s disease (Spearman’s correlation coefficient “r” = 0.099, p = 0.004).
Fig. 3
Correlation between participant’s age and percentage of the total Alzheimer’s knowledge score; r = 0.099, p = 0.004
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From Fig. 4, it is obvious that, the highest known subscale of Alzheimer’s disease was assessment (mean percentage was 62.21%), followed by treatment (62.09), care giving (61.83%), and course of the disease (60.99%), whereas the lowest known subscale was symptoms (53.25%).
Fig. 4
Mean percentage of knowledge of different subscales of Alzheimer’s disease
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As demonstrated from Table 4. There was no gender difference regarding knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (life impact, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, assessment, care giving, and course of the disease).
Table 4
Knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease according to participant’s gender
Gender
Male
Female
Life impact (%)
Median
66.67
66.67
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
435.09
428.63
p value
0.687
Risk factors (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
433.58
429.84
p value
0.822
Symptoms (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
25–75
25–75
Mean rank
420.18
440.55
p value
0.214
Treatment (%)
Median
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
426.26
435.69
p value
0.563
Assessment (%)
Median
75
50
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
444.55
421.06
p value
0.149
Care giving (%)
Median
60
60
IQR
40–80
40–80
Mean rank
436.12
427.80
p value
0.614
Course of the disease (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
416.45
443.53
p value
0.094
Mann-Whitney test
As realized from Table 5, there was no nationality difference regarding knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (life impact, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, assessment, care giving, and course of the disease).
Table 5
Knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease according to participant’s nationality
Nationality
Saudi
Non-Saudi
Life impact (%)
Median
66.67
66.67
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
429.51
443.95
p value
0.532
Risk factors (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.77
Mean rank
429.17
446.06
p value
0.482
Symptoms (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
25–75
25–75
Mean rank
431.93
428.80
p value
0.894
Treatment (%)
Median
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
426.57
462.26
p value
0.129
Assessment (%)
Median
75
50
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
436.77
398.63
p value
0.104
Care giving (%)
Median
60
60
IQR
40–80
40–80
Mean rank
432.96
422.39
p value
0.656
Course of the disease (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
436.08
402.89
p value
0.155
Mann-Whitney test
As seen in Table 6, participants who had more than 16 years of education expressed the highest level of knowledge regarding course of the disease (mean rank was 452.55) whereas participants with 9 years of education or less expressed the lowest level of knowledge (mean rank was 387.97), p = 0.035. There was no difference regarding knowledge of other aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (life impact, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, assessment, and care giving) according to participant’s years of education.
Table 6
Knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease according to participant’s years of education
Years of education
≤ 9
10–12
13–16
> 16e
Life impact (%)
Median
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
445.61
448.87
422.39
422.89
p value
0.496
Risk factors (%)
Median
66.67
50
50
50
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
452.92
424.08
433.37
424.95
p value
0.851
Symptoms (%)
Median
50
50
50
50
IQR
25–75
25–75
25–75
50–75
Mean rank
440.47
429.56
428.17
452.34
p value
0.861
Treatment (%)
Median
75
75
50
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
446.06
436.62
422.23
463.78
p value
0.488
Assessment (%)
Median
75
75
50
50
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
55.70
448.28
425.19
397.48
p value
0.296
Care giving (%)
Median
60
60
60
60
IQR
40–80
40–80
40–80
40–80
Mean rank
472.66
431.84
424.23
443.22
p value
0.482
Course of the disease (%)
Median
50
50
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
387.97
403.01
448.05
452.55
p value
0.035
Kruskal-Wallis test
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Participants from Taif were more knowledgeable regarding life impact and treatment compared to those from Jeddah and Makkah, whereas participants from Jeddah were more knowledgeable regarding risk factors, while those from Makkah were more knowledgeable regarding caregiving. There was no difference between participants from the three cities regarding symptoms, assessment, and course of the disease (Table 7)
Table 7
Knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease according to participant’s city
City
Makkah
Jeddah
Taif
Life impact (%)
Median
33.33
66.67
66.67
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
390
430.41
466.13
p value
0.001
Risk factors (%)
Median
50
50
50
IQR
41.67–66.67
41.67–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
445.46
457.30
394.66
p value
0.003
Symptoms (%)
Median
50
50
50
IQR
50–75
25–75
25–75
Mean rank
446.90
421.14
429.31
p value
0.442
Treatment (%)
Median
50
50
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
409.95
418.39
461.90
p value
0.018
Assessment (%)
Median
75
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
435.92
427.07
432.32
p value
0.906
Care giving (%)
Median
80
60
60
IQR
60–80
40–80
40–80
Mean rank
508.97
427.18
373.15
p value
< 0.001
Course of the disease (%)
Median
50
50
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
436.44
412.88
445.95
p value
0.206
Kruskal-Wallis test
As evident from Table 8, participants who reported a history of having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease were more knowledgeable regarding symptoms than those who did not have such history (mean ranks were 470.48 and 421.28, respectively), p = 0.014. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding other subscales.
Table 8
Knowledge of different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease according to participant’s history of having relative with Alzheimer’s disease
Having relative with Alzheimer disease
Yes
No
Life impact (%)
Median
66.67
66.67
IQR
33.33–66.67
33.33–66.67
Mean rank
425.91
452.84
p value
0.171
Risk factors (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
33.33–66.67
50–66.67
Mean rank
426.23
451.61
p value
0.214
Symptoms (%)
Median
50
50
IQR
50–75
25–75
Mean rank
470.48
421.28
p value
0.014
Treatment (%)
Median
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
427.80
445.60
p value
0.373
Assessment (%)
Median
75
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
428.81
441.76
p value
0.516
Care giving (%)
Median
60
60
IQR
40–80
40–80
Mean rank
432.34
428.28
p value
0.841
Course of the disease (%)
Median
50
75
IQR
50–75
50–75
Mean rank
426.66
449.95
p value
0.240
Mann-Whitney test
Discussion
Although changes of some lifestyles could impact positively the human health, the general population appears to be unaware of this fact and, consequently, does not adhere to these health habits that could reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease [13]. This study was conducted with primary aim to explore the knowledge level about symptoms, diagnosis, causes, course, life impact, caregiving, and management of Alzheimer’s disease among general population in three main cities of Western Saudi Arabia.
The present study revealed that the overall percentage of total Alzheimer’s disease knowledge score ranged between 26.7 and 100% with a mean of 58.5%, median of 60%, mode of 56.7% which indicate moderate level of knowledge. Quite similar findings were observed among general population in Brazil [14]. However, expectedly higher figures were reported in studies carried out among pharmacists in Malaysia [15], healthcare professionals in Australia [16], and psychologists in Norway [17]. These results could be attributed to the fact that general population usually lack open access to high quality information, contrary to those working in medical field. Cahill et al. carried out systematic review included 40 studies from different developed and developing nations that evaluated the knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease in the population and concluded that about half of these studies revealed a limited knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease in the general population with a common concept that AD is part of aging [18].
In the current study, gender, nationality, years of education, city, and having a relative with Alzheimer’s disease were not significantly associated with the knowledge level regarding Alzheimer’s disease as a total. However, taking the subscale of knowledge into consideration, participants with higher years of education were more knowledgeable regarding course of the disease and this is quite expected. Also, it was expected to find participants who had relatives with Alzheimer’s disease more knowledgeable about symptoms of the disease as they are dealing with such patients. Regarding participants’ age, contrary to what has been reported in a previous systematic review [18], older participants were more knowledgeable. This could be explained by limiting the inclusion in the present study to those aged 65 years or below.
The highest known subscale of Alzheimer’s disease in the present survey was assessment, followed by treatment, care giving, and course of the disease, whereas the lowest known subscale was symptoms. Different findings were observed in other studies. In China [19], defect knowledge was reported regarding life impact, symptoms, and care giving. Among older Chinese Americans, the lowest knowledge was observed regarding risk factors and symptoms [20]. In Malaysia, symptoms, course of the disease and life impacts were the lowest known items [15]. Comparison between these studies and the present one is not practical despite using the same study tool, due to difference in socio-demographic characteristics of the participants in various studies, including age, educational level, and occupation.
The finding that participants from Taif city were more knowledgeable regarding life impact and treatment compared to those from Jeddah and Makkah cities, whereas participants from Jeddah city were more knowledgeable regarding risk factors, while those from Makkah city were more knowledgeable regarding caregiving, cannot be explained easily; however, religious culture in Makkah could explain the higher knowledge regarding caregiving. However, further in-depth analysis of the characteristics of population in different cities as well as the components of the educational programs regarding AD implemented in these cities is warranted.
Although this study has a public health importance as being the first of its king in our area in exploring knowledge of the general population about Alzheimer’s disease, it has some important limitations that should be mentioned. Its cross-sectional design confirms only association and not causality between dependent and independent variables. Limited studies have been conducted among general population; therefore, comparison with other studies is not practical as most of them were carried out among medical professionals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, knowledge of the general population in Makkah Region is deficient, particularly regarding symptoms, risk factors, and life impacts. Therefore, health education campaigns are required for the general public in this regard with participation of healthcare professionals.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the following students for helping us in collecting data:
● Muslaha Musleh Alhumaidi
● Asma Salem Almatrafi
● Nada Eidhah Algethami
● Raghad Sami Aljuaid
● Albatoul Fayez Althobaiti
● Waad Daifallah Alotaibi
● Bushra Ahmed Alqahtani
● Ebtehal Amer Altalhi
● Shahad Abdullah Albaiti
● Shahad Ahmad Alshenawy
● Seham Matar Alotaibi
● Amjaad Ibraheem Hawsaw
● Ahlam Muhammed Alharbi
● Rama Khaled Tayeb
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Written consent was taken from all participants after explaining the details, benefits, and risks to them. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University—Makkah (No. HAPO-02-K-012-2018-06-269) on 2 June 2018.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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