nach oben

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery

Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2023 | Review

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: literature review

verfasst von: Michelle Zonkowski Ribas, Gabriela Ferreira Paticcié, Sara Diógenes Peixoto de Medeiros, Arthur de Oliveira Veras, Felipe Micelli Noleto, Júlio César Claudino dos Santos

Erschienen in: The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Ausgabe 1/2023

Abstract

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) is a neurovascular condition characterized by a severe sudden-onset headache that may be associated with focal neurological deficits. On imaging, the suggestive finding corresponds to multifocal vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries, with a spontaneous resolution of approximately 12 weeks. The identification of precipitating factors and diagnosis must be carried out early, so that adequate management is established and the patient has a good prognosis, given the risk of secondary complications and residual neurological deficits. This study consists of a literature review based on the analysis of articles published between 2017 and 2022 in PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect on RCVS, intending to understand the clinical and radiological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with RCVS. The pathophysiology, drug management, and prognosis still lack solid evidence; therefore, further studies on RCVS are needed to expand medical knowledge and avoid underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of this important condition.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

CCBs

Calcium channel blockers

COVID-19

Corona virus disease 2019

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cranial tomography

Intra-arterial

IPH

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

PACNS

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system

PRES

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

RCVS

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

SAH

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction

The Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by sudden headache and reversible multifocal cerebral vasoconstriction [1‐4]. It is more prevalent in women [5‐8], mainly because it often has puerperium as a precipitating factor [7, 9‐11].

The most common manifestation is thunderclap headache, which has a sudden onset and peak intensity in 1 min [5, 9, 12, 13], and may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia [5, 8, 10]. In addition, focal neurological deficits may occur in 8–43% [1, 14] and epileptic seizures in up to 17% of patients with RCVS [1].

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome should be suspected when there is a history of sudden headaches with normal physical examination, cranial tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head [9, 12]. Given this situation, angiography should ideally be performed to detect multifocal cerebral arterial vasoconstriction [1, 15‐17]. It is necessary to demonstrate the reversibility of cerebral vasoconstriction within 12 weeks to confirm the diagnosis [16‐18].

Once the diagnosis is established, treatment should be initiated, mainly by discontinuing the triggering factor, if known [9, 13, 19], and using medications, such as calcium channel blockers (CCBs) [5, 20], avoiding complications, which may be present in up to a third of patients [3, 13, 14], as well as residual neurological deficits [17].

As the wrong or delayed diagnosis of RCVS usually results in unnecessary diagnostic tests, deleterious treatments, and increases the risk of neurological sequelae [3, 5, 21], to reduce mortality, early diagnosis and treatment are essential [13, 22, 23]. Thus, a greater understanding of the disease is necessary, in which we present an extensive literature review on this topic.

Methods

This article presents a literature review based on scientific articles published from 2017 to 2022 in PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect on RCVS.

In the first step of the methodology, a search was carried out in Pubmed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases with the title “reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome” and the filters “case reports”, “multicenter study”, “observational study”, “review”, and “systematic review” were applied. In addition to these filters, only studies involving humans and those published in the last 5 years were selected. The article should be available and in English. A total of 129 articles were found in PubMed, three in SciELO, and 30 in ScienceDirect (Fig. 1).

In the second stage, after reading the title and excluding duplicate articles, 83 articles were selected from PubMed, two from SciELO, and 13 from ScienceDirect.

The third stage of selection involved the exclusion of articles involving only the pediatric population (12 articles), those with an impossibility of access (seven articles), or those that did not contain information relevant to the topic (four articles). A total of 74 articles remained at the end of this stage.

In addition, 11 new articles were selected and manually added according to their relevance to the study. Therefore, a total of 85 articles were included in this study.

Discussion

General aspects

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome, also known as Call-Fleming Syndrome, postpartum angiopathy, migrainous vasospasm, and benign central nervous system angiopathy [10, 24, 25], is a syndrome characterized by thunderclap headache with severe and transient vasoconstriction of medium-sized vessels of the circle of Willis or extracranial circulation [1, 3, 12, 26]. It commonly manifests with severe headache with or without the presence of ischemia or other acute neurological symptoms [1, 2, 7, 12, 13, 19‐21, 27‐32].

Radiologically, the disease is characterized by multifocal vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries that can lead to multiple infarctions and usually resolves spontaneously within 3 months [6, 8, 12, 13, 17, 19, 26‐28, 30, 33‐37]. It can affect any age group, including children [10] and young adolescents [7]. However, it primarily affects individuals between 20 and 50 years of age [1, 2, 9‐11, 13, 20, 38, 39], with a peak around 42 years of age [7, 40]. It is more common in women than in men, with incidence rates of 2.6:1 to 10:1 [1, 5‐7, 10, 12, 17, 20, 28, 41‐43]. In men, it usually manifests a decade earlier than the average described for women [10].

Associated factors

The largest studies suggest that 50–80% of patients will have a secondary cause for RCVS [1, 10, 19, 35, 41, 44]. The main precipitating factors described are: postpartum state [7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 25, 31, 35, 39, 45‐47], drugs with vasoactive properties [10, 12‐14, 36, 39, 47, 48], such as cocaine, marijuana, and heroin [33, 39], catecholamine-secreting tumors [35, 49‐51], autoimmune disorders, such as systemic vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematous, antiphospholipid syndrome [13], blood transfusions, ginseng [5, 6], sexual intercourse, temperature differences (baths too hot or too cold), air travel [39, 48], Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection [36, 52‐54] and medications [6, 29, 39, 48].

Nasal decongestants, immunosuppressants [9, 29, 48], antidepressants [39], oral contraceptive pills [6], indomethacin, and ergots, such as ergotamine tartrate, lisuride, methylergometrine and bromocriptine are some of the medications described in association with RCVS [6].

The puerperium is responsible for 10–50% of cases [7, 9‐11, 45]. In one-third of cases, it is associated with another known factor, such as vasoconstrictors used in epidural anesthesia and postpartum hemorrhage [10, 55]. The history of migraine also proves to be a relevant risk factor, with a prevalence reported in the literature of 9.8–42% [10, 20, 56], an important finding, since the history of migraine increases the risk of bleeding complications in RCVS [9]. In addition, there are descriptions of the development of RCVS due to the use of medications utilized in the treatment of migraine, demonstrating the need to carefully choose the medications to be used in a migraine patient who already presented with RCVS [9].

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disease that can occur simultaneously with RCVS and many studies suggest overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms [33, 41]. Furthermore, some authors have considered the possibility that PRES and RCVS are a continuum of reversible disorders of the cerebral vascular function [33].

Pathophysiology

Although the cause of RCVS is not yet fully detailed in the literature, most studies point to a transient dysregulation in the control of brain vessel tone, which results in multifocal vasoconstriction [46, 57]. It is known that the control of vascular tone can be affected by several biochemical and immunological factors [2, 58‐60], among which, in scientific evidence, endothelial dysfunction and sympathetic hyperstimulation stand out [3, 10, 13, 19, 20, 39, 61, 62] and alteration of vascular smooth muscle by oxidative stress [13, 19, 20, 39, 61, 63]. In addition, genetic predispositions such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor gene polymorphism [58] are also described and seem to be associated with more severe clinical conditions [13].

Clinical presentation

Thunderclap headache has a reported prevalence between 95% and 100% in individuals diagnosed with RCVS [9, 10, 20] and may be the only clinical manifestation in 76–85% of patients [1, 10]. Characteristically, headache is severe, sudden onset, and peaks in approximately 1 min [5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 46, 58]. In general, the pain presentation is bilateral and diffuse; however, in some cases, it can be localized [9, 10, 64]. In up to 94–100% of patients [1], headache episodes may recur within 1–3 weeks [5, 9, 12], with an average of four new attacks in the following 4 weeks [7]. In addition, headaches may be triggered or exacerbated by Valsalva maneuvers, such as coughing and sexual activity [1, 7, 9]. Less severe headaches of a constant nature may be present between episodes of thunderclap headaches [41].

In addition to headaches, patients often experience nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia [5, 8, 10]. Focal neurological deficits may be present, with an estimated prevalence between 8% and 43% of cases [1, 14, 46] and include encephalopathy, visual changes, dysarthria, aphasia, ataxia, epileptic seizures, and focal numbness or weakness [5, 12].

Less frequently, RCVS may present with non-thunderclap and nonspecific headaches. It can be a single, recurrent, or progressive episode, and pain intensity varies from moderate to severe. There are also reports of patients who do not have any headaches [10, 65]. These atypical patients usually present with severe clinical symptoms and progress to stroke, severe posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, dizziness, mental confusion, or coma [10].

Diagnosis

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome diagnosis is based on compatible clinical history, physical examination, and neuroimaging tests showing multifocal segmental vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries. Within 3 months, reversibility of this vasoconstriction occurs, evidenced in neuroimaging, however, some patients may persist with clinical deficits as well as complications, such as ischemic lesions and cerebral hemorrhage [9, 16, 17, 48, 62, 64].

The physical examination may be normal, but in some cases, there are neurological deficits that contribute to the suspicion, such as aphasia, hemiparesis, ataxia, and visual changes [20].

Complementary laboratory tests such as a blood count, electrolyte analysis, and liver function tests are usually normal. However, inflammatory markers may occasionally be elevated when associated with a precipitating disease. Therefore, serum and urine drug toxicology should also be performed to screen for substances precipitating vasoconstriction [64]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is usually normal. However, it may present some abnormalities, such as pleocytosis of up to 15 nucleated cells, a small number of red blood cells, and minimally increased protein level (< 100) [1, 33, 64].

As for imaging, digital subtraction angiography is the gold standard method, but it is invasive and can lead to complications [1, 9, 10, 13, 41], and its performance during pregnancy is contraindicated [16]. Resonance angiography and CT angiography are alternatives used [1, 14], despite the possibility of not detecting abnormalities in small-caliber vessels [9]. Studies suggest that arteries with smaller calibers are affected first [13, 20, 35, 41, 66], so imaging tests may be normal initially [3, 10, 13, 34, 41, 67]; therefore, early angiographic evaluation may be negative in up to 20% of patients with RCVS [3, 5, 34]. For this reason, it is recommended that angiography be performed within 2–3 weeks of the onset of symptoms, a period in which cerebral vasoconstriction is at its maximum [36, 67]. If there is a high clinical suspicion of RCVS and images without alterations, the diagnostic hypothesis cannot be ruled out [9, 68]; therefore, neuroimaging should be repeated in 1–2 weeks [41].

The characteristic diagnostic finding is the presence of “beading” or “pearls on a sting” in the cerebral arteries, which corresponds to the alternating pattern of intense vasoconstriction and dilatation observed [5, 9, 10, 14, 17, 20]. Another frequent finding in angiography is multifocal strictures [17, 69]. On CT and MRI, the most frequent findings are ischemic lesions and cerebral hemorrhage, especially subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) [17, 70]. Magnetic resonance imaging is beneficial in analyzing associations and complications of RCVS, such as stroke [10, 17].

Although there is still no universal diagnostic criterion established [16, 17, 62], some studies describe the use of scores for the diagnosis of RCVS. For example, the RCVS2 score uses clinical and imaging information to make a differential diagnosis with other arteriopathies [16]. Scores above five have a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 90% [71], and if the score is equal to nine, the diagnosis of RCVS can be defined [16]. In addition, other scoring systems have been developed and must be validated in the patient's country of origin to be used [20, 72]. An example is the RCVS–TCH, which was presented, in an initial study, with a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 78% [20, 67].

Differential diagnosis

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome is contained in the group of diseases known to have a thunderclap headache. This group includes stroke, SAH, cervical artery dissection, intracranial aneurysm, cerebral venous thrombosis, and hypertensive crisis [5, 20, 56, 73]. The differential diagnosis should also include Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS), as the radiographic findings seen in RCVS are also present in PACNS, and there may be diagnostic confusion. Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System headache evolves insidiously and progressively, and the CSF often presents elevated protein, pleocytosis and, occasionally, oligoclonal bands [1, 5]. In RCVS, however, the headache is sudden, and the CSF is usually normal [1, 12]. At the time of clinical investigation, it is essential to make this differentiation carefully, since the recommended treatment of glucocorticoids used in PACNS can be harmful in RCVS, with worsening symptoms [1, 5, 48].

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is also part of the set of diseases present in the differential diagnosis of RCVS [9, 56, 68, 71]. Similar to RCVS, PRES may present with headaches [23]. Neuroimaging is an important exam to make this differentiation, as in PRES, vasogenic edema is seen in the parietal, frontal, and occipital regions [9, 68]. Another difference is that PRES rarely accompanies a stroke, as it happens with RCVS [71].

In addition, vasospasm secondary to SAH is also a differential diagnosis. Both RCVS and vasospasm secondary to SAH present severe headaches and occur more frequently in middle-aged females. On CT angiography, both conditions demonstrate subtle differences in segmental vasospasm [46].

Treatment

The treatment needs, initially, to go through discontinuation of the triggering factor of the symptoms, if known, such as illicit drugs, aggressive vasoactive drugs, and Valsalva maneuvers [9, 12, 13, 46].

In drug treatment, according to case reports and expert analyses, symptomatic patients are recommended to use multimodal analgesia, CCBs, antiepileptics in case of epileptic seizures, and antiemetics as necessary [5, 20]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in turn, are related to worsening RCVS symptoms and are, therefore, not recommended [20].

Regarding CCBs, intravenous and oral nimodipine, with a dosage of 30–60 mg every 4 h [64], is best described in the improvement of headache [74] in 64–83% of patients [1, 11, 17, 75]. In the form of an infusion of this drug, the dosage of one to two mg/h has been described. All routes of administration have been reported for the same 4–8 week period [64]. The use of nimodipine, at a dosage of 60 mg orally every 4 h, to avoid encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding, and reflex hypertension caused by cerebral vasoconstriction has also been described. It appears to be safe in breastfeeding women and neonates [22]. Moreover, in the context of COVID-19 infection, RCVS responds positively to nimodipine and aspirin [54].

However, although nimodipine is usually the first choice for the treatment of RCVS, it has not been shown to improve long-term outcomes or prevent complications [5, 9, 13, 20, 41].

The other choices of CCBs are verapamil and nicardipine [11, 76] orally and for 4–8 weeks [46]. In the literature, intra-arterial (IA) verapamil has been reported in a patient with RCVS refractory to treatment, causing a profound reversal of vasospasm. On the other hand, nimodipine was administered only to prevent further vasospasm. In this approach, the patient was discharged in a stable condition when it was verified that his weakness improved significantly [46]. In another report, a 36-year-old woman with headache, paresis, positive neurological examination for ataxia of the upper limb, and decreased sensitivity to touch, temperature, and vibration on the left side, while receiving treatment with intrathecal nicardipine, she obtained an improvement of the arterial vasospasm evidenced on angiography [77].

In addition to BCCs, headache is controlled by analgesics, such as aspirin, although there is still no strong evidence of the clinical efficacy of this use [17]. In another case report, intravenous milrinone was described with therapeutic success for RCVS associated with eclampsia and refractory to nimodipine. Efficacy is believed to be due to its anti-inflammatory effect and the vasodilatory effect of the phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor [78]. In addition, the use of IA vasodilating agents or angioplasty for the most severe cases has also been described. However, experience with these modalities is limited, and the benefit is unclear [5]. Although previously considered a potential treatment, corticosteroid use has had poor results in studies [1, 9, 13, 14, 28]. In addition, there is evidence of worsening RCVS soon after administering corticosteroids [13, 28, 39].

Therefore, it is worth noting that no guidelines or data from randomized studies are available in the literature to guide the management of RCVS effectively [11, 20].

Complications

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome has several complications, which include PRES, epileptic seizures, ischemic stroke, SAH, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) [3, 13, 14, 22, 36, 67, 79]. Such complications are present in about 25–33% of patients with RCVS [3, 13, 14]. One study observed an incidence of PRES in 38% of patients, epileptic seizures in 17%, stroke in 39%, SAH in 34%, and IPH in 20%. Furthermore, it demonstrated that 20% of patients had persistent neurological deficits [5]. Furthermore, cerebral edema was present in 38% of patients, death due to stroke in 2% [2], and signs of cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage in approximately 10–20% of patients [80].

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, one of the most reported complications in the articles read in this review, has an incidence in RCVS ranging from 8% to 38% [5, 6, 10, 20, 28, 33, 43, 66]. It is associated with increased blood flow, leading to endothelial dysfunction, cerebral edema, and hypoperfusion [20].

Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications have also been reported in many studies in the scientific literature, leading to persistent neurological deficits and death in more severe cases [5, 10, 20, 28, 30, 43]. Typically, these bleeding events occur during the first week and ischemic complications later, around the second week [1]. Convex SAH, which can manifest unilaterally or bilaterally, was seen in about 33% of RCVS cases [10], reaching 43% in some studies [5, 43].

Stroke is also a complication associated with RCVS and usually occurs up to 3 weeks after the syndrome [67, 79]. It has an incidence of 4% in patients with RCVS treated at health services, such as clinics and the emergency sector, and 39% in inpatient hospital settings, which reveals that RCVS is more severe in this environment [37]. In addition, patients with stroke and RCVS usually present with more severe manifestations, permanent neurological deficits, and even death [37]. Therefore, this complication is an essential indicator of a worse prognosis of RCVS [40].

Cognitive impairment, which may result from stroke, has been little described in the literature. In a case report, a 36-year-old female patient, after being diagnosed with RCVS, presented deficits in autobiographical memory, cognitive flexibility, verbal and non-verbal learning, and information processing. The involvement was verified bilaterally in the frontal and temporal lobes and in the same region of the vasoconstriction observed in the MRI [7].

Prognosis

The prognosis of RCVS is uncertain, but most patients have self-limiting manifestations [1, 11, 28] and a benign prognosis [40, 44, 54, 81], with 90–95% of patients recovering within weeks. Headache is reported to resolve within 3 weeks [7, 43], and angiographic findings within 12 weeks [7, 9, 12, 43, 64]. Less than 10% of patients are generally left with permanent and severe deficits, and deaths occur in 1% [5, 9, 68, 82] to 5% [14].

In the literature, there are still reports of recurrence of RCVS [17, 30, 32, 62, 83], with associated factors like the history of migraine [25] and physical exercise as a triggering factor for thunderclap headache in the first episode of RCVS [32]. Therefore, for a good prognosis and a lower chance of recurrence, avoiding the use of vasoactive substances that interfere with the clinical management of RCVS, such as adrenergic and serotonergic drugs, may be effective [84]. However, recurrence cases generally have a favorable outcome without serious complications [30].

However, some patients remain with a chronic daily headache that is difficult to treat, since many medications to relieve these symptoms are triggering factors for RCVS [8]. Furthermore, infarction, hemorrhage, or neurological deficits denote a worse prognosis [5, 7, 14]. Notably, there are also descriptions of patients in the postpartum state with worse prognoses, with death in 20% and residual deficits in 30% [68]. Remains of neurological deficits are also part of a poor prognosis, being more common in patients who had RCVS after trauma or surgical procedure [85] and who had deficiencies in focal cortical areas, such as aphasia, apraxia, and neglect during the syndrome. Thus, patients with risk factors for a worse prognosis must be better observed [17].

Conclusions

Due to the facts mentioned above, the main precipitating factors for RCVS are the postpartum state, nasal decongestants, and drugs with vasoactive properties. This understanding is fundamental to guide the treatment, since, initially, aggravating factors for the patient should be discontinued. In addition, although nimodipine is the drug of choice in most studies, in some cases, other drugs, such as verapamil and nicardipine, have better efficacy. The patient diagnosed with RCVS, especially combining the clinic with imaging tests, such as angiography, must undergo a thorough medical follow-up to avoid the appearance or, at least, the worsening of already known complications resulting from the syndrome.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Declarations

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Abkur TM, Saeed M, Alfaki NO, O’Connor M. Idiopathic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014206913. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206913.CrossRef

Hoshijima H, Itoh N, Iwase Y, Nagasaka H. Anesthetic management of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(10):2092-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.06.011.CrossRef

Asuzu DT, Kumar J, Capek S, Park MS. Fulminant reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:423–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.032.CrossRef

Shima A, Maki T, Mimura N, Yamashita H, Emoto N, Yoshifuji H, Takahashi R. A case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. eNeurologicalSci. 2021;24:100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100351.CrossRef

Bernard KR, Rivera M. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(1):26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.01.012.CrossRef

Belliston S, Sundararajan J, Hammond N, Newell K, Lynch S. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in association with fingolimod use. Int J Neurosci. 2017;127(9):831–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2016.1257991.CrossRef

Perdices M, Herkes G. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2018;28(2):223–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1257434.CrossRef

Senno R, Schonfeld E, Nagar C. Case report: OnabotulinumtoxinA injections: treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome chronic daily headaches. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228562.CrossRef

Sheikh HU, Mathew PG. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: updates and new perspectives. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(5):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0414-7.CrossRef

10.

Arrigan MT, Heran MK, Shewchuk JR. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: an important and common cause of thunderclap and recurrent headaches. Clin Radiol. 2018;73(5):417–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.11.017.CrossRef

11.

Liu L, Tan Q, Huang R, Hu Z. Analysis of postpartum reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in China: a case report and literature review. Medicine. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017170.CrossRef

12.

Kulkarni M, Chauhan V, Shetty S. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India. 2016;64:76–8.

13.

Gonsales D, das Gracas F, Santos R, Aguilar-Salinas P, Hanel RA. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome as an unusual complication of a dural arteriovenous fistula treated with onyx embolization. World Neurosurg. 2018;115:341–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.211.CrossRef

14.

Valencia-Mendoza M, Ramírez-Rodríguez N, Vargas-Avila N, Peña-Ortiz A, Corzo-Villamizar M, Serna-Ramírez L, et al. Fatal reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a systematic review of case series and case reports. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;70:183–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.014.CrossRef

15.

Smith A. Computed tomography angiography evidence of the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. Vis J Emerg Med. 2017;8:18–9.CrossRef

16.

Peace JM, Bhat AD, Peralta FM. Anesthetic management of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome during vaginal delivery: a case report. A A Pract. 2020;14(11):e01298. https://doi.org/10.1213/XAA.0000000000001298.CrossRef

17.

Song TJ, Lee KH, Li H, Kim JY, Chang K, Kim SH, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a comprehensive systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(9):3519–29. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202105_25834.CrossRef

18.

Ducros A, Wolff V. The typical thunderclap headache of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and its various triggers. Headache. 2016;56(4):657–73.CrossRef

19.

Kalladka D, Siddiqui A, Tyagi A, Newman E. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome secondary to caffeine withdrawal. Scott Med J. 2018;63(1):22–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0036933017706892.CrossRef

20.

Spadaro A, Scott KR, Koyfman A, Long B. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a narrative review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:765–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.072.CrossRef

21.

Kumai Y, Seguchi O, Sato T, Wada K, Shiozawa M, Yokota C, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after heart transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2017;49(10):2415–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.10.016.CrossRef

22.

McIlroy E, Sethuraman R, Woograsingh R, Nelson-Piercy C, Gilbert-Kawai E. Severe postpartum headache and hypertension caused by reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report. A A Case Rep. 2017;9(10):289–91. https://doi.org/10.1213/XAA.0000000000000595.CrossRef

23.

Turetti M, Barbagallo M, Scoditti U, Genovese A, Angeli L, Fieni S, et al. A case of postpartum headache post dural puncture. Post dural puncture headache or reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome-posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Acta Biomed. 2021;92(S1):e2021119. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92iS1.10960.CrossRef

24.

Pop A, Carbonnel M, Wang A, Josserand J, Auliac SC, Ayoubi JM. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a patient presenting with postpartum eclampsia: a case report. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(6):431–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.03.019.CrossRef

25.

Lozupone E, Distefano M, Calandrelli R, Della Marca G, Pedicelli A, Pilato F. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a severe neurological complication in postpartum period. Neurol India. 2020;68(1):192. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.279674.CrossRef

26.

Joh SW, Kim SY, Shin BS, Kang HG. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with basilar artery stenosis: a case report. Medicine. 2021;100(38):e27337. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027337.CrossRef

27.

Hiraga A, Aotsuka Y, Koide K, Kuwabara S. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome precipitated by airplane descent: case report. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(11):1102–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102416665226.CrossRef

28.

Ospel JM, Wright CH, Jung R, Vidal LL, Manjila S, Singh G, et al. Intra-arterial verapamil treatment in oral therapy-refractory reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(2):293–9. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6378.CrossRef

29.

Chung SW, Lee KM, Heo SH, Ra R, Hong SJ, Yang HI, et al. A systemic lupus erythematosus patient with thunderclap headache: reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lupus. 2019;28(7):898–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203319845485.CrossRef

30.

Ling YH, Chen SP. Narrative review: headaches after reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(12):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-00908-1.CrossRef

31.

Mendes NT, de Freitas LR, Lopes RP, Silva LS, de Oliveira FTM. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after intrathecal cytarabine. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2020.10.961.CrossRef

32.

Boitet R, Gaillard N, Bendiab E, Corti L, Roos C, Reynes J, et al. Concomitant reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and transient global amnesia. J Neurol. 2020;267(2):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09594-5.CrossRef

33.

Chen H, Xu Z, Yuan Y. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated spinal subdural hematoma: a case report. Medicine. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021522.CrossRef

34.

Maeda S, Saito S, Toda K, Miyagawa S, Yoshikawa Y, Hata H, et al. A case of tacrolimus-induced reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after heart transplantation. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;68(12):1483–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-020-01309-2.CrossRef

35.

Kato Y, Fujita S, Osada T, Takahashi S, Takao M. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome triggered by typhoon Hagibis in 2019: report of 2 cases. Headache. 2020;60(4):781–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13775.CrossRef

36.

Mansoor T, Alsarah AA, Mousavi H, Eliyas JK, Girotra T, Hussein O. COVID-19 associated reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome successfully treated with nimodipine and aspirin. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(7):105822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105822.CrossRef

37.

Garg A, Starr M, Rocha M, Ortega-Gutierrez S. Predictors and outcomes of ischemic stroke in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Neurol. 2021;268(8):3020–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10456-2.CrossRef

38.

Rao P, McCullough MF, Stevens J, Edwardson MA. Grief-induced reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(1):e232204. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232204.CrossRef

39.

Oguchi K, Fukushima K, Nakamura A, Takei YI. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with cardiac involvement during treatment for iron deficiency anemia: caser report. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02509-w.CrossRef

40.

Yamada H, Kikuchi R, Nakamura A, Miyazaki H. Leuprolide acetate pseudomenopause therapy as a cause of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;187:105562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105562.CrossRef

41.

Yancy H, Lee-Iannotti JK, Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Headache. 2013;53(3):570–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12040.CrossRef

42.

Jamali SA, Rozen TD. An RCVS Spectrum disorder? New daily persistent headache starting as a single thunderclap headache (3 new cases). Headache. 2019;59(5):789–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13495.CrossRef

43.

Patel SD, Topiwala K, Saini V, Patel N, Pervez M, Al-Mufti F, et al. Hemorrhagic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a retrospective observational study. J Neurol. 2021;268(2):632–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10193-y.CrossRef

44.

Machner B, Boppel T, Münte T. Isoflavones and gastrointestinal infection: two potential triggers for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(5):984–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417714245.CrossRef

45.

Costa I, Mendonça MD, e Silva VC, Calado S, Viana-Baptista M. Herbal supplements association with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(3):673–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.125.CrossRef

46.

Ramineni KK, Jakkani RK, Girgani S, Balani A, Satyanarayan S. Triptan-induced reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome presenting with thunderclap headache and paraparesis. Neurologist. 2018;23(5):160–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0000000000000193.CrossRef

47.

Rozen TD, Bhatt AA. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome developing after an erenumab injection for migraine prevention. Cephalalgia. 2022;42(3):250–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211037277.CrossRef

48.

Gonzalez-Martinez A, Romero-Palacián D, Dotor García-Soto J, Sánchez P, ReigRoselló G, Zapata WG. Tocilizumab-associated reversible cerebral vasoconstriction: a case report. Headache. 2019;59(2):259–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13466.CrossRef

49.

Mathis S, Palazzo P, Lamy M, Ragot S, Lapeyrie S, Ricco JB, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after bilateral carotid paraganglioma resection: a case report. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(1):89–93.CrossRef

50.

Pantoja-Ruiz C, Ricaurte-Fajardo A, Ocampo-Navia MI, Coral-Casas J. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with a suprarenal mass. Prague Med Rep. 2020;121(2):107–13. https://doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2020.9.CrossRef

51.

Togha M, Babaei M, Ghelichi PG. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS): an interesting case report. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01225-7.CrossRef

52.

Dakay K, Kaur G, Gulko E, Santarelli J, Bowers C, Mayer SA, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and dissection in the setting of COVID-19 infection. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(9):105011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105011.CrossRef

53.

Arandela K, Samudrala S, Abdalkader M, Anand P, Daneshmand A, Dasenbrock H, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in patients with coronavirus disease: a multicenter case series. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(12):106118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106118.CrossRef

54.

Ray S, Kamath VV, Raju A, Rajesh KN, Shalini N. Fulminant reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in breakthrough COVID 19 infection. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(2):106238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.CrossRef

55.

Safran SL, Balmer C, Savoldelli G. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome during caesarean section. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(12):e230606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-230606.CrossRef

56.

Levitt A, Zampolin R, Burns J, Bello JA, Slasky SE. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: distinct clinical entities with overlapping pathophysiology. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019;57(6):1133–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2019.07.001.CrossRef

57.

Isikbay M, Narsinh KH, Arroyo S, Smith WS, Cooke DL, Higashida RT, et al. Computed tomography perfusion abnormalities ater carotid endarterectomy help in the diagnosis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2021;7(1):171–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.10.010.CrossRef

58.

Ji JY, Jung HS, Yoo SH, Son HD, Kim AJ. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction with thunderclap headache: a case report. Medicine. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018254.CrossRef

59.

Hara D, Nukui S, Shimizu T, Akiyama H, Hasegawa Y. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after administering etanercept during puerperium. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(4):e10-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.12.012.CrossRef

60.

Harahsheh E, Gritsch D, Mbonde A, Apolinario M, Hoxworth JM, Demaerschalk BM. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in the setting of COVID-19 and pleomorphic sarcoma: a case report. Neurologist. 2022;27(3):135–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0000000000000387.CrossRef

61.

Yamamoto K, Kato Y, Shinohara K, Kutsuna S, Takeshita N, Hayakawa K, et al. Case report: reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(2):505. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0665.CrossRef

62.

Manning T, Bartow C, Dunlap M, Kiehl R, Kneale H, Walker A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with fluoxetine. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2021;62(6):634–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.07.013.CrossRef

63.

Kweh BT, Tan T, Morokoff A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: a case report and literature review. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;84:38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.12.013.CrossRef

64.

Calic Z, Cappelen-Smith C, Zagami AS. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Intern Med J. 2015;45(6):599–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12669.CrossRef

65.

Matsubayashi T, Oniki A, Furuki M, Obayashi M. A case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome without headache that was initially suspected of being primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Intern Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.6560-20.CrossRef

66.

Saito K, Shimizu Y, Higuma M, Kubodera T, Wada Y. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after rapid blood transfusion. Intern Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.1768-18.CrossRef

67.

Cho S, Ling YH, Lee MJ, Chen SP, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, et al. Temporal profile of blood–brain barrier breakdown in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Stroke. 2020;51(5):1451–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028656.CrossRef

68.

Hayashi R, Hayashi S, Machida S. Ophthalmological symptoms in a patient with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-021-02746-0.CrossRef

69.

Tsuda M, Shiratsuchi M, Nakashima Y, Ikeda M, Muta H, Narazaki T, et al. Upshaw-Schulman syndrome diagnosed during pregnancy complicated by reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Transfus Apher Sci. 2018;57(6):790–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2018.10.023.CrossRef

70.

Lee SH, Yun SJ, Choi YH. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage: a rare cause of postpartum seizure. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(5):807-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.12.021.CrossRef

71.

Lin B, Wang C, Lu N, Zhang L, Jiang B. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with cerebral infarction caused by acute high-level vapor exposure of ethylene oxide: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02429-9.CrossRef

72.

Rocha EA, Topcuoglu MA, Silva GS, Singhal AB. RCVS2 score and diagnostic approach for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Neurology. 2019;92(7):e639-47. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006917.CrossRef

73.

Judge C, Yacoub H, Chu C, Nizam A, Sivakumar K, Mehta D. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome following carotid endarterectomy: a case report. Neurologist. 2020;25(4):104–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0000000000000280.CrossRef

74.

Thottempudi N, Kovalev D, Munder SP, Shaltoni H, Chhabra AS, Raghuram K, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome following exposure to oleoresin capsicum “pepper spray.” J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(10):106006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106006.CrossRef

75.

Ueno S, Takeda J, Maruyama Y, Makino S, Miyamoto N, Itakura A. Antepartum eclampsia with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndromes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020;46(10):2147–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14410.CrossRef

76.

Laeeq R, Berman JS, Khalid U, Lakkis NM, Tabbaa R. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with coronary artery vasospasm. Tex Heart Inst J. 2019;46(2):139–42. https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-17-6403.CrossRef

77.

Zeitouni D, Parish JM, Smith M, Stetler WR, Bernard JD. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome successfully treated by intrathecal nicardipine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;206:106705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106705.CrossRef

78.

Hadhiah KM, Alshagawi ZA, Alzahrani SK, Alrayes MM, Aldandan HW. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a background of eclampsia responding to milrinone infusion. Am J Case Rep. 2021;22:e934528-1. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.934528.CrossRef

79.

Kato Y, Hayashi T, Sano H, Kato R, Tanahashi N, Takao M. Cough headache presenting with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Intern Med. 2018;57(10):1459–61. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.0061-17.CrossRef

80.

Murase S, Gon Y, Watanabe A, Todo K, Kohara N, Mochizuki H, et al. Isolated cortical vasogenic edema and hyperintense vessel signs may be early features of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: case reports. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(6):1207–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417731779.CrossRef

81.

Descamps R, Envain F, Kuchcinski G, Clouqueur E, Henon H, Gonzalez-Estevez M. Cesarean section under general anesthesia for antepartum reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(12):2461–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14107.CrossRef

82.

Patel SD, Topiwala K, Otite Oliver F, Saber H, Panza G, Mui G, et al. Outcomes among patients with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a nationwide United States analysis. Stroke. 2021;52(12):3970–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.034424.CrossRef

83.

Kumar S, Chandra KN, Ayub A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome a rare cause of post-partum headache: an anesthetic overview. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2019;69:311–4.CrossRef

84.

John S, Hajj-Ali RA, Min D, Calabrese LH, Cerejo R, Uchino K. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: is it more than just cerebral vasoconstriction? Cephalalgia. 2015;35(7):631–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414547139.CrossRef

85.

Cossu G, Daniel RT, Hottinger AF, Maduri R, Messerer M. Malignant PRES and RCVS after brain surgery in the early postpartum period. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;185:105489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105489.CrossRef

Titel: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: literature review
verfasst von: Michelle Zonkowski Ribas
Gabriela Ferreira Paticcié
Sara Diógenes Peixoto de Medeiros
Arthur de Oliveira Veras
Felipe Micelli Noleto
Júlio César Claudino dos Santos
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2023
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery / Ausgabe 1/2023
Elektronische ISSN: 1687-8329
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-023-00607-9

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Demenz Nachrichten

Der Einsatz von Antipsychotika gegen psychische und Verhaltenssymptome in Zusammenhang mit Demenzerkrankungen erfordert eine sorgfältige Nutzen-Risiken-Abwägung. Neuen Erkenntnissen zufolge sind auf der Risikoseite weitere schwerwiegende Ereignisse zu berücksichtigen.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

29.05.2024 Morbus Alzheimer Nachrichten

Mit einem Neurotrophin-Rezeptor-Modulator lässt sich möglicherweise eine bestehende Alzheimerdemenz etwas abschwächen: Erste Phase-2-Daten deuten auf einen verbesserten Synapsenschutz.

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Publisher's Note

Introduction

Methods

Discussion

General aspects

Associated factors

Pathophysiology

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

Complications

Prognosis

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Competing interests

Publisher's Note

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2023

Does post-acute COVID-19 syndrome women's sex problems link to psychiatry after 6 months?

The diversity of neurocysticercosis clinical manifestations in Bali, Indonesia: a case series

A rare case report of non-syndromic unilateral cerebellar dysplasia and hypoplasia: a diagnostic enigma

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: from concise history to current management

Gender disparity versus equality in acute stroke: a Middle Eastern country hospital-based study

Applying the World Stroke Organization roadmap in planning a model for stroke service implementation in Matrouh Governorate-Egypt: a World Stroke Organization young future stroke leaders’ analytical study

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

Update Neurologie