Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ)
Sleep Self Report (SSR)
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Child sample (n = 855) | Adolescent sample (n = 1,047) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | mean (SD) | n (%) | mean (SD) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 434 (50.8) | 508 (48.5) | ||
Female | 421 (49.2) | 539 (51.5) | ||
Age (y) | 7.2 (1.79) | 13.2 (2.16) | ||
4–5 | 249 (29.1) | |||
6–7 | 251 (29.4) | |||
8–9 | 355 (41.5) | |||
10–11 | 365 (34.9) | |||
12–13 | 288 (27.5) | |||
14–15 | 260 (24.8) | |||
16–17 | 134 (12.8) | |||
SES a | 13.4 (3.39) | 12.7 (3.47) | ||
Low | 82 (9.6) | 147 (14.0) | ||
Middle | 499 (58.4) | 640 (61.1) | ||
High | 274 (32.0) | 260 (24.8) | ||
n (%) b | missing (%) | n (%) b | missing (%) | |
School education | 232 (27.1) | 455 (43.4) | ||
Low | 17 (2.7) | 30 (5.1) | ||
Middle | 179 (28.7) | 224 (37.9) | ||
High | 413 (66.3) | 318 (53.8) | ||
Living with child | 42 (4.91) | 270 (25.8) | ||
Mother | 803 (98.8) | 755 (97.2) | ||
Father | 601 (73.9) | 522 (67.2) | ||
Own nursery | 684 (84.1) | 42 (4.91) | 716 (92.3) | 271 (25.9) |
Sleep duration in the child sample
Problematic amounts of sleep‐related difficulties in the child and the adolescent sample
Associations between sleep‐related difficulties and age, gender, and SES
Child sample
Dependent variables | ||||||
Sleep-related anxiety | Sleep-disordered breathing | Sleep onset delay | ||||
Independent variables | b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p |
Age | -0.11 (-0.16; -0.06) | < .001 | -0.02 (-0.05; 0.01) | .167 | -0.09 (-0.11; -0.06) | < .001 |
Gender a | -0.18 (-0.36; 0.002) | .053 | -0.05 (-0.15; 0.05) | .354 | 0.01 (-0.09; 0.11) | .840 |
SES | -0.04 (-0.07; -0.02) | .002 | -0.02 (-0.04; -0.01) | .005 | -0.001 (-0.02; 0.01) | .920 |
Night waking | Daytime sleepiness | Sleep duration | ||||
b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | |
Age | -0.11 (-0.15; -0.06) | < .001 | 0.19 (0.09; 0.30) | < .001 | 0.03 (-0.02; 0.08) | .231 |
Gender a | -0.17 (-0.32; -0.01) | .037 | -0.07 (-0.44; 0.31) | .726 | -0.10 (-0.27; 0.08) | .287 |
SES | 0.01 (-0.01; 0.04) | .218 | 0.05 (-0.01; 0.10) | .085 | -0.003 (-0.03; 0.02) | .809 |
Parasomnia | Bedtime resistance | Total difficulties score | ||||
b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | |
Age | -0.07 (-0.12; -0.01) | .013 | -0.08 (-0.14; -0.01) | .020 | -0.18 (-0.39; 0.03) | .096 |
Gender a | -0.23 (-0.42; -0.04) | .020 | -0.03 (-0.27; 0.20) | .788 | -0.75 (-1.51; 0.01) | .052 |
SES | -0.06 (-0.09; -0.04) | < .001 | -0.03 (-0.07; 0.0002) | .052 | -0.10 (-0.21; 0.02) | .092 |
Adolescent sample
Dependent variables | ||||
Bedtime difficulties | Sleep behavior difficulties | |||
Independent variables | b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p |
Age | -0.08 (-0.16; -0.01) | .030 | -0.03 (-0.09; 0.02) | .182 |
Gender a | 0.22 (-0.10; 0.54) | .180 | 0.46 (0.24; 0.68) | < .001 |
SES | -0.07 (-0.11; -0.02) | .004 | -0.04 (-0.07; -0.005) | .025 |
Daytime sleepiness | Total difficulties score | |||
b (95% CI) | p | b (95% CI) | p | |
Age | 0.13 (0.09; 0.18) | < .001 | 0.02 (-0.11; 0.15) | .798 |
Gender a | 0.10 (-0.08; 0.28) | .282 | 0.78 (0.22; 1.33) | .007 |
SES | -0.01 (-0.04; 0.01) | .280 | -0.12 (-0.20; -0.04) | .004 |