Background
Aim
Methods
Study sample and procedure
Questionnaire
Social stressors and social resources
Health outcomes
Translation and piloting of the final instrument
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Total n (%) | Women only n (%) | Men only n (%) | Younger groupa n (%) | Older groupa n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Female | 797 (71.3) | 797 (100) | - | 433 (71.0) | 364 (71.7) |
Male | 321 (28.7) | - | 321 (100) | 177 (29.0) | 144 (28.3) |
Age, mean (SD) | 26.2 (7.2) | 26.3 (7.4) | 26.1 (6.9) | 21.0 (2.6) | 32.5 (6.0) |
Highest level of education | |||||
No formal education | 190 (17.0) | 155 (19.4) | 35 (10.9) | 58 (9.5) | 132 (26.0) |
Grade 1–5 | 527 (47.1) | 384 (48.2) | 143 (44.5) | 292 (47.9) | 235 (46.3) |
Grade 6–10 | 330 (29.5) | 219 (27.5) | 111 (34.6) | 213 (34.9) | 117 (23.0) |
Lower secondary exam (matric/SSC) | 47 (4.2) | 28 (3.5) | 19 (5.9) | 33 (5.4) | 14 (2.8) |
Higher secondary exam (Intermediate/HSC) | 20 (1.8) | 8 (1.0) | 12 (3.7) | 14 (2.3) | 6 (1.2) |
Bachelor’s degree | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.6) |
Postgraduate degree | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 738 (66.0) | 524 (65.7) | 214 (66.7) | 313 (51.3) | 425 (83.7) |
Separated or divorced | 64 (5.7) | 60 (7.5) | 4 (1.2) | 27 (4.4) | 37 (7.3) |
Never married | 281 (25.1) | 178 (22.3) | 103 (32.1) | 267 (43.8) | 14 (2.8) |
Husband/wife died | 35 (3.1) | 35 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) | 32 (6.3) |
Currently smoking tobacco products | |||||
Yes | 279 (25.0) | 146 (18.3) | 133 (41.4) | 94 (15.4) | 185 (36.4) |
No | 839 (75.0) | 651 (81.7) | 188 (58.6) | 516 (84.6) | 323 (63.6) |
Total | Women only | Men only | Younger groupb | Older groupb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CIa) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |
Social conflict at work | ||||||||||
Bullied by your colleagues on the same rank | 163 | 14.6 (12.6- 16.8) | 116 | 14.6 (12.2–17.2) | 47 | 14.6 (11.0–19.0) | 80 | 13.1 (10.5–16.1) | 83 | 16.3 (13.2–19.8) |
Bullied by your supervisor | 137 | 12.3 (10.4–14.3) | 94 | 11.8 (9.6–14.2) | 43 | 13.4 (9.9–17.6) | 68 | 11.1 (8.8–13.9) | 69 | 13.6 (10.7–16.9) |
Combined bullying variable | ||||||||||
Bullied neither by supervisor nor by colleagues | 912 | 81.6 (79.3–83.9) | 653 | 81.9 (79.1–84.5) | 259 | 80.7 (75.9–84.9) | 506 | 83.0 (79.7–85.9) | 406 | 79.9 (76.2–83.3) |
Bullied by either supervisor or colleagues | 108 | 9.7 (8.0–11.6) | 76 | 9.5 (7.6–11.8) | 32 | 10.0 (6.9–13.8) | 58 | 9.5 (7.3–12.1) | 50 | 9.8 (7.4–12.8) |
Bullied by both, supervisor, and colleagues | 96 | 8.6 (7.0–10.4) | 67 | 8.4 (6.6–10.6) | 29 | 9.0 (6.1–12.7) | 45 | 7.4 (5.4–9.7) | 51 | 10.0 (7.6–13.0) |
Leadership at work | ||||||||||
Supervisors do not care about workers' problems | 500 | 44.7 (41.8–47.7) | 343 | 43.0 (39.6–46.6) | 157 | 48.9 (43.3–54.5) | 283 | 46.4 (42.2–50.4) | 217 | 42.7 (38.4–47.1) |
Supervisors take decisions that are free of personal bias | 846 | 75.7 (73.0–78.2) | 593 | 74.4 (71.2–77.4) | 253 | 78.8 (73.9–83.2) | 473 | 77.5 (74.0–80.8) | 373 | 73.4 (69.4–77.2) |
Combined leadership variable | ||||||||||
Neither do supervisors care about problems nor do they take decisions free of bias | 115 | 10.3 (8.6–12.3) | 82 | 10.3 (8.3–12.6) | 33 | 10.3 (7.2–14.1) | 54 | 8.9 (6.7–11.4) | 61 | 12.0 (9.3–15.2) |
Supervisors do care about problems or take decisions free of bias | 536 | 48.2 (45.2–51.2) | 378 | 47.4 (43.9–51.0) | 158 | 49.2 (43.6–54.8) | 311 | 51.0 (46.9–55.0) | 225 | 44.3 (39.9–48.7) |
Supervisors do care about problems and take decisions free of bias | 461 | 41.5 (38.5–44.4) | 332 | 41.7 (38.2–45.2) | 129 | 40.2 (34.8–45.8) | 244 | 40.0 (36.1–44.0) | 217 | 42.7 (38.4–47.1) |
Social support at work | ||||||||||
Support from your colleagues on the same rank | 900 | 80.5 (78.1–82.8) | 635 | 79.7 (76.7–82.4) | 265 | 82.6 (78.0–86.5) | 508 | 83.3 (80.1–86.2) | 392 | 77.2 (73.3–80.7) |
Support from your supervisor | 961 | 86.0 (83.8–87.9) | 686 | 86.1 (83.5–88.4) | 275 | 85.7 (81.4–89.3) | 543 | 89.0 (86.3–91.4) | 418 | 82.3 (78.7–85.5) |
Combined support variable | ||||||||||
Supported neither by supervisor nor by colleagues | 103 | 9.2 (7.6–11.1) | 70 | 8.8 (6.9–11.0) | 33 | 10.3 (7.2–14.2) | 43 | 7.0 (5.1–9.4) | 60 | 11.8 (9.1–14.9) |
Supported by either supervisor or colleagues | 167 | 14.9 (12.9–17.2) | 132 | 16.6 (14.0–19.3) | 35 | 10.9 (7.7–14.8) | 83 | 13.6 (11.0–16.6) | 84 | 16.5 (13.4–20.1) |
Supported by both, supervisor, and colleagues | 846 | 75.7 (73.2–78.3) | 594 | 74.5 (71.4–77.5) | 252 | 78.5 (73.6–82.9) | 484 | 79.3 (75.9–82.5) | 362 | 71.3 (67.1–75.2) |
Hierarchical interactions at work | ||||||||||
Trust in the information that comes from the management | 921 | 82.4 (80.0–84.6) | 679 | 85.2 (82.5–87.6) | 242 | 75.4 (70.3–80.0) | 507 | 83.1 (79.9–86.0) | 414 | 81.5 (77.8–84.8) |
Management trusts the employees to do their work well (perceived) | 1052 | 94.1 (92.6–95.4) | 761 | 95.5 (93.8–96.8) | 291 | 90.7 (86.9–93.6) | 577 | 94.6 (92.5–96.2) | 475 | 93.5 (91.0–95.5) |
Combined trust variable | ||||||||||
Vertical trust in neither of both directions | 37 | 3.3 (2.4–4.6) | 21 | 2.6 (1.6–4.0) | 16 | 5.0 (2.9–8.1) | 1 | 2.8 (1.6–4.4) | 20 | 3.9 (2.4–6.0) |
Vertical trust in one direction | 177 | 15.9 (13.8–18.2) | 110 | 13.8 (11.5–16.4) | 67 | 20.9 (16.6–25.7) | 97 | 15.9 (13.1–19.0) | 80 | 15.7 (12.7–19.2) |
Vertical trust in both directions | 897 | 80.7 (78.3–83.0) | 665 | 83.4 (80.7–45.2) | 232 | 72.3 (67.9–77.1) | 493 | 80.8 (77.5–83.9) | 404 | 79.5 (75.8–83.0) |
Health outcomes | Total | Women only | Men only | Younger groupb | Older groupb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95%CIa) | n | % (95%CI) | n | % (95%CI) | n | % (95%CI) | n | % (95%CI) | |
Self-reported health | ||||||||||
Very good | 198 | 17.7 (15.5–20.1) | 130 | 16.3 (13.8–19.1) | 68 | 21.2 (16.8–26.1) | 125 | 20.5 (17.4–23.9) | 73 | 14.4 (11.4–17.7) |
Good | 496 | 44.4 (41.4–47.3) | 337 | 42.3 (38.8–45.8) | 159 | 49.5 (43.9–55.1) | 291 | 47.7 (43.7–51.8) | 205 | 40.4 (36.1–44.8) |
Moderate | 331 | 29.6 (26.9–32.4) | 251 | 31.5 (28.3–34.8) | 80 | 24.9 (20.3–30.0) | 156 | 25.6 (22.2–29.2) | 175 | 34.3 (30.3–38.8) |
Bad | 72 | 6.4 (5.1–8.0) | 61 | 7.7 (5.9–9.7) | 11 | 3.4 (1.7–6.0) | 31 | 5.1 (3.5–7.1) | 41 | 8.1 (5.9–10.8) |
Very bad | 21 | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | 18 | 2.3 (1.3–3.5) | 3 | 0.9 (0.2–2.7) | 7 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 14 | 2.8 (1.5–4.6) |
Prevalence of self-reported health complaints in the past 2 months | ||||||||||
Back pain | 567 | 50.8 (47.7–53.7) | 433 | 54.3 (50.8–57.8) | 134 | 41.7 (36.3–47.4) | 292 | 47.9 (43.8–51.9) | 275 | 54.1 (49.7–58.5) |
Sleeplessness | 343 | 30.7 (28.0–33.5) | 246 | 30.9 (27.7–34.2) | 97 | 30.2 (25.2–35.6) | 153 | 25.1 (21.7–28.7) | 190 | 37.4 (33.2–41.8) |
Headache | 764 | 68.3 (65.5–71.1) | 571 | 71.6 (68.4–74.8) | 193 | 60.1 (54.5–65.5) | 413 | 67.6 (63.8–71.4) | 351 | 69.1 (64.9–73.1) |
Breathing problems | 74 | 6.6 (5.2–8.2) | 65 | 8.2 (6.4–10.3) | 9 | 2.8 (1.3–5.3) | 32 | 5.2 (3.6–7.3) | 42 | 8.3 (6.0–11.0) |
Cold | 618 | 55.3 (52.3–58.2) | 457 | 57.3 (53.8–60.8) | 161 | 50.2 (44.6–55.8) | 324 | 53.1 (49.1–57.1) | 294 | 57.9 (53.4–62.2) |
Tuberculosis | 9 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 7 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 2 | 0.6 (0.1–2.2) | 3 | 0.5 (0.1–1.4) | 6 | 1.2 (0.04–0.26) |
Jaundice | 497 | 44.5 (41.5–47.4) | 363 | 45.5 (42.0–49.1) | 134 | 41.7 (36.3–47.4) | 259 | 42.5 (38.5–46.5) | 238 | 46.9 (42.4–51.3) |
Stomach problems | 323 | 28.9 (26.2–31.6) | 244 | 30.6 (27.4–33.9) | 79 | 24.6 (20.0–29.7) | 160 | 26.2 (22.8–29.9) | 163 | 32.1 (28.0–36.3) |
Muscle cramps | 477 | 42.7 (39.7–45.6) | 363 | 45.5 (42.0–49.1) | 114 | 35.5 (30.3–41.0) | 234 | 38.4 (34.5–42.4) | 243 | 47.8 (43.4–52.3) |
Eye problems | 253 | 22.6 (20.2–25.2) | 194) | 24.3 (21.4–27.5) | 59 | 18.4 (14.3–23.1) | 105 | 17.2 (14.3–20.4) | 148 | 29.1 (25.2–33.3) |
Social conflict at work | Leadership at work | ||||||||
Bullied by colleagues | Bullied by supervisor | Bullied by either colleagues or supervisor (vs. neither nor) | Bullied by both colleagues and supervisor (vs. neither nor) | Supervisors do not care about workers’ problems | Supervisors take decisions free of personal bias | Supervisors do care about problems or take decisions free of bias (vs. neither nor) | Supervisors do care about problems and take decisions free of bias (vs. neither nor) | ||
PR (95% CI)a | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
Poor SRH | 1.55 (1.32–1.92) | 1.48 (1.23–1.77) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 1.72 (1.43–2.07) | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | |
Back pain | 1.22 (1.06–1.40) | 1.34 (1.16–1.54) | 1.27 (1.07–1.49) | 1.30 (1.10–1.55) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | |
Sleeplessness | 1.62 (1.33–1.97) | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | 1.39 (1.08–1.79) | 1.66 (1.30–2.12) | 1.09 (0.92–1.31) | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | 0.69 (0.54–0.87) | 0.61 (0.48–0.79) | |
Headache | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 1.15 (1.03–1.27) | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | |
Cold | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) | 1.25 (1.06–1.46) | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | |
Jaundice | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 1.04 (0.82–1.30) | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | |
Stomach problems | 1.47 (1.19–1.83) | 1.49 (1.19–1.88) | 1.01 (0.73–1.40) | 1.75 (1.38–2.22) | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) | 1.29 (0.89–1.88) | 1.45 (0.99–2.10) | |
Muscle cramp | 1.65 (1.43–1.90) | 1.70 (1.47–1.96) | 1.52 (1.26–1.82) | 1.83 (1.56–2.15) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) | 0.85 (0.70–1.04) | |
Eye problems | 1.48 (1.15–1.90) | 1.38 (1.04–1.85) | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 1.63 (1.20–2.21) | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 1.07 (0.75–1.51) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | |
Social support at work | Hierarchical interactions at work | ||||||||
Support from colleagues | Support from supervisor | Support from either colleagues or supervisor (vs. neither nor) | Support from both colleagues and supervisor (vs. neither nor) | Trust in information from management | Management trusts the employees (perceived) | Vertical trust in one direction (vs. neither nor) | Vertical trust in both directions (vs. neither nor) | ||
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
Poor SRH | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.60 (0.50–0.72) | 0.74 (0.62–0.87) | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 1.14 (0.75–1.74) | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | |
Back pain | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.95 (0.78–1.17) | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) | |
Sleeplessness | 0.75 (0.61–0.91) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 0.85 (0.55–1.33) | |
Headache | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.89 (0.73–1.10) | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | |
Cold | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 1.23 (1.00–1.50) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | |
Jaundice | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.94 (0.75–1.19) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 0.88 (0.63–1.22) | |
Stomach problems | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 1.35 (0.94–1.94) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | |
Muscle cramp | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 0.74 (0.63–0.87) | 1.10 (0.86–1.39) | 0.81 (0.66–1.01) | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | |
Eye problems | 0.86 (0.67–1.09) | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 0.71 (0.54–0.94) | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.96 (0.58–1.59) | 1.72 (0.81–3.65) | 1.17 (0.57–2.43) |