Bladder diverticulectomy is a surgical operation for symptomatic or large bladder diverticula. Typically, bladder diverticula are because of infravesical obstruction, although congenital diverticula can occur that may be large and symptomatic. The ability to excise the diverticulum completely, avoid important adjacent structures, and close the bladder defect in a watertight fashion are key fundamentals to this operation. Traditionally done via an open extravesical, intravesical, or combined approach, bladder diverticulectomy can now be done in a minimally invasive fashion. Both laparoscopic and robot-assisted methods have clear advantages over open surgery, including smaller incision, reduced pain, improved cosmesis, and reduced blood loss, with an equivalent functional result. Large bladder diverticula, particularly those involving the ureteric orifice which required ureteric reimplantation, were often considered beyond the scope of conventional laparoscopy. Recently, use of robotic technology as a means of facilitating laparoscopic excision of bladder diverticula has provided the ability to treat large and more complex diverticula. Advantages of the robotic approach are the finer precision and dexterity of the instruments coupled with three-dimensional imaging. Although there are several case reports describing pure laparoscopic diverticulectomy, as far as we are aware there are no published reports of robotic bladder diverticulectomy. This paper will outline a safe and reproducible surgical technique for performing robotic bladder diverticulectomy using the da Vinci-S surgical system.
Introduction
Bladder diverticula can be classified as congenital or acquired with the latter being more common in the older population, with infravesical obstruction related to benign prostatic hyperplasia or urethral stricture disease [1]. In the younger group, posterior urethral valves and neurogenic bladder should be excluded. Congenital bladder diverticula are uncommon but can be large and rarely present as urinary retention [2, 3].
Although laparoscopic surgery is feasible for bladder diverticulectomy, it remains a technically demanding procedure. The ability to excise the diverticulum and repair the bladder defect in a watertight fashion while avoiding other adjacent structures is essential to obtaining a good result. Consequently most surgeons would tend to offer patients an open operation rather than a minimally invasive one.
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Use of robot-assisted technology may provide a means of overcoming the challenges faced with pure laparoscopy. The greater ease of movement and precision of suturing combined with 3D vision enables the surgeon to replicate open surgical techniques more accurately.
Materials and methods
We performed three robotic bladder diverticulectomies during the period January–May 2007. Before surgery, work up included urinalysis, full blood count, electrolytes, and creatinine. Imaging included renal tract ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram, and CT cystogram with 3D reconstructions.
Cystoscopy was performed to exclude anatomical obstruction and to give the exact size and location of the diverticulum and the proximity to the ureter (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
CT cystogram
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Results
Patients were aged 16, 20, and 58. The mean operating time was 90 min and the average blood loss was 50 mL. The mean length of stay was 3 days. All patients had their catheters removed on day 10 after a cystogram confirmed there was no leak (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Post op cystogram
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As in any surgical procedure the preoperative work-up should be complete. Before bladder diverticulectomy the cystogram and cystoscopic findings should be reviewed to confirm size, position, and relationships to ureters, vas deferens, and rectum because these structures are at risk, particularly with posteriorly located diverticula. The surgeon should be prepared and able to perform ureteric reimplantation if the diverticulum involves the ureter.
Robotic bladder diverticulectomy technique
Step 1: patient position
For robotic diverticulectomy patients are placed in a low dorsal lithotomy position. The arms are padded with cotton and tucked by the patients’ side and all pressure points are carefully cushioned. This reduces the risk of neuropraxia and other pressure-related problems. To prevent the patient from slipping when in the Trendelenburg position we use an anti-slip rubber mat and strapping.
Step 2: placement of ureteric catheter or JJ stent
As in open surgery, a ureteric catheter or JJ stent is placed particularly if the diverticulum is in close proximity to the ureteric orifice.
Step 3: port position and pneumoperitoneum
Unlike the standard method of creating a pneumoperitoneum with either Veres needle or open Hassan technique, we have been using a direct insertion technique with a 12 mm Ethicon port. An infraumbilical incision is made through the skin and superficial fascia. The skin is held up vertically by means of either the assistants’ hands or two towel clips on either side of the umbilicus. The port is directed perpendicular to the skin in a gentle rotating motion. Usually two discrete moments of “give” are felt as the port enters the peritoneal cavity. Although we have found this to be extremely safe and quick, we do not advise direct insertion if the patient has had previous abdominal surgery.
Two 8-mm robotic ports are placed in the mid-clavicular line inferolateral to the camera port just lateral to the rectus muscle. Two 5-mm ports are placed for the single assistant for suction and retraction. The robot is then docked. With good team-work this whole process of port insertion, pneumoperitoneum, and docking takes less than 10 min (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Port positions
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Step 4: identification of diverticulum
The bladder is accessed via a transperitoneal route. We fill the bladder via a 16 Fr IDC and the bulge of the diverticulum is visualized easily. The peritoneum over the bladder is then taken down to expose the diverticulum. The bladder is then be emptied via the catheter and using a combination of sharp and blunt dissection the diverticulum is dissected to its neck.
Step 5: robotic diverticulectomy
Meticulous dissection is crucial to avoid injury to the ureters, vas deferens, and rectum. Once the diverticulum has been dissected all the way to its neck it is then excised (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Diverticulum specimen
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Step 6: closure of bladder defect
The dome of the bladder is hitched anteriorly with a retraction suture to the anterior abdominal wall to aid visualization of the bladder defect. The bladder is closed in two layers with 30 Vicryl cut to 6 in. The EndoWrist instruments make dissection and intracorporeal suturing a straightforward procedure and the pneumperitoneum reduces bleeding.
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Step 7: reconstitution of the retropubic space
The peritoneum over the bladder is reconstituted to recreate the retropubic space.
Step 8: specimen retrieval
A 5 mm laparoscopic telescope is introduced via a 5 mm port. A grasper placed through the camera port grasps the diverticulum. The diverticulum specimen is retrieved and sent for histopathology. A 16 Fr in-dwelling catheter is left in-situ.
Step 9: port closure
All instruments and ports are removed and the port sites closed appropriately.
A cystogram is performed on day 10 to exclude any leak, after which the catheter is removed.
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Discussion
Congenital bladder diverticula are uncommon [2, 3]. In rare circumstances they can cause urinary obstruction [4]. These diverticula are not caused by outflow obstruction but are because of a congenital weakness of the muscle layers. There are case reports associated with Ehlers Danlos syndrome in which there is an abnormality of the connective tissue [5].
As these diverticula enlarge the ureteral hiatus may become incorporated within it, a factor that must be considered when planning surgery. Although most of these diverticula remain asymptomatic, they can cause vesicoureteric reflux, urinary tract infections, stone formation and even incontinence. Malignancy can also arise within diverticula.
It is usually recommended that large or symptomatic diverticula be treated by surgical excision. Traditionally this was done by an open extravesical, intravesical, or combined approach; there are, however, many reports showing that diverticulectomy can be performed safely either laparoscopically or with robotic assistance [6‐8].
We have found that the robotic approach to bladder diverticulectomy to be highly satisfactory. The patients experience the full benefits of a minimally invasive procedure—smaller size of incision, reduced pain and blood loss, and shorter hospital stay. Use of the robot makes the surgery ergonomically easier for the surgeon while providing greater ease of dissection and suturing compared with pure laparoscopy.
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Conclusion
We have confirmed that robotic diverticulectomy can be performed safely providing the maximum benefits seen with open surgery but with the minimal morbidity of laparoscopic surgery.
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0
), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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