Introduction
Methods
Design
Information Sources
Search Strategy
Selection Process
Data Collection Process
Data Items
Study Risk of Bias Assessment
Synthesis Methods
Interventions
Outcome
Reporting Bias Assessment (Publication Bias)
Results
Study Selection
Study Characteristics
Study | Intervention type | Intervention description | Comparator | Target population | Sample size | Outcome | Intervention results | Comparator results | Significant results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quasi-experimental studies (pre–post) | ||||||||||
Anderson et al. (2020) [32] | MC | Data-to-care and care coordination (2013–2015) | Care-as-usual services through community-based HIV organizations (2011–2013) | PWH, newly diagnosed and not in care in Louisiana, USA | N = 843 (T) N = 361 (I) N = 482 (C) | Linkage to care any time | 43% | 33% | Y | |
AHR (95% CI) | 1.56 (1.24, 1.96) | |||||||||
Brownrigg et al. (2017) [33] | HCP | Training of nurses in HIV counseling and referrals and implementation of nurse-based counseling and referral system 08/29/2012–08/29/2013 | Standard of care: offering confirmatory serology HIV test, providing post-test counselling, and suggesting the client see an HIV physician/clinic by offering a referral 01/01/2011 –12/31/2011 | MSM newly diagnosed with HIV in two clinics in Vancouver, Canada | N = 108 (T) N = 51 (I) N = 57 (C) | 3-month linkage to care | 88% | 61% | Y | |
Time to linkage to care (median days) | 14.0 days [IQR 3–193 days] | 21.5 days [IQR 1–75 days] | N | |||||||
Gordon et al. (2015) [31] | S | New York State 2010 HIV Testing Law mandating that provider (or representative) ordering HIV diagnostic testing, arrange follow-up medical care with an HIV provider 01/01/2011–01/01/2012 | Diagnosing provider makes referral without law in place 1/1/2007–12/31/2011 | PWH (age 13 and older) in New York state, USA and not perinatally infected | N = 23,302 (T) N = 6850 (I) N = 16,452 (C) | 3-month linkage to care | 83% | 75% | ||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.64 (1.53, 1.76) | |||||||||
AOR (95% CI) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.24) | |||||||||
Bocour et al. (2013) [34] | CM | New York City (NYC) Department of Health use of a Field Services Unit (FSU) to provide active linkage to medical care through health system navigation through HIV partner notification services | No HIV partner notification and linkage to care services | Individuals at least age 13 years old newly diagnosed with HIV infection between 2007 and 2011 and reported to the NYC Health Department by 03/31/2013 | N = 10,095 (T) N = 4108 (I) N = 5987 (C) | 3-month linkage to care | 79% | 66% | p < 0.0001 | |
APR (95% CI) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.12) | |||||||||
Non-randomized experimental study | ||||||||||
Bendetson et al. (2017) [35] | MC | Licensed clinical social worker with experience in crisis counseling delivers client-centered, resiliency-based counseling and care coordination | None | PWH, newly diagnosed at the Los Angeles LGBT Center, USA | N = 389 (T) N = 118 (I) N = 274 (T) N = 135 (I) N = 139 (C) | 3-month linkage to care | 94% | |||
Time to linkage to care (mean days) | 25.5 [SD ± 14.5] | |||||||||
Randomized controlled trials | ||||||||||
Neduzhko et al. (2020) [36] | MC | 6-session nurse-delivered case management and text messaging reminders | Referrals to government AIDS treatment centers. No case management nor text messaging reminders | PWH diagnosed in the past 12 months and not yet linked to care. Recruited from one of nine clinics in Ukraine | 3-month linkage to care | 84% | 34% | |||
ARR of linkage to care within 3 months (95% CI) | 2.45 (1.72, 3.47) | Y | ||||||||
Kenya et al. (2016) [37] | CHW | Community health workers provide care coordination and accompaniment after reactive home-based test | Participant must request community health worker after reactive home-based test | African Americans with newly diagnosed HIV, ages 18–60, Miami, Florida, USA | N = 2 (I) N = 3 (C) | 6-week linkage to care | 100% | 0% | ||
Cohort study | ||||||||||
Christopoulos et al. (2011) [38] | CM | HIV clinic case manager (nurse or social worker) embedded in emergency department for care coordination of new HIV diagnoses | None | PWH newly diagnosed in emergency department through HIV testing program in San Francisco, USA | N = 49 | Linkage to care any time (95% CI) | 94% (83.1%, 98.7%) | |||
7-day linkage to care | 73% | |||||||||
30-day linkage to care | 84% | |||||||||
90-day linkage to care | 90% | |||||||||
Miller et al. (2019) [39] | MC | Case management and policy/structural changes collaborating with local departments of health | None | Youth ages 12–24 newly-diagnosed PWH who were referred to each of the eight Adolescent Medical Trials Unit in the USA and not linked to care | N = 2142 | 42-day linkage to care | 70% | |||
Pitasi et al. (2020) [40] | CM | Case management and health navigation | None | Cis-gender MSM and transgender women with previously undiagnosed HIV infection (at least 50% of whom would be Black or Hispanic/Latino) in the USA | N = 44 (I1) N = 17 (I2) N = 2 (I3) | 3-month or 104 day linkage to care | 91% | 82% | 100% | N |
Data system | Use of integrated electronic health records to facilitate client intake and appointment scheduling at the time of positive test | Time to linkage (median days) | 5 | 14 | 6 | N | ||||
HCP | Partnerships with clinical providers to facilitate referrals to care | |||||||||
Rodriguez et al. (2019) [41] | MC | Direct immediate referral from Department of Health HIV testing facility to bilingual (English and Spanish) case managers and HIV clinic. Clinic reimbursement for first 30 days of medical management and medication | None | PWH newly diagnosed within Florida Department of Health clinics, USA | N = 41 | Same-day linkage to care | 73% | |||
7-day linkage to care | 20% | |||||||||
Seña et al. (2017) [42] | CM | Field service interventionists from state public health system to provide care coordination | None | PWH newly diagnosed in 10 regional health care networks in North Carolina, USA | N = 299 | 3-month linkage to care from referral | 63% | |||
1-month linkage to care | 29% | |||||||||
3-month linkage to care from diagnosis | 60% | |||||||||
Willis et al. (2013) [43] | CM | Clinics funded through District of Columbia Department of Health-provided HIV medical case management service | Clinics without funding for medical case management service | Newly diagnosed PWH identified from the District of Columbia Department of Health surveillance system | N = 817 N = 60 (I) N = 152 (C) | 3-month linkage to care AOR (95% CI) 6-month linkage to care AOR (95% CI) | 72.4% 0.47 (0.19, 1.15) 80.0% 0.57 (0.23, 1.43) | 80.4% 85.1% | p = 0.0082 p = 0.061 |