Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Data sources
Statistical analysis
Results
Global burden and age patterns of liver cancer
1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Number No. × 103 (95% UI) | ASDR (/100,000) No. (95% UI) | Number No. × 103 (95% UI) | ASDR (/100,000) No. (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | EAPC No. (95% CI) |
Overall | 365.22 (329.97–405.77) | 8.93 (8.09–9.90) | 484.58 (444.09–525.80) | 5.95 (5.44–6.44) | 32.68 | − 2.23 (− 2.61− − 1.84) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 251.00 (218.33–287.14) | 12.90 (11.30–14.67) | 333.67 (299.58–368.33) | 8.73 (7.88–9.60) | 32.94 | − 2.26 (− 2.68− − 1.84) |
Female | 114.22 (100.16–130.72) | 5.33 (4.67–6.09) | 150.90 (134.12–167.01) | 3.46 (3.08–3.83) | 32.12 | − 2.10 (− 2.39− − 1.80) |
SDI | ||||||
Low | 10.56 (9.24–11.90) | 4.37 (3.80–4.97) | 20.76 (18.22–23.33) | 3.93 (3.49–4.38) | 96.50 | − 0.47 (− 0.53− − 0.40) |
Low-middle | 34.78 (31.45–38.18) | 5.57 (5.05–6.13) | 57.24 (52.13–63.45) | 4.23 (3.86–4.68) | 64.58 | − 1.55 (− 1.84− − 1.25) |
Middle | 163.81 (142.72–189.46) | 15.00 (13.15–17.26) | 196.96 (172.83–223.21) | 7.92 (6.97–8.93) | 20.24 | − 3.16 (− 3.71− − 2.61) |
High-middle | 107.83 (94.48–122.72) | 9.96 (8.75–11.27) | 97.19 (87.23–108.11) | 4.83 (4.34–5.38) | − 9.87 | − 3.69 (− 4.23− − 3.15) |
High | 48.13 (46.47–49.30) | 4.69 (4.54–4.81) | 112.24 (102.49–118.74) | 5.89 (5.44–6.21) | 133.20 | 0.42 (0.01–0.83) |
Regions | ||||||
East Asia | 237.01 (202.34–279.89) | 25.52 (21.98–29.94) | 193.86 (163.85–228.76) | 9.39 (7.98–11.03) | − 18.20 | − 4.98 (− 5.73− − 4.22) |
South Asia | 15.85 (13.38–18.09) | 2.82 (2.33–3.27) | 38.65 (33.52–44.56) | 2.81 (2.43–3.24) | 143.79 | − 0.06 (− 0.16–0.04) |
Southeast Asia | 17.57 (15.68–19.28) | 6.76 (6.03–7.45) | 42.86 (35.33–51.52) | 7.33 (6.08–8.79) | 143.90 | 0.28 (0.20–0.36) |
Central Asia | 1.51 (1.35–1.66) | 3.24 (2.89–3.58) | 6.19 (5.39–7.08) | 8.72 (7.63–9.88) | 310.70 | 2.93 (2.42–3.45) |
High-income Asia Pacific | 23.59 (22.76–24.37) | 11.62 (11.18–12.00) | 49.68 (43.78–53.50) | 10.78 (9.77–11.53) | 110.62 | − 0.86 (− 1.46− − 0.25) |
Oceania | 0.11 (0.09–0.13) | 3.85 (3.25–4.47) | 0.23 (0.19–0.28) | 3.46 (2.93–4.09) | 106.99 | − 0.22 (− 0.29− − 0.16) |
Australasia | 0.46 (0.44–0.48) | 1.98 (1.90–2.06) | 2.01 (1.83–2.17) | 4.12 (3.80–4.46) | 332.62 | 2.88 (2.67–3.09) |
Eastern Europe | 4.22 (4.06–4.41) | 1.55 (1.49–1.62) | 9.68 (8.51–11.12) | 2.87 (2.51–3.29) | 129.05 | 2.52 (2.27–2.77) |
Western Europe | 19.88 (19.16–20.42) | 3.43 (3.31–3.52) | 40.30 (37.22–42.88) | 4.41 (4.10–4.68) | 102.67 | 0.80 (0.66–0.94) |
Central Europe | 8.11 (7.83–8.32) | 5.60 (5.38–5.75) | 7.20 (6.22–8.33) | 3.36 (2.90–3.90) | − 11.24 | − 1.49 (− 1.87− − 1.11) |
High-income North America | 7.07 (6.78–7.25) | 2.03 (1.95–2.07) | 26.48 (23.64–28.91) | 4.29 (3.83–4.68) | 274.32 | 2.66 (2.52–2.80) |
Andean Latin America | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 5.23 (4.60–5.87) | 1.84 (1.51–2.23) | 3.34 (2.73–4.03) | 71.18 | − 1.94 (− 2.37− − 1.51) |
Central Latin America | 3.07 (2.86–3.23) | 3.74 (3.46–3.94) | 8.42 (7.36–9.75) | 3.65 (3.18–4.22) | 173.76 | 0.04 (− 0.28–0.35) |
Caribbean | 1.64 (1.52–1.74) | 6.29 (5.85–6.68) | 1.69 (1.42–2.01) | 3.29 (2.76–3.89) | 3.58 | − 2.16 (− 2.97− − 1.35) |
Tropical Latin America | 1.88 (1.80–1.95) | 2.09 (1.99–2.17) | 5.94 (5.54–6.24) | 2.50 (2.32–2.62) | 215.17 | 1.06 (0.91–1.21) |
Southern Latin America | 0.76 (0.68–0.83) | 1.65 (1.49–1.81) | 2.03 (1.90–2.15) | 2.41 (2.26–2.56) | 168.33 | 2.00 (1.78–2.23) |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.54 (2.08–3.15) | 3.15 (2.63–3.99) | 5.68 (4.68–6.92) | 3.41 (2.85–4.15) | 123.76 | 0.08 (− 0.04–0.21) |
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.91 (1.35–3.14) | 6.74 (4.71–11.07) | 4.04 (3.62–4.54) | 7.05 (6.31–7.91) | 111.14 | − 0.43 (− 1.01–0.16) |
Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 5.31 (4.55–6.17) | 5.81 (4.99–6.76) | 9.97 (8.36–11.56) | 5.29 (4.48–6.04) | 87.85 | − 0.44 (− 0.51− − 0.36) |
North Africa and Middle East | 10.91 (9.58–12.23) | 6.39 (5.55–7.19) | 26.43 (21.21–32.61) | 6.20 (5.06–7.62) | 142.20 | 0.25 (0.10–0.39) |
Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.72 (0.60–0.85) | 2.85 (2.43–3.29) | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 2.47 (1.99–3.07) | 94.59 | − 0.64 (− 0.71− − 0.57) |
Age Groups | LC | LCHB | LCHC | LCAL | LCNA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number × 103 (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | Number × 103 (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | Number × 103 (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | Number × 103 (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | Number × 103 (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | |
5 to 9 | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) | − 15.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 to 14 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | − 16.37 | 0.34 (0.26–0.43) | − 37.00 | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | − 1.61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 to 19 | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | − 45.64 | 0.37 (0.30–0.45) | − 56.92 | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | − 19.20 | 0.01 (0–0.02) | − 4.66 | 0.14 (0.10–0.19) | 2.87 |
20 to 24 | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | − 46.46 | 0.75 (0.65–0.87) | − 53.59 | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | − 18.53 | 0.05 (0.03–0.07) | 5.53 | 0.15 (0.11–0.20) | 0.56 |
25 to 29 | 2.33 (2.10–2.57) | − 32.02 | 1.70 (1.45–1.96) | − 37.00 | 0.08 (0.05–0.14) | − 10.16 | 0.12 (0.07–0.20) | 17.13 | 0.17 (0.12–0.25) | 10.57 |
30 to 34 | 5.38 (4.78–6.05) | − 21.95 | 4.10 (3.50–4.76) | − 26.08 | 0.25 (0.17–0.36) | − 2.27 | 0.34 (0.23–0.50) | 20.70 | 0.27 (0.19–0.37) | 16.16 |
35 to 39 | 8.99 (7.84–10.21) | − 42.52 | 6.57 (5.44–7.77) | − 47.01 | 0.59 (0.38–0.91) | − 23.50 | 0.82 (0.51–1.25) | − 2.49 | 0.40 (0.28–0.56) | − 11.01 |
40 to 44 | 15.84 (13.81–18.10) | − 28.78 | 11.06 (9.08–13.29) | − 34.37 | 1.40 (0.96–1.92) | − 12.30 | 1.74 (1.13–2.52) | 9.07 | 0.68 (0.48–0.93) | 3.10 |
45 to 49 | 26.19 (22.58–29.98) | − 2.05 | 16.92 (13.64–20.87) | − 10.33 | 3.15 (2.16–4.37) | 12.33 | 3.45 (2.15–5.01) | 39.08 | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) | 35.52 |
50 to 54 | 40.26 (35.32–45.36) | 8.02 | 23.07 (18.59–28.25) | − 4.34 | 6.70 (4.86–8.81) | 23.15 | 6.29 (4.09–9.02) | 52.13 | 2.06 (1.44–2.94) | 49.80 |
55 to 59 | 50.31 (45.15–56.27) | 6.37 | 24.94 (19.96–30.86) | − 9.85 | 10.79 (7.83–14.35) | 16.75 | 9.30 (6.39–12.67) | 56.85 | 2.84 (1.92–4.04) | 49.42 |
60 to 64 | 59.69 (54.22–65.19) | 18.78 | 25.60 (20.19–31.80) | − 0.29 | 15.06 (11.15–19.69) | 23.37 | 12.59 (8.83–16.83) | 65.73 | 3.76 (2.58–5.41) | 64.57 |
65 to 69 | 67.13 (61.81–72.56) | 38.91 | 25.17 (19.45–31.42) | 17.20 | 18.81 (14.96–22.83) | 40.11 | 15.64 (11.64–20.56) | 81.99 | 4.62 (3.26–6.56) | 83.97 |
70 to 74 | 64.25 (59.36–69.40) | 60.22 | 20.23 (14.99–25.75) | 29.52 | 20.94 (16.98–24.99) | 61.21 | 15.29 (11.4–20.14) | 115.08 | 5.09 (3.71–6.93) | 106.67 |
75 to 79 | 55.89 (51.66–59.75) | 79.51 | 14.76 (11.47–18.47) | 49.36 | 21.51 (17.24–25.77) | 77.74 | 11.98 (9.17–14.99) | 126.15 | 5.25 (3.83–7.13) | 125.23 |
> 80 | 83.15 (70.45–90.63) | 202.62 | 16.15 (11.97–20.53) | 149.70 | 42.46 (34.28–49.41) | 210.77 | 13.12 (9.74–16.69) | 241.84 | 8.09 (5.76–10.76) | 257.80 |
Regional and national burden of liver cancer
Burden of liver cancer by human development index
Trends of death caused by liver cancer due to four etiologies
Liver cancer burden due to hepatitis B (LCHB)
Liver cancer burden due to hepatitis C (LCHC)
Liver cancer burden due to alcohol consumption (LCAL)
Liver cancer burden due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LCNA)
Trends of death caused by liver cancer due to underlying etiologies attributable risks
1990 | 2019 | 1990 − 2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Number × 103 (95% UI) | ASDR per 100k (95% UI) | Number × 103 (95% UI) | ASDR per 100k (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | EAPC (95% CI) |
LC | ||||||
Smoking | 66.46 (36.89–95.85) | 1.64 (0.91–2.36) | 85.88 (50.01–122.99) | 1.04 (0.61–1.49) | 29.23 | − 2.62 (− 3.06− − 2.16) |
Alcohol use | 54.07 (42.16–67.93) | 1.34 (1.05–1.67) | 96.05 (77.51–116.17) | 1.17 (0.94–1.41) | 77.66 | − 0.98 (− 1.22− − 0.74) |
Drug use | 38.52 (28.99–49.48) | 0.96 (0.72–1.23) | 71.45 (57.09–89.24) | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 85.48 | − 1.19 (− 1.57− − 0.81) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 1.99 (0.45–4.43) | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 4.73 (1.15–10.41) | 0.06 (0.01–0.13) | 137.15 | − 0.17 (− 0.43–0.10) |
High body-mass index | 23.18 (6.96–52.46) | 0.57 (0.17–1.29) | 60.80 (24.24–114.62) | 0.74 (0.29–1.39) | 162.34 | 0.31 (0.05–0.58) |
LCHB | ||||||
Smoking | 36.89 (19.39–55.63) | 0.89 (0.47–1.33) | 38.07 (20.93–56.37) | 0.46 (0.25–0.67) | 3.20 | − 3.72 (− 4.35− − 3.09) |
Alcohol use | 5.58 (0.15–14.60) | 0.12 (0–0.33) | 4.58 (0.20–11.74) | 0.05 (0–0.14) | − 17.92 | − 4.52 (− 5.34− − 3.69) |
Drug use | 1.76 (1.10–2.68) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 3.12 (2.10–4.60) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 77.42 | − 1.44 (− 1.94− − 0.95) |
High body-mass index | 10.80 (2.69–26.45) | 0.25 (0.06–0.62) | 24.07 (8.74–48.33) | 0.29 (0.10–0.58) | 122.95 | − 0.57 (− 1.04− − 0.10) |
LCHC | ||||||
Smoking | 14.09 (7.72–19.94) | 0.37 (0.20–0.52) | 21.95 (12.52–31.73) | 0.27 (0.16–0.39) | 55.74 | − 1.74 (− 2.07− − 1.41) |
Alcohol use | 0.63 (0.01–2.25) | 0.02 (0–0.06) | 0.73 (0.01–2.65) | 0.01 (0–0.03) | 16.52 | − 3.34 (− 3.91− − 2.78) |
Drug use | 36.76 (27.51–47.29) | 0.91 (0.69–1.18) | 68.33 (54.6–85.4) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | 85.87 | − 1.18 (− 1.55− − 0.80) |
High body-mass index | 6.59 (2.13–14.13) | 0.17 (0.06–0.37) | 19.07 (7.58–35.43) | 0.24 (0.09–0.44) | 189.50 | 0.77 (0.60–0.95) |
LCAL | ||||||
Smoking | 10.22 (5.65–15.05) | 0.26 (0.14–0.38) | 17.66 (9.74–26.16) | 0.21 (0.12–0.32) | 72.78 | − 1.12 (− 1.33− − 0.91) |
Alcohol use | 47.86 (38.59–58.61) | 1.20 (0.97–1.46) | 90.74 (73.35–109.40) | 1.10 (0.89–1.33) | 89.60 | − 0.68 (− 0.87− − 0.49) |
High body-mass index | 4.55 (1.56–9.70) | 0.11 (0.04–0.24) | 14.64 (5.56–28.32) | 0.18 (0.07–0.34) | 221.53 | 1.37 (1.28–1.46) |
LCNA | ||||||
Smoking | 2.58 (1.42–3.87) | 0.07 (0.04–0.10) | 4.96 (2.79–7.54) | 0.06 (0.03–0.09) | 92.28 | − 1.04 (− 1.38− − 0.71) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 1.02 (0.24–2.29) | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 3.04 (0.74–6.87) | 0.04 (0.01–0.09) | 196.45 | 0.69 (0.48–0.89) |
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ASDR per 100k No. (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | ASDR per 100k No. (95% UI) | Change in number (%) | EAPC No. (95% CI) |
LC | ||||||
Smoking | 2.02 (1.18–2.87) | 26.50 | − 2.73 (− 3.19− − 2.26) | 0.19 (0.10–0.30) | 60.75 | − 1.36 (− 1.59− − 1.13) |
Alcohol use | 2.01 (1.64–2.42) | 83.67 | − 0.88 (− 1.13− − 0.64) | 0.44 (0.34–0.55) | 57.10 | − 1.34 (− 1.55− − 1.13) |
Drug use | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 83.75 | − 1.23 (− 1.63− − 0.82) | 0.67 (0.50–0.88) | 87.99 | − 1.11 (− 1.45− − 0.76) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 0.07 (0.01–0.16) | 165.46 | 0.07 (− 0.25–0.39) | 0.05 (0.01–0.12) | 112.21 | − 0.41 (− 0.63− − 0.19) |
High body-mass index | 1.19 (0.40–2.41) | 172.72 | 0.41 (0.12–0.70) | 0.33 (0.06–0.74) | 134.06 | 0.06 (− 0.10–0.23) |
LCHB | ||||||
Smoking | 0.92 (0.52–1.35) | 2.52 | − 3.76 (− 4.40− − 3.13) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 24.94 | − 2.41 (− 2.74− − 2.09) |
Alcohol use | 0.11 (0–0.28) | − 18.06 | − 4.49 (− 5.31− − 3.66) | 0 | 18.43 | − 2.23 (− 2.77− − 1.69) |
Drug use | 0.07 (0.05–0.10) | 73.04 | − 1.59 (− 2.13− − 1.05) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 110.32 | − 0.14 (− 0.32–0.04) |
High body-mass index | 0.51 (0.17–1.06) | 129.42 | − 0.51 (− 1.00− − 0.01) | 0.08 (0.01–0.18) | 91.44 | − 0.81 (− 1.11− − 0.51) |
LCHC | ||||||
Smoking | 0.49 (0.28–0.71) | 52.96 | − 1.87 (− 2.21− − 1.52) | 0.10 (0.05–0.15) | 68.44 | − 1.23 (− 1.48− − 0.99) |
Alcohol use | 0.02 (0–0.06) | 6.80 | − 3.55 (− 4.14− − 2.95) | 0 (0–0.01) | 99.20 | − 1.35 (− 2.00− − 0.71) |
Drug use | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 84.53 | − 1.21 (− 1.60− − 0.81) | 0.66 (0.49–0.87) | 87.69 | − 1.12 (− 1.46− − 0.77) |
High body-mass index | 0.31 (0.10–0.62) | 213.22 | 1.02 (0.80–1.23) | 0.17 (0.03–0.37) | 159.09 | 0.45 (0.31–0.58) |
LCAL | ||||||
Smoking | 0.43 (0.24–0.63) | 73.54 | − 1.18 (− 1.4− − 0.97) | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 63.43 | − 1.03 (− 1.13− − 0.93) |
Alcohol use | 1.88 (1.53–2.27) | 100.72 | − 0.52 (− 0.7− − 0.34) | 0.44 (0.33–0.55) | 56.95 | − 1.34 (− 1.55− − 1.13) |
High body-mass index | 0.32 (0.11–0.63) | 239.37 | 1.49 (1.40–1.58) | 0.05 (0.01–0.12) | 151.92 | 0.54 (0.45–0.62) |
LCNA | ||||||
Smoking | 0.11 (0.06–0.16) | 89.65 | − 1.24 (− 1.62− − 0.87) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 103.35 | − 0.38 (− 0.57− − 0.20) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 0.04 (0.01–0.10) | 234.67 | 0.91 (0.66–1.17) | 0.03 (0.01–0.08) | 163.91 | 0.46 (0.30–0.62) |
Low SDI | Low-middle SDI | Middle SDI | High-middle SDI | High SDI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | EAPC (95% CI) | EAPC (95% CI) | EAPC (95% CI) | EAPC (95% CI) | EAPC (95% CI) |
LC | |||||
Smoking | − 0.65 (− 0.76− − 0.55) | − 2.21 (− 2.61− − 1.81) | − 3.35 (− 3.94− − 2.75) | − 3.91 (− 4.52− − 3.29) | − 0.45 (− 0.89− − 0.01) |
Alcohol use | − 0.17 (− 0.23− − 0.11) | − 0.48 (− 0.67− − 0.28) | − 1.76 (− 2.21− − 1.31) | − 2.26 (− 2.61− − 1.92) | 0.90 (0.65–1.15) |
Drug use | 1.21 (1.09–1.33) | − 0.33 (− 0.59− − 0.08) | − 2.82 (− 3.48− − 2.15) | − 2.54 (− 3.03− − 2.05) | 1.78 (1.41–2.15) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 1.11 (1.01–1.20) | 0.34 (0.10–0.58) | − 1.30 (− 1.75− − 0.84) | − 1.91 (− 2.26− − 1.56) | 2.82 (2.58–3.06) |
High body-mass index | 1.62 (1.57–1.67) | 1.31 (1.07–1.56) | 0.05 (− 0.37–0.47) | − 1.02 (− 1.38− − 0.66) | 1.70 (1.35–2.04) |
LCHB | |||||
Smoking | − 0.88 (− 1.02− − 0.74) | − 3.11 (− 3.67− − 2.56) | − 4.09 (− 4.78− − 3.41) | − 5.05 (− 5.82− − 4.27) | − 0.47 (− 1.08–0.13) |
Alcohol use | − 0.73 (− 0.94− − 0.52) | − 4.31 (− 5.23− − 3.38) | − 4.48 (− 5.39− − 3.56) | − 5.59 (− 6.48− − 4.69) | − 1.68 (− 2.33− − 1.04) |
Drug use | 1.03 (0.91–1.14) | − 1.61 (− 2.16− − 1.05) | − 2.11 (− 2.73− − 1.49) | − 2.66 (− 3.33− − 1.98) | 2.17 (1.94–2.40) |
High body-mass index | 1.37 (1.33–1.42) | 0.47 (0.08–0.86) | − 0.75 (− 1.34− − 0.16) | − 1.89 (− 2.47− − 1.31) | 1.42 (0.96–1.89) |
LCHC | |||||
Smoking | − 0.66 (− 0.75− − 0.58) | − 1.25 (− 1.44− − 1.07) | − 2.37 (− 2.79− − 1.94) | − 2.74 (− 3.18− − 2.31) | − 1.04 (− 1.55− − 0.54) |
Alcohol use | − 0.87 (− 0.96− − 0.78) | − 3.46 (− 4.35− − 2.56) | − 4.48 (− 5.54− − 3.41) | − 5.26 (− 6.12− − 4.39) | − 2.71 (− 3.40− − 2.01) |
Drug use | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | − 0.26 (− 0.50− − 0.03) | − 2.85 (− 3.51− − 2.18) | − 2.53 (− 3.01− − 2.05) | 1.77 (1.39–2.14) |
High body-mass index | 1.56 (1.49–1.63) | 1.82 (1.69–1.95) | 0.82 (0.62–1.01) | − 0.43 (− 0.63− − 0.22) | 1.31 (0.91–1.71) |
LCAL | |||||
Smoking | − 0.49 (− 0.58− − 0.40) | − 1.02 (− 1.24− − 0.79) | − 1.72 (− 2.10− − 1.34) | − 2.07 (− 2.37− − 1.78) | 0.28 (0.02–0.54) |
Alcohol use | − 0.17 (− 0.23− − 0.10) | − 0.33 (− 0.49− − 0.16) | − 1.41 (− 1.80− − 1.03) | − 1.90 (− 2.18− − 1.62) | 1.03 (0.79–1.26) |
High body-mass index | 2.13 (2.09–2.17) | 2.57 (2.41–2.73) | 1.68 (1.43–1.92) | 0.06 (− 0.07–0.19) | 2.36 (2.15–2.57) |
LCNA | |||||
Smoking | − 0.12 (− 0.21− − 0.03) | − 1.04 (− 1.30− − 0.77) | − 1.70 (− 2.18− − 1.21) | − 2.41 (− 2.93− − 1.88) | 0.74 (0.39–1.09) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) | 0.98 (0.80–1.16) | − 0.28 (− 0.67–0.11) | − 0.96 (− 1.24− − 0.68) | 3.11 (2.84–3.38) |