Background
Methods
Data sources
Outcome variables
-
Underweight: BMI < 18.5 kg/m2
-
Normal: BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 and BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2
-
Overweight/obesity: BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | 2000–2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | aDiff (95% CI) | |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
Women’s education | ||||||
No schooling | 230 (26.4) | 55 (21.4) | 155 (20.3) | 67 (12.9) | 507 (21.0) | −13.5 (−20.1, − 6.8) |
Primary school | 121 (19.3) | 55 (19.5) | 344 (22.4) | 134 (12.7) | 653 (18.7) | −6.6 (− 11.7, − 1.5) |
Secondary and higher | 242 (22.8) | 99 (17.3) | 217 (17.1) | 259 (16.8) | 816 (18.4) | −6.0 (−10.8, − 1.1) |
Women’s employment | ||||||
No employment | 278 (25.0) | 123 (19.3) | 318 (21.2) | 226 (17.6) | 946 (20.8) | −7.4 (−13.1, − 1.6) |
Formal employment | 176 (19.0) | 58 (16.4) | 260 (18.1) | 183 (12.7) | 677 (16.3) | −6.3 (−11.5, − 1.1) |
Informal employment | 129 (26.2) | 28 (23.5) | 131 (21.5) | 50 (13.2) | 338 (21.1) | −13.0 (−22.3, − 3.6) |
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | 256 (23.6) | 113 (21.8) | 354 (23.2) | 246 (19.3) | 970 (22.0) | −4.4 (−9.1, 0.5) |
Currently married | 204 (20.5) | 53 (13.1) | 260 (16.5) | 132 (9.4) | 650 (14.8) | −11.1 (−15.3, −6.8) |
Formerly married | 132 (27.9) | 43 (22.6) | 101 (21.5) | 81,919.3) | 357 (23.0) | −8.7 (−16.5, −0.6) |
Household wealth status | ||||||
Poor | 427 (26.5) | 138 (22.4) | 48 (51.0) | 14 (12.5) | 628 (25.7) | −11.3 (−22.4, −0.2) |
Middle | 121 (18.8) | 42 (16.4) | 4 (10.7) | 14 (34.8) | 181 (18.5) | 16.3 (−9.3, 42.0) |
Rich | 4 (6.3) | 11 (10.1) | 716 (19.3) | 431 (14.6) | 1110 (16.9) | −9.9 (−13.3, −6.5) |
Toilet facility | ||||||
Unimproved | 196 (26.4) | 115 (22.1) | 477 (23.2) | 226 (14.9) | 1014 (21.0) | −11.6 (−18.0, − 5.2) |
Improved | 397 (21.8) | 87 (15.4) | 235 (15.8) | 227 (14.8) | 947 (17.5) | −7.0 (−11.8, −2.3) |
Source of drinking water | ||||||
Unimproved | 89 (24.5) | 18 (21.1) | 65 (21.3) | 85 (15.8) | 257 (19.9) | −8.7 (−15.3, −2.1) |
Improved | 504 (23.00 | 192 (18.6) | 651 (19.9) | 374 (14.6) | 1719 (19.0) | −8.4 (−12.5, −4.3) |
Demographic factors | ||||||
Women’s age | ||||||
15–24 years | 291 (23.2) | 114 (20.1) | 385 (22.2) | 255 (19.4) | 1045 (21.5) | −3.8 (−8.3, 0.7) |
25–34 years | 127 (18.5) | 53 (18.6) | 190 (17.3) | 124 (11.7) | 494 (15.8) | −6.8 (− 11.9, − 1.7) |
35–49 years | 174 (28.4) | 41 (16.1) | 141 (19.0) | 80 (10.9) | 437 (18.6) | −17.5 (−24.1, − 10.9) |
Parity | ||||||
None | 285 (23.0) | 120 (20.6) | 382 (22.1) | 288 (18.9) | 1074 (21.2) | −4.1 (−8.5, 0.4) |
1–4 children | 188 (21.4) | 59 (15.3) | 245 (16.8) | 144 (11.0) | 636 (15.8) | −10.4 (−15.2, −5.6) |
5+ children | 120 (27.1) | 29 (21.1) | 90 (23.3) | 28 (9.9) | 267 (21.4) | −17.3 (−25.7, −8.8) |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
Listening radio | ||||||
No | 165 (26.2) | 44 (20.9) | 216 (25.5) | 228 (16.8) | 653 (21.5) | −9.4 (−15.3, −3.5) |
Yes | 427 (22.2) | 165 (18.4) | 499 (18.4) | 231 (13.2) | 1322 (18.1) | −9.0 (−13.2, −4.8) |
Read magazine | ||||||
No | 354 (22.9) | 105 (19.9) | 411 (20.9) | 295 (14.2) | 1165 (19.1) | −8.7 (−12.9, −4.6) |
Yes | 239 (23.5) | 102 (17.7) | 304 (19.2) | 164 (15.9) | 809 (19.2) | −7.6 (−12.6, −2.7) |
Watch television | ||||||
No | 305 (25.2) | 71 (24.3) | 168 (22.9) | 105 (14.7) | 650 (22.0) | −10.5 (−17.0, −3.9) |
Yes | 288 (21.4) | 138 (16.9) | 548,919.3) | 354 (14.8) | 1327 (17.9) | −6.5 (−10.7, −2.5) |
Community-level factors | ||||||
Region of residence | ||||||
Tigray | 73 (33.1) | 28 (31.8) | 79 (28.4) | 55 (21.9) | 235 (28.0) | −11.1 (−19.3, −3.1) |
Afar | 5 (18.4) | 2914.2) | 11 (31.2) | 8 (23.7) | 26 (23.6) | 5.3 (−1.5, 12.1) |
Amhara | 139 (31.3) | 32 (18.2) | 219 (24.9) | 95 (14.5) | 485 (22.5) | −16.8 (−26.8, −6.8) |
Oromia | 163 (20.1) | 65 (19.2) | 169 (19.8) | 130 (16.8) | 527 (19.0) | −3.3 (−10.4, 3.9) |
Somali | 25 (52.2) | 9 (22.7) | 23 (20.1) | 12 (18.1) | 70 (25.7) | −34 (−5.3, −15.6) |
Benishangul | 6 (42.7) | 2 (35.6) | 8 (22.6) | 3 (12.3) | 19 (24.4) | −30.3 (− 38.6, −22.0) |
SNNPRb | 44 (17.4) | 15 (16.2) | 71 (14.9) | 25 (7.0) | 154 (13.1) | −10.4 (−19.7, − 1.1) |
Gambella | 4 (31.0) | 1 (16.2) | 5 (27.2) | 5 (28.9) | 15 (28.7) | −2.1 (−22.1, 17.9) |
Metropolis | 134 (18.4) | 55 (15.6) | 131 (14.9) | 125 (13.6) | 445 (15.5) | −4.8 (−7.4, −2.1) |
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | 2000–2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | aDiff (95% CI) | |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
Women’s education | ||||||
No schooling | 64 (7.4) | 30 (11.5) | 105 (13.7) | 95 (18.5) | 294 (12.2) | 11.1 (6.1, 16.2) |
Primary school | 64 (10.3) | 30 (10.6) | 201 (13.1) | 228 (21.7) | 523 (15.0) | 11.3 (5.1, 17.6) |
Secondary and higher | 151 (14.2) | 98 (17.2) | 228 (18.0) | 341 (22.2) | 818 (18.4) | 8.0 (3.1, 12.9) |
Women’s employment | ||||||
No employment | 109 (9.8) | 76 (12.0) | 206 (13.7) | 219 (17.1) | 610 (13.5) | 7.3 (2.9, 11.6) |
Formal employment | 133 (14.3) | 75 (21.1) | 258 (18.0) | 391 (27.2) | 857 (20.6) | 12.8 (7.1, 18.6) |
Informal employment | 37 (7.4) | 6 (5.0) | 68 (11.2) | 54 (14.3) | 165 (10.3) | 6.9 (3.5, 13.4) |
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | 88 (8.1) | 43 (8.4) | 113 (7.4) | 143 (11.2) | 388 (8.8) | 3.1 (−0.4, 6.6) |
Currently married | 144 (14.4) | 85 (21.1) | 348 (22.1) | 414 (29.4) | 992 (22.6) | 14.9 (8.3, 21.6) |
Formerly married | 47 (9.9) | 29 (15.5) | 72 (15.3) | 107 (25.5) | 256 (16.5) | 15.6 (7.7, 23.9) |
Household wealth status | ||||||
Poor | 135 (8.4) | 54 (8.8) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (2.9) | 195 (8.0) | −6.8 (−12.3, −1.3) |
Middle | 107 (16.6) | 54 (21.2) | 1 (2.1) | 162 (16.6) | −10.3 (−16.3, −4.4) | |
Rich | 8 (11.6) | 30 (27.4) | 531 (15.4) | 661 (22.4) | 1229 (18.7) | 11.8 (7.5, 16.2) |
Toilet facility | ||||||
Unimproved | 46 (6.2) | 50 (9.6) | 205 (10.0) | 216 (14.2) | 517 (10.7) | 8.0 (3.3, 12.7) |
Improved | 233 (12.8) | 102 (18.1) | 325 (21.7) | 437 (28.4) | 1096 (20.3) | 15.6 (10.6, 20.5) |
Source of drinking water | ||||||
Unimproved | 33 (9.1) | 4 (4.3) | 37 (12.1) | 66 (12.2) | 140 (10.8) | 3.1 (−4.3, 10.6) |
Improved | 246 (11.2) | 154 (15.0) | 496 (15.2) | 599 (23.4) | 1496 (16.5) | 12.1 (7.7, 16.6) |
Demographic factors | ||||||
Women’s age | ||||||
15–24 years | 85 (6.8) | 42 (7.4) | 128 (7.4) | 131 (10.0) | 386 (7.9) | 3.2 (−0.1, 6.5) |
25–34 years | 93 (13.6) | 57 (19.9) | 197 (18.0) | 260 (24.6) | 607 (19.4) | 11.1 (5.7, 16.4) |
35–49 years | 101 (16.5) | 58 (22.7) | 29 (28.1) | 274 (37.4) | 642 (27.4) | 20.9 (11.8, 30.1) |
Parity | ||||||
None | 105 (8.5) | 57 (9.7) | 145 (8.4) | 191 (12.6) | 498 (9.8) | 4.1 (0.5, 7.7) |
1–4 children | 115 (13.2) | 76 (19.5) | 309 (21.2) | 408 (31.3) | 908 (22.6) | 18.1 (12.0, 24.2) |
5+ children | 59 (13.3) | 25 (18.3) | 79 (20.5) | 65 (23.3) | 229 (18.3) | 10.0 (−0.2, 20.2) |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
Listening radio | ||||||
No | 49 (7.8) | 33 (15.9) | 130 (15.4) | 261 (19.3) | 474 (15.6) | 11.5 (6.1, 16.8) |
Yes | 230 (12.0) | 122 (13.6) | 403 (14.9) | 403 (23.0) | 1158 (15.9) | 11.1 (6.8, 15.4) |
Read magazine | ||||||
No | 157 (10.1) | 70 (13.2) | 282 (14.3) | 382 (18.4) | 890 (14.6) | 8.3 (3.9, 12.6) |
Yes | 122 (12.1) | 88 (15.3) | 251 (15.8) | 283 (27.4) | 743 (17.7) | 15.3 (10.5, 20.2) |
Watch television | ||||||
No | 87 (7.2) | 29 (9.9) | 56 (7.6) | 72 (10.1) | 244 (8.3) | 3.0 (−1.7, 7.6) |
Yes | 192 (14.3) | 129 (15.7) | 477 (16.9) | 592 (24.8) | 1390 (18.8) | 10.5 (6.0, 15.1) |
Community-level factors | ||||||
Region of residence | ||||||
Tigray | 6 (2.7) | 4 (4.5) | 24 (8.8) | 41 (16.1) | 75 (9.0) | 13.4 (7.3, 19.6) |
Afar | 4 (12.5) | 2 (18.3) | 4 (10.1) | 6 (19.0) | 16 (14.3) | 6.5 (−2.8, 15.9) |
Amhara | 34 (7.5) | 20 (11.3) | 74 (8.5) | 71 (10.7) | 198 (9.2) | 3.2 (−2.2, 8.6) |
Oromia | 87 (10.7) | 48 (14.2) | 121 (14.2) | 194 (25.1) | 451 (16.2) | 14.3 (2.5, 26.1) |
Somali | 4 (8.3) | 11 (26.1) | 31 (26.8) | 17 (25.0) | 62 (23.0) | 16.7 (7.7, 25.6) |
Benishangul | 1 (2.9) | 1 (10.8) | 3 (9.0) | 5 (20.5) | 9 (11.3) | 17.6 (11.1, 24.1) |
SNNPRb | 27 (10.7) | 10 (10.8) | 97 (20.5) | 60 (16.5) | 194 (16.4) | 5.8 (−7.8, 19.4) |
Gambella | 1 (3.8) | 1 (5.2) | 3 (13.6) | 2 (13.5) | 6 (10.9) | 9.7 (4.2, 15.1) |
Metropolis | 117 (16.1) | 62 (17.6) | 177 (20.1) | 269 (29.4) | 625 (21.7) | 13.3 (10.5, 16.0) |
Trends in underweight and overweight/obesity
Determinants of underweight among urban Ethiopian women
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | ||
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
Women’s education | ||||||
No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
Primary school | 0.86 (0.56, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.18) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.92) | 1.00 (0.57, 1.76) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.21) | 0.115 |
Secondary and higher | 1.10 (0.69, 1.78) | 0.93 (0.43, 2.03) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.47) | 1.35 (0.77, 2.37) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) | 0.225 |
Women’s employment | ||||||
No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.265 |
Formal employment | 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.119 |
Informal employment | 0.98 (0.50, 1.92) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.27) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | 0.021 |
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.330 |
Currently married | 0.73 (0.42, 1.26) | 0.38 (0.17, 0.84) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.42) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.48) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.91) | 0.001 |
Formerly married | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.81) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.71) | 1.77 (0.91, 3.45) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.45) | 0.132 |
Household wealth status | ||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.892 |
Middle | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.30) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.31) | 2.99 (0.90, 9.97) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.931 |
Rich | 0.25 (0.11, 0.55) | 0.52 (0.24, 1.11) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.68) | 0.74 (0.35, 1.56) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.89) | 0.001 |
Demographic factors | ||||||
Women’s age | ||||||
15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.484 |
25–34 years | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) | 1.37 (0.70, 2.66) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.028 |
35–49 years | 1.63 (0.91, 2.92) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.68) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.32) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.70) | 1.21 (0.89, 1.66) | < 0.001 |
Parity | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.460 |
1–4 children | 1.06 (0.69, 1.63) | 1.12 (0.46, 2.71) | 1.15 (0.53, 2.50) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | 0.010 |
5+ children | 1.12 (0.55, 2.28) | 1.79 (0.54, 5.92) | 1.34 (0.41, 4.40) | 0.67 (0.27, 1.65) | 1.23 (0.76, 1.99) | < 0.001 |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
Listening radio | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.085 |
Yes | 0.77 (0.67, 1.34) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.77) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.85) | 0.67 (0.45, 0.98) | 0.64 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.038 |
Read magazine | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
Yes | 1.28 (0.82, 2.00) | 1.04 (0.49, 2.20) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | 1.23 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.116 |
Watch television | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
Yes | 1.03 (0.79, 1.36) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.14) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.43) | 1.16 (0.61, 2.22) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.155 |
Community-level factor | ||||||
Region of residence | ||||||
Tigray | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.279 |
Afar | 0.61 (0.41, 0.92) | 0.44 (0.17, 1.10) | 1.09 (0.68, 1.75) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.009 |
Amhara | 1.00 (0.53, 1.88) | 0.47 90.23, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.67) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) | 0.014 |
Oromia | 0.70 (0.42, 1.16) | 0.57 (0.25, 1.33) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.86) | 0.969 |
Somali | 3.06 (1.18, 7.89) | 0.91 (0.43, 1.93) | 0.63 (0.36, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) | 1.04 (0.67, 1.63) | 0.016 |
Benishangul | 1.63 (1.04, 2.54) | 1.20 (0.32, 4.46) | 0.54 (0.29, 1.00) | 0.49 (0.20, 1.25) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.21) | 0.003 |
SNNPRb | 0.54 (0.23, 1.28) | 0.33 (0.16, 0.72) | 0.50 (0.27, 0.95) | 0.24 (0.14, 0.42) | 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) | < 0.001 |
Gambella | 1.17 (0.40, 3.38) | 0.93 (0.28, 3.15) | 0.72 (0.37, 1.43) | 1.32 (0.83, 2.08) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.63) | 0.521 |
Metropolis | 0.64 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.49 (0.28, 0.84) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.55 (0.46, 0.67) | 0.901 |
Determinants of overweight/obesity among urban Ethiopian women
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | ||
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
Women’s education | ||||||
No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.126 |
Primary school | 1.65 (1.02, 2.65) | 1.64 (0.89, 3.03) | 1.24 (0.84, 1.83) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) | 1.33 (1.06,1.68) | 0.157 |
Secondary and higher | 2.69 (1.27, 5.71) | 1.58 (0.72, 3.48) | 1.66 (1.04, 2.67) | 1.14 (0.71, 1.84) | 1.61 (1.18, 2.21) | 0.013 |
Women’s employment | ||||||
No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.162 |
Formal employment | 1.26 (0.81, 1.96) | 1.31 (0.81, 2.13) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.90) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.47) | 0.044 |
Informal employment | 0.74 (0.39, 1.43) | 0.45 (0.17, 1.19) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.25) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.90) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.90) | 0.612 |
Women’s status | ||||||
Not married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.182 |
Currently married | 1.51 (0.71, 3.23) | 2.11 (0.95, 4.69) | 2.03 (1.26, 3.26) | 2.07 (1.35, 3.18) | 1.87 (1.43, 2.46) | 0.057 |
Formerly married | 1.34 (0.54, 3.32) | 2.00 (1.03, 3.83) | 1.15 (0.51, 2.58) | 1.54 (1.05, 2.26) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.86) | 0.064 |
Household wealth status | ||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.534 |
Middle | 1.43 (0.98, 2.10) | 2.97 (1.69, 5.24) | 3.12 (1.21, 8.03) | 0.94 (0.16, 5.63) | 1.46 (1.06, 1.90) | 0.008 |
Rich | 0.67 (0.31, 1.48) | 3.52 (1.83, 6.77) | 3.80 (1.97, 7.33) | 4.43 (1.82, 10.79) | 1.64 (1.21, 2.22) | 0.001 |
Demographic factors | ||||||
Women’s age | ||||||
15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.357 |
25–34 years | 1.65 (0.90, 3.00) | 2.43 (1.47, 3.99) | 2.05 (1.34, 3.16) | 2.00 (1.33, 3.02) | 2.05 (1.63, 2.59) | 0.044 |
35–49 years | 3.50 (1.60, 7.69) | 2.53 (1.17, 5.43) | 4.64 (2.82, 7.63) | 4.35 (2.90, 6.53) | 4.47 (3.39, 5.88) | 0.115 |
Parity | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.432 |
1–4 children | 0.97 (0.53, 1.77) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.67) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.78) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.94) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 0.004 |
5+ children | 0.72 (0.35, 1.47) | 1.25 (0.42, 3.77) | 0.94 (0.48, 1.87) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.61) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.17) | 0.054 |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
Listening radio | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.072 |
Yes | 0.88 (0.48, 1.62) | 0.63 (0.30, 1.35) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.009 |
Read magazine | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.541 |
Yes | 0.67 (0.42, 1.08) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.95) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.56 (1.14, 2.14) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | < 0.001 |
Watch television | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.959 |
Yes | 1.66 (0.96, 2.87) | 1.43 (0.68, 3.03) | 2.45 (1.30, 4.60) | 2.50 (1.41, 4.45) | 2.37 (1.75, 3.21) | 0.002 |
Community-level factors | ||||||
Region of residence | ||||||
Tigray | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
Afar | 4.54 (2.25, 9.15) | 3.66 (0.89, 15.01) | 1.08 (0.48, 2.45) | 1.34 (0.65, 2.78) | 1.71 (1.13, 2.60) | 0.760 |
Amhara | 1.67 (1.15, 6.18) | 3.04 (0.83, 11.19) | 0.98 (0.42, 2.28) | 0.62 (0.35, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.52) | 0.176 |
Oromia | 4.59 (2.04, 10.33) | 3.53 (0.99, 12.45) | 1.58 (0.76, 3.27) | 1.62 (0.85, 3.10) | 1.95 (1.31, 2.91) | 0.327 |
Somali | 6.66 (1.48, 29.4) | 6.20 (2.41, 16.00) | 5.81 (2.70, 12.52) | 3.13 (1.86, 5.26) | 4.93 (3.24, 7.49) | 0.875 |
Benishangul | 1.34 (0.20, 8.91) | 4.78 (0.98, 23.24) | 1.08 (0.46, 2.52) | 1.85 (0.98, 3.50) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.48) | 0.083 |
SNNPR | 3.87 (0.94, 15.97) | 2.44 (0.78, 7.58) | 2.39 (1.17, 4.87) | 1.29 (0.73, 2.29) | 1.89 (1.23, 2.90) | 0.802 |
Gambella | 1.64 (0.64, 4.18) | 0.88 (0.26, 2.93) | 1.43 (0.56, 3.63) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.78) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.87) | 0.063 |
Metropolis | 4.20 (2.03, 8.68) | 2.45 (0.99, 6.04) | 2.15 (1.16, 3.99) | 2.14 (1.40, 3.26) | 2.35 (1.73, 3.21) | < 0.001 |