Background
Methods
Data source, study participants and sampling
Data collection, measurements and definitions
Household wealth
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Characteristics of study participants
Indicator | Female | Male | Total | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wealth status | ||||
Poorest | 21.6 | 16.9 | 19.3 | 0.034 |
Second | 22.2 | 20.6 | 21.5 | |
Middle | 18.7 | 17.1 | 17.9 | |
Fourth | 16.3 | 20.2 | 18.2 | |
Richest | 21.2 | 25.2 | 23.1 | |
Age groups | ||||
18–29 | 47.0 | 45.9 | 46.4 | 0.636 |
30–44 | 32.8 | 32.5 | 32.7 | |
45–59 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 15.7 | |
60–69 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | |
Education level | ||||
No schooling | 18.0 | 6.4 | 12.4 | < 0.001 |
Primary incomplete | 23.9 | 23.3 | 23.6 | |
Primary complete | 33.6 | 30.8 | 32.2 | |
Secondary school and higher | 24.6 | 39.5 | 31.8 | |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 65.3 | 58.2 | 61.8 | 0.013 |
Urban | 34.7 | 41.8 | 38.2 | |
Marital status | ||||
Not in union | 30.9 | 37.4 | 34.1 | 0.029 |
In union | 69.1 | 62.6 | 65.9 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Kalenjin | 13.2 | 16.4 | 14.8 | 0.001 |
Kamba | 11.5 | 6.7 | 9.1 | |
Kikuyu | 15.5 | 17.2 | 16.3 | |
Kisii | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.9 | |
Luhya | 15.1 | 16.5 | 15.8 | |
Luo | 11.2 | 10.2 | 10.8 | |
Meru | 4.2 | 7.8 | 6.0 | |
Other~ | 15.8 | 14.4 | 15.1 | |
Somali | 6.7 | 3.5 | 5.1 | |
Missing | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Occupation | ||||
Employed | 11.8 | 30.7 | 21.0 | < 0.001 |
Self-employed | 34.4 | 43.4 | 38.7 | |
Unemployed | 53.8 | 25.9 | 40.3 | |
N | 2467 | 1599 | 4066 |
Occurence of non-communicable disease risk factors in the population
Prevalence of risk factor count by demographic characteristics
Indicator | Both sexes | Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCD risk factor count | NCD risk factor count | NCD risk factor count | ||||||||||
1–3 | 4–6 | 7–10 | p-value | 1–3 | 4–6 | 7–10 | p-value | 1–3 | 4–6 | 7–10 | p-value | |
Total | 14.5 | 75.3 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 76.1 | 12.3 | 17.3 | 74.5 | 8.1 | |||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Female | 17.3 | 74.5 | 8.1 | 0.002 | ||||||||
Male | 11.6 | 76.1 | 12.3 | |||||||||
Wealth status | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 17.8 | 76.0 | 6.2 | 0.039 | 19.0 | 73.5 | 7.5 | 0.053 | 16.9 | 77.9 | 5.3 | 0.252 |
Second | 13.9 | 77.8 | 8.3 | 11.9 | 79.0 | 9.2 | 15.7 | 76.8 | 7.5 | |||
Middle | 13.3 | 74.5 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 75.8 | 13.5 | 15.6 | 73.5 | 11.0 | |||
Fourth | 10.7 | 76.1 | 13.2 | 7.7 | 76.1 | 16.2 | 14.2 | 76.1 | 9.8 | |||
Richest | 16.4 | 72.4 | 11.3 | 10.1 | 75.7 | 14.2 | 23.5 | 68.6 | 7.9 | |||
Age | ||||||||||||
18–29 | 18.6 | 75.4 | 5.9 | < 0.001 | 13.6 | 78.7 | 7.7 | 0.001 | 23.2 | 72.4 | 4.3 | < 0.001 |
30–44 | 12.5 | 76.9 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 75.6 | 13.6 | 14.0 | 78.3 | 7.8 | |||
45–59 | 8.6 | 71.3 | 20.1 | 7.1 | 70.9 | 22.1 | 10.3 | 71.7 | 18.0 | |||
60–69 | 9.3 | 75.7 | 15.0 | 12.7 | 73.3 | 14.0 | 6.1 | 78.0 | 15.9 | |||
Education | ||||||||||||
No schooling | 14.9 | 77.9 | 7.3 | 0.088 | 20.7 | 73.0 | 6.3 | 0.002 | 12.9 | 79.6 | 7.6 | 0.470 |
Primary school incomplete | 14.4 | 74.5 | 11.1 | 13.1 | 72.7 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 76.1 | 8.3 | |||
Primary school complete | 13.6 | 78.5 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 83.4 | 7.7 | 17.8 | 74.3 | 8.0 | |||
Secondary school and higher | 15.4 | 71.6 | 13.0 | 11.3 | 72.9 | 15.8 | 21.7 | 69.7 | 8.6 | |||
Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 14.1 | 76.5 | 9.4 | 0.368 | 12.1 | 77.4 | 10.5 | 0.245 | 15.8 | 75.8 | 8.4 | 0.388 |
Urban | 15.3 | 73.3 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 74.3 | 14.8 | 20.3 | 72.1 | 7.6 | |||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Not in union | 17.7 | 73.2 | 9.1 | 0.061 | 13.1 | 77.7 | 9.3 | 0.163 | 22.9 | 68.1 | 9.0 | 0.013 |
In union | 12.9 | 76.4 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 75.2 | 14.1 | 14.9 | 77.4 | 7.8 | |||
Ethnic group | ||||||||||||
Kalenjin | 9.6 | 81.6 | 8.9 | < 0.001 | 6.3 | 82.3 | 11.4 | < 0.001 | 13.3 | 80.7 | 6.0 | 0.001 |
Kamba | 20.2 | 73.8 | 6.0 | 7.9 | 84.2 | 7.9 | 27.0 | 68.0 | 5.0 | |||
Kikuyu | 7.9 | 75.4 | 16.7 | 5.6 | 76.2 | 18.3 | 10.3 | 74.7 | 15.0 | |||
Kisii | 20.6 | 72.9 | 6.6 | 16.6 | 74.5 | 9.0 | 24.7 | 71.2 | 4.1 | |||
Luhya | 12.4 | 78.6 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 79.2 | 12.3 | 16.4 | 78.0 | 5.6 | |||
Luo | 25.9 | 67.7 | 6.4 | 28.4 | 64.6 | 7.1 | 23.7 | 70.4 | 5.9 | |||
Meru | 6.6 | 71.1 | 22.3 | 6.3 | 74.2 | 19.5 | 7.0 | 65.7 | 27.3 | |||
Other | 15.4 | 75.5 | 9.1 | 13.8 | 74.6 | 11.6 | 16.8 | 76.3 | 7.0 | |||
Somali | 21.4 | 72.5 | 6.1 | 30.8 | 63.1 | 6.2 | 16.7 | 77.2 | 6.1 | |||
Employment | ||||||||||||
Employed | 12.9 | 70.5 | 16.6 | 0.001 | 11.2 | 71.0 | 17.9 | 0.016 | 17.2 | 69.3 | 13.4 | 0.260 |
Self-employed | 14.1 | 76.4 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 79.3 | 10.2 | 18.3 | 72.9 | 8.8 | |||
Unemployed | 15.8 | 76.8 | 7.4 | 13.9 | 76.8 | 9.3 | 16.7 | 76.7 | 6.5 |
Factors associated with multiple non-communicable disease risk factors in Kenyan adult population
Factors | Both sexes | Female | Male | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3 vs. 4–6 & 7–10 factors | 1–3 vs. 4–6 & 7–10 factors | 1–3 vs. 4–6 & 7–10 factors | |||||||
OR | LL 95%CI | UL 95%CI | OR | LL 95%CI | UL 95%CI | OR | LL 95%CI | UL 95%CI | |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 1.00 | ||||||||
Male | 1.45 | 1.13 | 1.87 | ||||||
Age groups | |||||||||
18–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
30–44 | 1.62 | 1.25 | 2.11 | 1.67 | 1.16 | 2.40 | 1.62 | 1.10 | 2.39 |
45–59 | 3.20 | 2.10 | 4.86 | 3.57 | 2.35 | 5.43 | 2.98 | 1.58 | 5.62 |
60–69 | 2.64 | 1.83 | 3.82 | 4.45 | 2.98 | 6.67 | 1.59 | 0.87 | 2.91 |
Education level | |||||||||
No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary school incomplete | 1.09 | 0.74 | 1.60 | 0.99 | 0.63 | 1.57 | 1.35 | 0.65 | 2.82 |
Primary school complete | 0.96 | 0.66 | 1.39 | 0.93 | 0.60 | 1.43 | 1.87 | 0.86 | 4.05 |
Secondary school and higher | 0.79 | 0.48 | 1.29 | 0.87 | 0.43 | 1.77 | 1.26 | 0.57 | 2.77 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Not in union | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
In union | 1.27 | 1.02 | 1.57 | 1.53 | 1.09 | 2.15 | 1.13 | 0.77 | 1.67 |
Ethnic group | |||||||||
Kalenjin | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Kamba | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.86 | 0.62 | 0.35 | 1.10 |
Kikuyu | 1.53 | 0.99 | 2.36 | 1.64 | 0.91 | 2.95 | 1.42 | 0.81 | 2.48 |
Kisii | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.88 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 1.10 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.96 |
Luhya | 0.82 | 0.56 | 1.20 | 0.78 | 0.47 | 1.29 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 1.43 |
Luo | 0.38 | 0.22 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 1.04 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.52 |
Meru | 1.92 | 1.19 | 3.11 | 3.58 | 2.03 | 6.31 | 1.33 | 0.66 | 2.67 |
Other | 0.78 | 0.49 | 1.23 | 0.87 | 0.44 | 1.69 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 1.22 |
Somali | 0.59 | 0.24 | 1.46 | 0.87 | 0.35 | 2.15 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 1.01 |
Observations | 4062 | 2464 | 1598 | ||||||
1–3&4–6 vs. 7–10 Sec+ | |||||||||
Primary Incomplete | 1.36 | 0.84 | 2.19 | 3.57 | 1.34 | 9.52 | |||
Secondary school and higher | 3.40 | 1.31 | 8.85 |