nach oben

Erschienen in:

2022 | Psychopharmakotherapie | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

22. Depression, Angststörungen, bipolare Störung, Schizophrenie, Aufmerksamkeitsdefizithyperaktivitätssyndrom

verfasst von : Dr. med. Johanna Seifert, Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Bleich, Prof. Dr. med. Roland Seifert

Erschienen in: Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2022

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Auf einen Blick

Mit über 2 Mrd. DDD stellen Arzneistoffe zur Behandlung der Depression, von Angststörungen, der bipolaren Störung und der Depression („Psychopharmaka“) eine der meist verordneten Arzneimittelgruppen dar. Dabei sind die seit vielen Jahren beobachteten Zuwächse vor allem auf steigende Verordnungen und Indikationsausweitungen von antidepressiven Arzneistoffen („Antidepressiva“) zurückzuführen sowie geringere Zunahmen bei den antipsychotischen Arzneistoffen („Antipsychotika“). Dagegen nehmen die Verordnungen von Arzneimitteln mit sedierender und anxiolytischer Wirkung („Tranquillantien“) seit langem kontinuierlich ab.

Trend Im Durchschnitt haben die Verordnungen von Antidepressiva (Noradrenalin/Serotonin-Verstärker) in der letzten Dekade um mehr als 30 % zugenommen. Dies ist vor allem auf die zwei Arzneistoffgruppen der selektiven Serotonin-Rückaufnahme-Inhibitoren (SSRI) und der selektiven Serotonin-Noradrenalin-Rückaufnahme-Inhibitoren (SNRI) zurückzuführen, wohingegen die Verordnung der nichtselektiven Monoamin-Rückaufnahme-Inhibitoren (NSMRI, sog. trizyklischen oder heterozyklischen Antidepressiva) sich in den letzten 10 Jahren stetig rückläufig zeigte. Bei den Antipsychotika ist ein kontinuierlicher Verordnungsanstieg bei den sog. atypischen Antipsychotika (p-mGPCR-Antagonisten) wie Clozapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon und Amisulprid zu beobachten, der durch einen nur sehr moderaten Rückgang der Verschreibung klassisch hochpotenter Antipsychotika (D₂R-mGPCR-Antagonisten) wie Haloperidol nicht kompensiert wird. Es handelt sich also vermutlich um Indikationsausweitungen oder einen Trend zur Verordnung höherer Dosierungen. Niedrigpotente Antipsychotika (D₂R-mGPCR-Antagonisten) wie Melperon, Pipamperon und Promethazin wurden in gleichbleibendem Umfang verordnet. Die Verordnungen von Arzneimitteln zur Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) sind seit starken Zuwächsen in den 2000er Jahren nunmehr seit 5 Jahren annähernd konstant.

Abbas S, Ihle P, Adler JB, Engel S, Günster C, Linder R, Lehmkuhl G, Schubert I (2016) Psychopharmaka-Verordnungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Bundesweite Auswertung von über 4 Millionen gesetzlich Versicherten von 2004 bis 2012. Dtsch Arztebl 113:396–403

Abou-Saleh MT, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Coppen AJ (2017) Lithium in the episode and suicide prophylaxis and in augmenting strategies in patients with unipolar depression. Int J Bipolar Disord. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-017-0080-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Akiki TJ, Abdallah CG (2018) Are there effective psychopharmacologic treatments for PTSD? J Clin Psychiatry 80:18ac12473PubMedPubMedCentral

de Almeida KM, Moreira CLRL, Lafer B (2012) Metabolic syndrome and bipolar disorder: what should psychiatrists know? CNS Neurosci Therap 18(2):160–166

American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2004) Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:596–601

Arnett A, Stein M (2018) Refining treatment choices for ADHD. Lancet Psychiatry 5:691–692PubMedPubMedCentral

Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, Kerse N, Macgillivray S (2009) Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007954 CrossRefPubMed

Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft (2004) Suizide und Suizidversuche unter Bupropion. Dtsch Arztebl 101:A 2139–A 2140

Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft (2011) Aus der UAW-Datenbank: Abhängigkeitspotenzial unter Pregabalin (Lyrica^®). Dtsch Arztebl 108:A 183

Ascher-Svanum H, Nyhuis AW, Stauffer V, Kinon BJ, Faries DE, Phillips GA, Schuh K, Awad AG, Keefe R, Naber D (2010) Reasons for discontinuation and continuation of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia from patient and clinician perspectives. Curr Med Res Opin 26(10):2403–2410PubMed

Bachmann CJ, Philipsen A, Hoffmann F (2017) ADHS in Deutschland: Trends in Diagnose und medikamentöser Therapie. Dtsch Arztebl 114:141–148

Bakota EL, Samms WC, Gray TR, Oleske DA, Hines MO (2018) Case reports of fatalities involving tianeptine in the United States. J Anal Toxicol 42:503–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky023 CrossRefPubMed

Bala A, Nguyen HMT, Hellstrom WJG (2018) Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction: a literature review. Sex Med Rev 6(1):29–34PubMed

Bandelow B, Aden I, Alpers GW, Benecke A, Benecke C, Deckert J, Domschke K, Eckhardt-Henn A, Geiser F, Gerlach AL, Harfst T, Haus S, Hoffmann S, Hoyer J, Hunger-Shoppe C, Kellner M, Köllner V, Kopp IB, Langs G, Liebeck H, Matzar J, Ohly M, Rüddel HP, Rudolf S, Scheufele E, Simon R, Staats H, Ströhle A, Waldherr B, Wedekind D, Werner AM, Wiltnik J, Wolters JP, Zwanzger P, Beutel ME (2021) Deutsch S3-Leitline Behandlung von Angststörungen, Version 2

Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D (2017) Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 19:93–107PubMedPubMedCentral

Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D (2015) Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 30(4):183–192PubMed

de Bardeci M, Greil W, Stassen H, Willms J, Köberle U, Bridler R, Hasler G, Kasper S, Rüther E, Bleich S, Toto S, Grohmann R, Seifert J. (2022) Dear Doctor Letters regarding citalopram and escitalopram: guidelines vs real-world data. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022 Feb 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01392-x. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35217913

Bauer M, Adli M, Bschor T, Pilhatsch M, Pfennig A, Sasse J, Schmid R, Lewitzka U (2010) Lithium’s emerging role in the treatment of refractory major depressive episodes: augmentation of antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 62:36–42PubMed

Bello NT, Yeomans B (2018) Safety of pharmacotherapy options for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf 17:17–23PubMed

Benson K, Flory K, Humphreys KL, Lee SS (2015) Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 18(1):50–76PubMed

Berge J, Abri P, Andell P, Movahed P, Ragazan DC (2022) Associations between off-label low-dose olanzapine or quetiapine and cardiometabolic mortality. J Psychiatr Res 149:352–358PubMed

Bleich S, Dabbert D, Kropp S, Neyazi A, Seifert J, Toto S, Bandelow B (2022) Handbuch Psychopharmaka – Deutsche Bearbeitung der englischsprachigen Version von Ric M. Procyshyn, Kalyna Z. Bezchlibnyk-Butler und J. Joel Jeffries. Hogrefe, Göttingen

Blier P, Saint-André E, Hébert C, de Montigny C, Lavoie N, Debonnel G (2007) Effects of different doses of venlafaxine on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in healthy volunteers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10(1):41–50PubMed

Boland H, DiSalvo M, Fried R, Woodworth KY, Wilens T, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2020) A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. J Psychiatr Res 123:21–30PubMed

Book SW, Thomas SE, Smith JP, Miller PM (2012) Severity of anxiety in mental health versus addiction treatment settings when social anxiety and substance abuse are comorbid. Addict Behav 37(10):1158–1161PubMedPubMedCentral

Borbély É, Simon M, Fuchs E, Wiborg O, Czéh B, Helyes Z (2022) Novel drug developmental strategies for treatment-resistant depression. Br J Pharmacol 179(6):1146–1186PubMed

Braslow JT, Marder SR (2019) History of psychopharmacology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 15(1):25–50PubMed

Bschor T (2014) Lithium in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Drugs 74(8):855–862PubMed

Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (2016) Leitfaden für Ärzte zur Verordnung von Quetiapin-haltigen Arzneimitteln. https://www.bfarm.de/DE/Arzneimittel/Pharmakovigilanz/Risikoinformationen/Schulungsmaterial/Wirkstoff/_node_Wirkstoff.html

Cantù F, Ciappolino V, Enrico P, Moltrasio C, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P (2018) Augmentation with atypical antipsychotics for treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 280:45–53

Carbon M, Kane JM, Leucht S, Correll CU (2018) Tardive dyskinesia risk with first- and second-generation antipsychotics in comparative randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 17(3):330–340PubMedPubMedCentral

Carney AC (2013) Efficacy of quetiapine off-label uses: data synthesis. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 51(8):11–18PubMed

Carvalho AF, Sharma MS, Brunoni AR, Vieta E, Fava GA (2016) The safety, tolerability and risks associated with the use of newer generation antidepressant drugs: a critical review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom 85(5):270–288PubMed

Chahine LM, Acar D, Chemali Z (2010) The elderly safety imperative and antipsychotic usage. Harv Rev Psychiatry 18(3):158–172PubMed

Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JPA, Geddes JR (2018) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 391(10128):1357–1366PubMedPubMedCentral

Cipriani A, Rendell J, Geddes JR (2010) Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 24:1729–1738PubMed

Clark RE, Bartels SJ, Mellman TA, Peacock WJ (2002) Recent trends in antipsychotic combination therapy of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: implications for state mental health policy. Schizophr Bull 28:75–84PubMed

Coppen A (1967) The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 113(504):1237–1264PubMed

Correll CU, Schooler NR (2020) Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Feb 21; 16:519-534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643. PMID: 32110026; PMCID: PMC7041437

Correll CU, Demyttenaere K, Fagiolini A, Hajak G, Pallanti S, Racagni G, Singh S (2020) Cariprazine in the management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: state of the art and future perspectives. Future Neurol 15(4):FNL52

Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, Atkinson LZ, Tessari L, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Hollis C, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Barbui C, Purgato M, Steinhausen H-C, Shokraneh F, Xia J, Cipriani A (2018) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 5(9):727–738PubMedPubMedCentral

Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J (2011) Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ 343:d4551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4551 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Crépeau-Gendron G, Brown HK, Shorey C, Madan R, Szabuniewicz C, Koh S, Veinish S, Mah L (2019) Association between citalopram, escitalopram and QTc prolongation in a real-world geriatric setting. J Affect Disord 250:341–345PubMed

Cristea IA, Gentili C, Pietrini P, Cuijpers P (2017) Sponsorship bias in the comparative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 210(1):16–23PubMed

Curran G, Ravindran A (2014) Lithium for bipolar disorder: a review of the recent literature. Expert Rev Neurother 14(9):1079–1098PubMed

Dalsgaard S, Østergaard SD, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB, Pedersen MG (2015) Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet 385:2190–2196PubMed

Danielsson B, Collin J, Jonasdottir Bergman G, Borg N, Salmi P, Fastbom J (2016) Antidepressants and antipsychotics classified with torsades de pointes arrhythmia risk and mortality in older adults – a Swedish nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81:773–783PubMedPubMedCentral

Davidson M, Galderisi S, Weiser M, Werbeloff N, Fleischhacker WW, Keefe RS, Boter H, Keet IP, Prelipceanu D, Rybakowski JK, Libiger J, Hummer M, Dollfus S, López-Ibor JJ, Hranov LG, Gaebel W, Peuskens J, Lindefors N, Riecher-Rössler A, Kahn RS (2009) Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). Am J Psychiatry 166:675–682PubMed

Davies LM, Lewis S, Jones PB, Barnes TRE, Gaughran F, Hayhurst K, Markwick A, Lloyd H (2007) Cost-effectiveness of first- v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs: results from a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia responding poorly to previous therapy. Br J Psychiatry 191(1):14–22PubMed

Davies P, Ijaz S, Williams CJ, Kessler D, Lewis G, Wiles N (2019) Pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010557.pub2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davis J, Desmond M, Berk M (2018) Lithium and nephrotoxicity: a literature review of approaches to clinical management and risk stratification. BMC Nephrol 19(1):305PubMedPubMedCentral

Del Casale A, Sorice S, Padovano A, Simmaco M, Ferracuti S, Lamis DA, Rapinesi C, Sani G, Girardi P, Kotzalidis GD, Pompili M (2019) Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Curr Neuropharmacol 17:710–736PubMedPubMedCentral

Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L (2008) Bupropion and SSRI-induced side effects. J Psychopharmacol 22(7):792–804PubMed

Dersch R, Zwernemann S, Voderholzer U (2011) Partial status epilepticus after electroconvulsive therapy and medical treatment with bupropion. Pharmacopsychiatry 44:344–346PubMed

DGPPN, BÄK, KBV, AWMF (2015) S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression – Langfassung, 2. Aufl. Version 5. 2015. https://doi.org/10.6101/AZQ/000364 CrossRef

Dittmann RW, Cardo E, Nagy P, Anderson CS, Bloomfield R, Caballero B, Higgins N, Hodgkins P, Lyne A, Civil R, Coghill D (2013) Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a head-to-head, randomized, double-blind, phase IIIb study. CNS Drugs 27(12):1081–1092PubMedPubMedCentral

Divac N, Prostran M, Jakovcevski I, Cerovac N (2014) Second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal adverse effects. Biomed Res Int 2014:656370PubMedPubMedCentral

Dold M, Samara MT, Li C, Tardy M, Leucht S (2015) Haloperidol versus first-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009831.pub2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fagiolini A, Comandini A, Dell’Osso MC, Kasper S (2012) Rediscovering trazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs 26(12):1033–1049PubMedPubMedCentral

Ferrarelli F (2022) Is neuroplasticity key to treatment response in depression? Maybe so. Am J Psychiatry 179(7):451–453PubMed

Food and Drug Administration (2016) FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about new impulse-control problems associated with mental health drug aripiprazole (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Aristada). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-about-new-impulse-control-problems-associated-mental-health

Foong A-L, Grindrod KA, Patel T, Kellar J (2018) Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity). Can Fam Physician 64(10):720–727PubMedPubMedCentral

Frampton JE (2018) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: a review in paediatric ADHD. Drugs 78:1025–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0936-0 CrossRefPubMed

Freiesleben SD, Furczyk K (2015) A systematic review of agomelatine-induced liver injury. J Mol Psychiatr 3(1):4

Frye MA, Ketter TA, Leverich GS, Huggins T, Lantz C, Denicoff KD, Post RM (2000) The increasing use of polypharmacotherapy for refractory mood disorders: 22 years of study. J Clin Psychiatry 61:9–15PubMed

Fusar-Poli P, Smieskova R, Kempton MJ, Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Borgwardt S (2013) Progressive brain changes in schizophrenia related to antipsychotic treatment? A meta-analysis of longitudinal MRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(8):1680–1691PubMedPubMedCentral

Gaebel W, Hasan A, Falkai P (2019) S3-Leitlinie Schizophrenie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg

Gahr M, Hiemke C, Connemann BJ (2017) Update Opipramol. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 85:139–145PubMed

Garland JE, Kutcher S, Virani A, Elbe D (2016) Update on the use of SSRis and SNRis with children and adolescents in clinical practice. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25(1):4–10

Gebara MA, Lipsey KL, Karp JF, Nash MC, Iaboni A, Lenze EJ (2015) Cause or effect? Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors and falls in older adults: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 23(10):1016–1028PubMed

Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, Bebbington P (2000) Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. Brit Med J 321:1371–1376PubMedPubMedCentral

Gelbe Liste RG (2021) Lieferengpass Bromazanil 6. https://www.gelbe-liste.de/lieferengpaesse/lieferengpass-bromazanil-6

Gerhard T, Huybrechts K, Olfson M, Schneeweiss S, Bobo WV, Doraiswamy PM, Devanand DP, Lucas JA, Huang C, Malka ES, Levin R, Crystal S (2014) Comparative mortality risks of antipsychotic medications in community-dwelling older adults. Br J Psychiatry 205:44–51PubMed

Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Baumikh DK, Erkenmann JJ (2007) Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 164:1356–1363PubMed

Gitlin MJ (2018) Antidepressants in bipolar depression: an enduring controversy. Int J Bipolar Disord 6(1):25PubMedPubMedCentral

Glocker C, Grohmann R, Engel R, Seifert J, Bleich S, Stübner S, Toto S, Schüle C (2021) Galactorrhea during antipsychotic treatment: results from AMSP, a drug surveillance program, between 1993 and 2015. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01241-3 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goff DC, Falkai P, Fleischhacker WW, Girgis RR, Kahn RM, Uchida H, Zhao J, Lieberman JA (2017) The long-term effects of antipsychotic medication on clinical course in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 174(9):840–849PubMed

Goldberg TE, Gomar JJ (2009) Targeting cognition in schizophrenia research: from etiology to treatment. Am J Psychiatry 166:631–634PubMed

Gong IY, Kim RB (2013) Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Can J Cardiol 29(7):S24–S33PubMed

Grigg J, Worsley R, Thew C, Gurvich C, Thomas N, Kulkarni J (2017) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: synthesis of world-wide guidelines and integrated recommendations for assessment, management and future research. Psychopharmacology 234(22):3279–3297PubMed

Grimmsmann T, Kostev K, Himmel W (2022) Die Rolle von Privatverordnungen bei der Versorgung mit Benzodiazepinen und Z-Drugs. Dtsch Arztebl Int 119(21):380–381PubMedPubMedCentral

Grohmann R, Engel RR, Geissler KH, Rüther E (2004) Psychotropic drug use in psychiatric inpatients: recent trends and changes over time-data from the AMSP study. Pharmacopsychiatry 37(Suppl 1):S27–S38PubMed

Guaiana G, Gupta S, Chiodo D, Davies SJ, Haederle K, Koesters M (2013) Agomelatine versus other antidepressive agents for major depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008851.pub2 CrossRefPubMed

de Haan L, Lavalaye J, van Bruggen M, van Nimwegen L, Booij J, van Amelsvoort T, Linszen D (2004) Subjective experience and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in patients treated with antipsychotics: clinical implications. Can J Psychiatry 49(5):290–296PubMed

Haddad PM, Sharma SG (2007) Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 21(11):911–936PubMed

Hägg S, Bate A, Stahl M, Spigset O (2008) Associations between venous thromboembolism and antipsychotics. A study of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf 31:685–694PubMed

Halaris A, Sohl E, Whitham EA (2021) Treatment-Resistant Depression Revisited: A Glimmer of Hope. J Pers Med. 2021 Feb 23; 11(2):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020155. PMID: 33672126; PMCID: PMC7927134

Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ (2017) How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. Lancet Psychiatry 4(5):409–418PubMedPubMedCentral

Harrison PJ (1999) Neurochemical alterations in schizophrenia affecting the putative receptor targets of atypical antipsychotics: Focus on dopamine (D1, D3, D4) and 5-HT2a receptors. Br J Psychiatry 174(S38):12–22

Hashimoto K (2020) Molecular mechanisms of the rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine. Biochem Pharmacol 177:113935PubMed

Haussmann R, Bauer M, von Bonin S, Grof P, Lewitzka U (2015) Treatment of lithium intoxication: facing the need for evidence. Int J Bipolar Disord 3(1):23PubMedPubMedCentral

Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (2013) Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol 27:479–496PubMedPubMedCentral

Heck J, Seifert J, Stichtenoth DO, Schroeder C, Groh A, Szycik GR, Degner D, Adamovic I, Schneider M, Glocker C, Rüther E, Bleich S, Grohmann R, Toto S (2021) A case series of serious and unexpected adverse drug reactions under treatment with cariprazine. Clin Case Rep 9:e4084

Henkel V, Seemüller F, Obermeier M, Adli M, Bauer M, Kronmüller K, Holsboer F, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Zeiler J, Gaebel W, Mayr A, Riedel M, Möller HJ (2011) Relationship between baseline severity of depression and antidepressant treatment outcome. Pharmacopsychiatry 44(1):27–32PubMed

Henssler J, Alexander D, Schwarzer G, Bschor T, Baethge C (2022) Combining antidepressants vs antidepressant monotherapy for treatment of patients with acute depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 79(4):300–312PubMedPubMedCentral

Henssler J, Heinz A, Brandt L, Bschor T (2019) Absetz- und Rebound-Phänomene bei Antidepressiva. Dtsch Arztebl 116:355–361

Heun R, Ahokas A, Boyer P, Giménez-Montesinos N, Pontes-Soares F, Olivier V, Group AS (2013) The efficacy of agomelatine in elderly patients with recurrent major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 74(6):5943

Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, Conca A, Deckert J, Domschke K, Eckermann G, Egberts K, Gerlach M, Greiner C, Gründer G, Haen E, Havemann-Reinecke U, Hefner G, Helmer R, Janssen G, Jaquenoud E, Laux G, Messer T, Mössner R, Müller MJ, Paulzen M, Pfuhlmann B, Riederer P, Saria A, Schoppek B, Schoretsanitis G, Schwarz M, Gracia MS, Stegmann B, Steimer W, Stingl JC, Uhr M, Ulrich S, Unterecker S, Waschgler R, Zernig G, Zurek G, Baumann P (2018) Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 51(1-02):9–62PubMed

Hieronymus F, Emilsson JF, Nilsson S, Eriksson E (2016) Consistent superiority of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors over placebo in reducing depressed mood in patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 21(4):523–530PubMed

Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thürmann PA (2010) Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107(31–32):543–551PubMedPubMedCentral

Hutton LM, Cave AJ, St-Jean R, Banh HL (2017) Should we be worried about QTc prolongation using citalopram? A review. J Pharm Pract 30(3):353–358PubMed

Hwang YJ, Dixon SN, Reiss JP, Wald R, Parikh CR, Gandhi S, Shariff SZ, Pannu N, Nash DM, Rehman F, Garg AX (2014) Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk for acute kidney injury and other adverse outcomes in older adults: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 161:242–248PubMed

Institut für Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie (AMSP e.V.) (2018) Multicenterstudie zu Nebenwirkungen in der Gerontopsychiatrie. https://amsp.de/amsp-projekt/aktuelle-projekte/

Isbister GK, Bowe SJ, Dawson A, Whyte IM (2004) Relative toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42(3):277–285PubMed

Ivanov I, Bjork JM, Blair J, Newcorn JH (2022) Sensitization-based risk for substance abuse in vulnerable individuals with ADHD: Review and re-examination of evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 135:104575PubMedPubMedCentral

Jackson JL, Shimeall W, Sessums L, Dezee KJ, Becher D, Diemer M, Berbano E, O’Malley PG (2010) Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 341:c5222PubMedPubMedCentral

Janhsen K, Roser P, Hoffmann K (2015) Probleme der Dauertherapie mit Benzodiazepinen und verwandten Substanzen. Dtsch Arztebl 112:1–7

Jans T, Warnke A (2010) Die britische NICE-Guidance zu Diagnose und Therapie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter. Arzneiverordn Prax 37:4–6

Janssen-Cilag (2021). Fachinformation Spravato® 28 mg Nasenspray, Lösung.

Jin H, Tappenden P, MacCabe JH, Robinson S, Byford S (2020) Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of services for schizophrenia in the UK across the entire care pathway in a single whole-disease model. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e205888PubMedPubMedCentral

Jones HE, Joshi A, Shenkin S, Mead GE (2016) The effect of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in comparison to placebo in the progression of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 45(4):448–456PubMed

Jones PB, Barnes TR, Davies L, Dunn G, Lloyd H, Hayhurst KP, Murray RM, Markwick A, Lewis SW (2006) Randomized controlled trial of the effect on Quality of Life of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS 1). Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(10):1079–1087PubMed

Kane JM, Carson WH, Saha AR, McQuade RD, Ingenito GG, Zimbroff DL, Ali MW (2002) Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole and haloperidol versus placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63:763–771PubMed

Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Correll CU, Achtyes ED, Gibbons RD, Robinson DG (2020) Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 77(12):1217–1224PubMed

Kantrowitz JT (2021) Additional perspective on cariprazine and negative symptoms. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2022 Aug; 23(12):1469-1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1968828. Epub 2021 Aug 21. PMID: 34423715

Kapur S, Seeman P (2001) Does fast dissociation from the Dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: a new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 158(3):360–369PubMed

Keks N, Hope J, Schwartz D, McLennan H, Copolov D, Meadows G (2020) Comparative tolerability of dopamine D2/3 receptor partial agonists for schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 34:473–507PubMed

Khan A, Brodhead AE, Kolts RL, Brown WA (2005) Severity of depressive symptoms and response to antidepressants and placebo in antidepressant trials. J Psychiatr Res 39(2):145–150PubMed

Khan A, Leventhal RM, Khan SR, Brown WA (2002) Severity of depression and response to antidepressants and placebo: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 22(1):40–45PubMed

Khushboo NJ, Siddiqi M, de Lourdes Pereira, Sharma B (2022) Neuroanatomical, biochemical, and functional modifications in brain induced by treatment with antidepressants. Mol Neurobiol 59(6):3564–3584PubMed

Kinon BJ, Basson BR, Gilmore JA et al (2001) Long-term olanzapine treatment: weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 62:92–100PubMed

Kirsch I (2014) Antidepressants and the placebo effect. Z Psychol 222(3):128–134PubMedPubMedCentral

Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (2008) Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 5(2):e45PubMedPubMedCentral

Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Mishima K, Iwata N (2021) Mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics for bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry 26(8):4146–4157PubMed

Komossa K, Depping AM, Meyer M, Kissling W, Leucht S (2010) Second-generation antipsychotics for obsessive compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008141.pub2 CrossRefPubMed

Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schmid F, Hunger H, Schwarz S, El-Sayeh HG, Kissling W, Leucht S (2009) Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006569.pub3 CrossRefPubMed

Krause M, Zhu Y, Huhn M, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Nikolakopoulou A, Leucht S (2018) Antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia and predominant or prominent negative symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268(7):625–639PubMed

La Torre A, Conca A, Duffy D, Giupponi G, Pompili M, Grözinger M (2013) Sexual dysfunction related to psychotropic drugs: a critical review part II: antipsychotics. Pharmacopsychiatry 46:201–208PubMed

Lee TC, Desforges P, Murray J, Saleh RR, McDonald EG (2016) Off-label use of quetiapine in medical inpatients and postdischarge. JAMA Intern Med 176(9):1390–1391PubMed

Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM (2013) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 382(9896):951–962PubMed

Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM (2009) Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 373:31–41PubMed

Leucht S, Helfer B, Gartlehner G, Davis JM (2015) How effective are common medications: a perspective based on meta-analyses of major drugs. BMC Med 13(1):253PubMedPubMedCentral

Leucht S, Hierl S, Kissling W, Dold M, Davis JM (2012) Putting the efficacy of psychiatric and general medicine medication into perspective: review of meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry 200(2):97–106PubMed

Leucht S, Wahlbeck K, Hamann J, Kissling W (2003) New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 361(9369):1581–1589PubMed

Lewis G, Marston L, Duffy L, Freemantle N, Gilbody S, Hunter R, Kendrick T, Kessler D, Mangin D, King M, Lanham P, Moore M, Nazareth I, Wiles N, Bacon F, Bird M, Brabyn S, Burns A, Clarke CS, Hunt A, Pervin J, Lewis G (2021) Maintenance or discontinuation of antidepressants in primary care. N Engl J Med 385(14):1257–1267PubMed

Li J, Yang L, Pu C, Tang Y, Yun H, Han P (2013) The role of duloxetine in stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 45(3):679–686

Lieb K, Dreimüller N, Wagner S, Schlicht K, Falter T, Neyazi A, Müller-Engling L, Bleich S, Tadić A, Frieling H (2018) BDNF plasma levels and BDNF Exon IV promoter methylation as predictors for antidepressant treatment response. Front Psychiatry 9:511PubMedPubMedCentral

Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK, Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators (2005) Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 353:1209–1233PubMed

Lin D, Thompson-Leduc P, Ghelerter I, Nguyen H, Lafeuille M-H, Benson C, Mavros P, Lefebvre P (2021) Real-world evidence of the clinical and economic impact of long-acting Injectable versus oral antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 35(5):469–481PubMedPubMedCentral

Liu B, Zhang Y, Fang H, Liu J, Liu T, Li L (2017) Efficacy and safety of long-term antidepressant treatment for bipolar disorders – a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 223:41–48PubMed

Lunn MPT, Hughes RAC, Wiffen PJ (2014) Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

MacGillivray S, Arroll B, Hatcher S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, Williams B, Crombie I (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants in depression treated in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Brit Med J 326:1014–1019PubMedPubMedCentral

Maher AR, Theodore G (2012) Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. J Manag Care Pharm 18(5 Suppl B):S1–S20PubMed

Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, Wang Z, Timmer M, Sultzer D, Shekelle PG (2011) Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 306:1359–1369PubMed

Martinho A, Silva SM, Garcia S, Moreno I, Granadeiro LB, Alves G, Duarte AP, Domingues F, Silvestre S, Gallardo E (2016) Effects of Hypericum perforatum hydroalcoholic extract, hypericin, and hyperforin on cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 mRNA expression in hepatic cell lines: a comparative study. Med Chem Res 25(12):2999–3010

Masand PS (2000) Side effects of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 61(4):43–51PubMed

McDonagh M, Peterson K, Carson S, Fu R, Thakurta S (2010) Drug class review: atypical antipsychotic drugs. Final update 3 report. Portland (OR): oregon health & science university. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50583/

McEvoy JP, Byerly M, Hamer RM, Dominik R, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Ray N, Lamberti JS, Buckley PF, Wilkins TM, Stroup TS (2014) Effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate vs haloperidol decanoate for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311:1978–1987PubMedPubMedCentral

McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, Davis SM, Meltzer HY, Rosenheck RA, Swartz MS, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis CE, Severe J, Hsiao JK (2006) Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 163(4):600–610PubMed

McEwen BS, Chattarji S (2004) Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity and pharmacological implications: the example of tianeptine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 14:S497–S502PubMed

McGirr A, Vöhringer PA, Ghaemi SN, Lam RW, Yatham LN (2016) Safety and efficacy of adjunctive second-generation antidepressant therapy with a mood stabiliser or an atypical antipsychotic in acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Psychiatry 3(12):1138–1146PubMed

McGorry P, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Killackey E (2013) Antipsychotic medication during the critical period following remission from first-episode psychosis: less is more. JAMA Psychiatry 70:898–900PubMed

McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR (2012) Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 379(9817):721–728PubMed

Mintzer J, Burns A (2000) Anticholinergic side-effects of drugs in elderly people. J R Soc Med 93(9):457–462PubMedPubMedCentral

Miyamoto S, Miyake S, Jarskog LF, Fleischhacker WW, Lieberman JA (2012) Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: a critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Mol Psychiatry 17:1206–1227PubMed

Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA (2022) The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry. 2022 Jul 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35854107

Montagnon F, Saïd S, Lepine JP (2002) Lithium: poisonings and suicide prevention. Eur psychiatr 17(2):92–95

Montejo AL, Prieto N, de Alarcón R, Casado-Espada N, de la Iglesia J, Montejo L (2019) Management strategies for antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction: a clinical approach. J Clin Med 8:1640PubMedPubMedCentral

Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ (2015) Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mortensen MB, Nordestgaard BG (2019) Statin use in primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to 5 major guidelines for sensitivity, specificity, and number needed to treat. JAMA Cardiol 4(11):1131–1138PubMedPubMedCentral

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Lewitzka U (2016) The contributions of lithium and clozapine for the prophylaxis and treatment of suicidal behavior. In: Biological aspects of suicidal behavior, Bd. 30. Karger, S 145–160

Murray RM, Quattrone D, Natesan S, van Os J, Nordentoft M, Howes O, Di Forti M, Taylor D (2016) Should psychiatrists be more cautious about the long-term prophylactic use of antipsychotics? Br J Psychiatry 209(5):361–365PubMed

Näslund J, Hieronymus F, Lisinski A, Nilsson S, Eriksson E (2018) Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on rating-scale-assessed suicidality in adults with depression. Br J Psychiatry 212(3):148–154PubMed

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014) Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. Clinical guideline. nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178

Nedic Erjavec G, Sagud M, Nikolac Perkovic M, Svob Strac D, Konjevod M, Tudor L, Uzun S, Pivac N (2021) Depression: biological markers and treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 105:110139PubMed

Németh G, Laszlovszky I, Czobor P, Szalai E, Szatmári B, Harsányi J, Barabássy Á, Debelle M, Durgam S, Bitter I, Marder S, Fleischhacker WW (2017) Cariprazine versus risperidone monotherapy for treatment of predominant negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 389:1103–1113PubMed

Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CYX (2017) Clinical use of hypericum perforatum (st John’s wort) in depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 210:211–221PubMed

Niedrig DF, Gött C, Fischer A, Müller ST, Greil W, Buckler G, Russmann S (2016) Second-generation antipsychotics in a tettiary care hospital: prescribing patterns, metabolic profiles, and drug interactions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 31:42–50PubMed

Noordam R, Aarts N, Verhamme KM, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH, Visser LE (2015) Prescription and indication trends of antidepressant drugs in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2012: a dynamic population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71(3):369–375PubMed

Pashazadeh Kan F, Raoofi S, Rafiei S, Khani S, Hosseinifard H, Tajik F, Raoofi N, Ahmadi S, Aghalou S, Torabi F, Dehnad A, Rezaei S, Hosseinipalangi Z, Ghashghaee A (2021) A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 293:391–398PubMedPubMedCentral

Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA, Vano L, Mizuno Y, Arumuham A, Hindley G, Beck K, Natesan S, Efthimiou O, Cipriani A (2020) Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 7(1):64–77PubMedPubMedCentral

Pirhonen E, Haapea M, Rautio N, Nordström T, Turpeinen M, Laatikainen O, Koponen H, Silvan J, Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E (2022) Characteristics and predictors of off-label use of antipsychotics in general population sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022 Sep; 146(3):227-239

Poljansky S, Sander K, Artmann S, Laux G (2015) „Psychopharmakotherapie bei geronto-psychiatrischen stationären Patienten.“ Werden die Empfehlungen der PRISCUS-Liste umgesetzt? Psychopharmakotherapie 22:153–164

Rakofsky JJ, Lucido MJ, Dunlop BW (2022) Lithium in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 308:268–280PubMed

Raouf M, Glogowski AJ, Bettinger JJ, Fudin J (2017) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and the influence of binding affinity (Ki) on analgesia. J Clin Pharm Ther 42(4):513–517PubMed

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein CM (2009) Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 360:225–235PubMedPubMedCentral

Remschmidt H, Working Group (2005) Global consensus on ADHD/HKD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14:127–137PubMed

Rosenheck R, Perlick D, Bingham S, Liu-Mares W, Collins J, Warren S, Leslie D, Allan E, Campbell EC, Caroff S, Corwin J, Davis L, Douyon R, Dunn L, Evans D, Frecska E, Grabowski J, Graeber D, Herz L, Kwon K, Lawson W, Mena F, Sheikh J, Smelson D, Smith-Gamble V (2003) Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290(20):2693–2702PubMed

Rosenheck RA, Leslie DL, Sindelar J, Miller EA, Lin H, Stroup TS, McEvoy J, Davis SM, Keefe RS, Swartz M, Perkins DO, Hsiao JK, Lieberman J (2006) Cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 163(12):2080–2089PubMed

Rote Hand Brief (2011a). Rote Hand Brief Escitalopram: Zusammenhang von Escitalopram (Cipralex®) mit dosisabhängiger QT-Intervall-Verlängerung.

Rote Hand Brief (2011b). Rote Hand Brief zu Cipramil ® (Citalopram): Zusammenhang von CIPRAMIL® (Citalopramhydrobromid/Citalopramhydrochlorid) mit dosisabhängiger QT-Intervall-Verlängerung.

Rozin E, Vanaharam V, D’Mello D, Palazzolo S, Adams C. (2019) A retrospective study of the role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in preventing rehospitalization in early psychosis with cannabis use. Addict Behav Rep. 2019 Oct 16;10:100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100221. PMID: 31828200; PMCID: PMC6888881

Rudorfer MV, Manji HK, Potter WZ (1994) Comparative tolerability profiles of the newer versus older antidepressants. Drug Saf 10(1):18–46PubMed

Rybakowski JK, Suwalska A, Hajek T (2018) Clinical perspectives of lithium’s neuroprotective effect. Pharmacopsychiatry 51:194–199PubMed

Saucedo Uribe E, Carranza Navarro F, Guerrero Medrano AF, García Cervantes KI, Álvarez Villalobos NA, Acuña Rocha VD, Méndez Hernández M, Alanís JMM, Hinojosa Cavada CM, Zúñiga Hernández JA, Fernández Zambrano SM (2020) Preliminary efficacy and tolerability profiles of first versus second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 129:222–233PubMed

Schäfer W, Princk C, Kollhorst B, Schink T (2019) Antidepressants and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Drug Saf 42(9):1081–1089PubMed

Schneider BN, Enenbach M (2014) Managing the risks of ADHD treatments. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16(10):479PubMed

Schoretsanitis G, de Filippis R, Brady BM, Homan P, Suppes T, Kane JM (2022) Prevalence of impaired kidney function in patients with long-term lithium treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 24(3):264–274PubMed

Schubert I, Lehmkuhl G (2017) Verlauf und Therapie von ADHS und der Stellenwert im Erwachsenenalter. Dtsch Arztebl 114:139–140

Seifert R (2021a) Arzneistoffe zur Behandlung der Depression und bipolaren Störung. Basiswissen Pharmakologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, S 385–399

Seifert R (2021b) Arzneistoffe zur Behandlung der Schizophrenie. Basiswissen Pharmakologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, S 401–413

Seifert R (2021c) Einführung und Pharmakodynamik. Basiswissen Pharmakologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, S 3–46

Seifert R, Alexander S (2022) Perspective article: A proposal for rational drug class terminology. Br J Pharmacol 179(17):4311–4314PubMed

Seifert R, Schirmer B (2020) A simple mechanistic terminology of psychoactive drugs: a proposal. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 393:1331–1339PubMedPubMedCentral

Seifert J, Engel RR, Bernegger X, Führmann F, Bleich S, Stübner S, Sieberer M, Greil W, Toto S, Grohmann R (2021a) Time trends in pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder: Results from the AMSP Pharmacovigilance Program from 2001–2017. J Affect Disord 281:547–556PubMed

Seifert J, Führmann F, Reinhard MA, Engel RR, Bernegger X, Bleich S, Stübner S, Rüther E, Toto S, Grohmann R, Sieberer M, Greil W (2021b) Sex differences in pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder: results from the AMSP pharmacovigilance program from 2001 to 2017. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 128(6):827–843PubMed

Serretti A, Mandelli L (2010) Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 71:1259–1272PubMed

Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR (2015) Long-term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet 386(9992):461–468PubMed

Siafis S, Tzachanis D, Samara M, Papazisis G (2018) Antipsychotic drugs: from receptor-binding profiles to metabolic side effects. Curr Neuropharmacol 16:1210–1223PubMedPubMedCentral

Sicras-Mainar A, Maurino J, Ruiz-Beato E, Navarro-Artieda R (2014) Impact of negative symptoms on healthcare resource utilization and associated costs in adult outpatients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 14(1):225PubMedPubMedCentral

Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Freemantle N (2019) Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 393:768–777PubMed

v. Soest EM, Dieleman JP, Kuipers EJ (2008) The effect of anticholinergic agents on gastro-oesophageal reflux and related disorders. Expert Opin Drug Saf 7(2):173–180PubMed

Song HR, Kwon YJ, Woo YS, Bahk WM (2015) Effects of mirtazapine on patients undergoing naturalistic diabetes treatment: a follow-up study extended from 6 to 12 months. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35:730–731PubMed

Soyka M, Lieb M (2015) Recent developments in pharmacotherapy of alcoholism. Pharmacopsychiatry 48:123–135PubMed

Spielmans G, Berman M, Linardatos E, Rosenlicht N, Perry A, Tsai A (2013) Adjunctive atypical antipsychotic treatment for major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of depression, quality of life, and safety outcomes. PLoS Med 10(Suppl. 3):e1001403PubMedPubMedCentral

Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M (2005) SNRis: the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS Spectr 10(9):732–747PubMed

Stahl SM, Pradko JF, Haight BR, Modell JG, Rockett CB, Learned-Coughlin S (2004) A review of the neuropharmacology of bupropion, a dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 6(4):159PubMedPubMedCentral

Stogios N, Smith E, Bowden S, Tran V, Asgariroozbehani R, McIntyre WB, Remington G, Siskind D, Agarwal SM, Hahn MK (2022) Metabolic adverse effects of off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 47(3):664–672PubMed

Storebø OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB, Nilausen TD, Skoog M, Holmskov M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Magnusson FL, Moreira-Maia CR, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Forsbøl B, Simonsen E, Gluud C (2015) Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Störungen, D. G. f. b. and P. u. N. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (2020). „S3-Leitline zur Diagnostik und Therapie Bipolarer Störungen.“

Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A (2018) Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 19:1057–1070PubMedPubMedCentral

Stübner S, Grohmann R, Greil W, Zhang X, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bleich S, Rüther E, Möller HJ, Engel R, Falkai P, Toto S, Kasper S, Neyazi A (2018) Suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior as rare adverse events of antidepressant medication: current report from the AMSP multicenter drug safety surveillance project. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 21(9):814–821PubMedPubMedCentral

Taipale H, Solmi M, Lähteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Correll CU, Tiihonen J (2021) Antipsychotic use and risk of breast cancer in women with schizophrenia: a nationwide nested case-control study in Finland. Lancet Psychiatry 8(10):883–891PubMed

Takeuchi H, Kantor N, Sanches M, Fervaha G, Agid O, Remington G (2017) One-year symptom trajectories in patients with stable schizophrenia maintained on antipsychotics versus placebo: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 211(3):137–143PubMed

Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, Fervaha G, Zipursky RB, Foussias G, Agid O (2019) Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(6):1036–1042PubMed

Terao T (2021) Neglected but not negligible aspects of antidepressants and their availability in bipolar depression. Brain Behav 11(8):e2308PubMedPubMedCentral

Thakor V, Leach MJ, Gillham D, Esterman A (2011) The quality of information on websites selling St. John’s wort. Complement Ther Med 19(3):155–160PubMed

Tiihonen J (2016) Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 134(5):371–373PubMedPubMedCentral

Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Torniainen M, Alexanderson K, Tanskanen A (2016) Mortality and cumulative exposure to antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines in patients with schizophrenia: an observational follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 173(6):600–606PubMed

Tranulis C, Skalli L, Lalonde P, Nicole L, Stip E (2008) Benefits and risks of antipsychotic polypharmacy: an evidence-based review of the literature. Drug Saf 31:7–20PubMed

Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R (2008) Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 358(3):252–260PubMed

Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Csiszar A (2019) Potential adverse cardiovascular effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) in patients with geriatric depression: implications for Atherogenesis and Cerebromicrovascular Dysregulation. Front Genet 10:898PubMedPubMedCentral

Van Alphen AM, Bosch TM, Kupka RW, Hoekstra R (2021) Chronic kidney disease in lithium-treated patients, incidence and rate of decline. Int J Bipolar Disord 9(1):1PubMedPubMedCentral

Vigo DV, Baldessarini RJ (2009) Anticonvulsants in the treatment of major depressive disorder: an overview. Harv Rev Psychiatry 17(4):231–241PubMed

Villas Boas GR, Boerngen de Lacerda R, Paes MM, Gubert P, d Almeida WLC, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV, Oesterreich SA (2019) Molecular aspects of depression: a review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 851:99–121PubMed

Vishal S, Beg MA, Dutta SB, Khatri S, Garg S, Singh NK, Kaur A (2017) Comparative evaluation of cost-effectiveness between typical antipsychotic haloperidol and atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone and aripiprazole in the treatment of stable schizophrenia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 6(8):1965

Vitiello B, Correll C, van Zwieten-Boot B, Zuddas A, Parellada M, Arango C (2009) Antipsychotics in children and adolescents: increasing use, evidence for efficacy and safety concerns. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19:629–635PubMed

de Vries Schultink AH, Zwart W, Linn SC, Beijnen JH, Huitema AD (2015) Effects of pharmacogenetics on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tamoxifen. Clin Pharmacokinet 54(8):797–810PubMedPubMedCentral

Wagner E, Siafis S, Fernando P, Falkai P, Honer WG, Röh A, Siskind D, Leucht S, Hasan A (2021) Efficacy and safety of clozapine in psychotic disorders – a systematic quantitative meta-review. Transl Psychiatry 11(1):487PubMedPubMedCentral

Wagstaff AJ, Ormrod D, Spencer CM (2001) Tianeptine: a review of its use in depressive disorders. CNS Drugs 15:231–259PubMed

Wang C, Shi W, Huang C, Zhu J, Huang W, Chen G (2017) The efficacy, acceptability, and safety of five atypical antipsychotics in patients with first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia: a randomized comparative trial. Ann Gen Psychiatry 16:47PubMedPubMedCentral

Wei Y, Yan VK, Kang W, Wong IC, Castle DJ, Gao L, Chui CS, Man KK, Hayes JF, Chang WC (2022) Association of long-acting Injectable antipsychotics and oral antipsychotics with disease relapse, health care use, and adverse events among people with schizophrenia. JAMA Netw Open 5(7):e2224163PubMedPubMedCentral

Wensel TM, Powe KW, Cates ME (2012) Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Ann Pharmacother 46:424–429PubMed

Wenzel-Seifert K, Wittmann M, Haen E (2011) QTc prolongation by psychotropic drugs and the risk of Torsade de Pointes. Dtsch Arztebl Int 108(41):687–693PubMedPubMedCentral

Westphal JF (2000) Macrolide-induced clinically relevant drug interactions with cytochrome P-450A (CYP) 3A4: an update focused on clarithromycin, azithromycin and dirithromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50(4):285PubMedPubMedCentral

Wolter DK (2009) Risiken von Antipsychotika im Alter, speziell bei Demenzen. Eine Übersicht. Z Gerontopsychol Psychiatr 22:17–56

Xu H, Zhuang X (2019) Atypical antipsychotics-induced metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a critical review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 15:2087–2099PubMedPubMedCentral

Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, Regestein QR, Eguale T (2019) Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2:e190828PubMedPubMedCentral

Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J (2016) Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 3:646–659PubMed

Zangani C, Giordano B, Stein HC, Bonora S, D’Agostino A, Ostinelli EG (2021) Efficacy of amisulpride for depressive symptoms in individuals with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 36(6):e2801

de Zwaan M, Gruß B, Müller A, Graap H, Martin A, Glaesmer H, Hilbert A, Philipsen A (2012) The estimated prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a German community sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 262(1):79–86PubMed

Zwanzger P (2016) Pharmakotherapie bei Angsterkrankungen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 84:306–314PubMed

Titel: Depression, Angststörungen, bipolare Störung, Schizophrenie, Aufmerksamkeitsdefizithyperaktivitätssyndrom
verfasst von: Dr. med. Johanna Seifert
Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Bleich
Prof. Dr. med. Roland Seifert
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2022
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-66302-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-66303-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66303-5_22

Passend zum Thema

Mittelgradige Depressionen & Johanniskraut: Das hat sich geändert

Affektive Störungen

Die Behandlungsempfehlungen bei mittelgradiger Depression wurden erneuert und der Einsatz von Johanniskraut entscheidend präzisiert – welche zwei Empfehlungen Sie aus der aktualisierten Depressions-Leitlinie jetzt kennen sollten.

3 Kernaussagen: Cochrane-Analyse untersucht Johanniskrautextrakte

Affektive Störungen

Johanniskraut gehört zu den am besten untersuchten pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln. Die Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit bei Depressionen wurden u. a. in einem Cochrane-Review analysiert [1]. Wie das pflanzliche Antidepressivum dabei abschnitt und welche drei Kernaussagen Sie für die Praxis kennen sollten, lesen Sie hier.

Depression behandeln. Natürlich.

Content Hub

Aktuelle Ergebnisse aus in-vitro- und in-vivo-Untersuchungen liefern detaillierte Erklärungen zum Wirkmechanismus von hochdosiertem Johanniskraut-Extrakt: Neu ist die Erkenntnis, dass der Johanniskraut-Extrakt bei chronischem Stress die deregulierte Stressantwort der überaktiven HPA-Achse sowie die Expression des Stressgens FKBP5 normalisieren kann. Mehr zum aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft bei der Therapie von Depressionen erfahren Sie hier.