3-D printing model used to streamline surgical procedures for an intricate condition of airway compression caused by devastating mediastinal chondrosarcoma: a case report
The condition of mediastinal chondrosarcoma causing severe airway compression has never been reported before, and its complexity makes its surgical management challenging. We implemented two new techniques to overcome this problem. Creative mockup analogy of a distorted trachea and tumor lesion using a 3-D printing module, with reprogramming by computed tomography, streamlined the panorama with intricate correlation.
Case presentation
Our patient was a previously healthy 52-year-old slender yellow man who had no obvious medical history. In the last 3 years, upper respiratory tract infection and productive cough were noted frequently, and the patient’s symptoms were aggravated with shortness of breath when his head was positioned below 90 degrees during squatting and hunching of the body. The patient manifested prone sleep with ashen complexion, and he had lost 3–4 kg of body weight over the 3 weeks before admission to our hospital. Virtual bronchoscopy with computed tomography revealed an 8.3 × 7.5 × 4-cm lobulated right upper mediastinal mass with amorphous calcification and severe, intricate airway compression. A creative mockup analogy module of the distorted trachea and tumor was generated by 3-D printing and reprogrammed by computed tomography to streamline the sophisticated correlation. The patient underwent a two-stage operation comprising stabilization of the airway for innovative T-tube insertion preceded by thoracoscopy-assisted radical removal of the tumor. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy was administered. The patient recovered uneventfully and stayed healthy for 2 solid years in follow-up.
Conclusions
An advanced 3-D printing model provides affirmative information related to treatment strategy and is also a prospective tool for better doctor–patient communication regarding the disease.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
CT
computed tomography
PET
position emission tomography
Background
Chondrosarcoma is a well-defined tumor of firm tissue with calcification. It is more common in males and has unclear pathology. An unusual manifestation of posterior mediastinal tumor included critical airway compression and inaccessible proof before surgical excision. We orchestrated a 3-D printing model portfolio simulated by computed tomography and streamlined the intricate tracheal compression secondary to the devastating tumor, and we propose a valuable tool for precise assessment of complicated tracheal stenosis.
Case presentation
Our patient was a previously healthy 52-year-old slender yellow man who had no obvious medical history. About 26 years ago, he was involved in a traffic accident while riding a motorcycle and wearing a helmet, when he was hit by a car in the head. The patient recovered 3 days later, but sequela of severe, stabbing pain was reported between the right medial scapula and spine with radiation to the thorax occasionally thereafter. In the last 3 years, upper respiratory tract infection and productive cough were noted frequently, and the patient’s symptoms were aggravated by shortness of breath when his head was positioned below 90 degrees during squatting and hunching of the body. A chest x-ray revealed a 5.6 × 3.9-cm2 mass at LMD (Local Medical Department) since then. In the meantime, the patient consulted various medical centers. During the spans of examination and watch, symptoms developed progressively with sharp pain at locations similar to the previous trauma. The patient had dyspnea, which was relieved temporarily by use of a bronchodilator. The patient manifested prone sleep with ashen complexion, and he had lost 3–4 kg of body weight over the 3 weeks before admission to our hospital. Chest x-ray (Fig. 1) and Virtual bronchoscopy with computer tomography (CT) revealed an 8.3 × 7.5 × 4-cm lobulated right upper mediastinal mass with amorphous calcification and severe, intricate airway compression (Fig. 2a–d). A creative mockup analogy module of the distorted trachea and tumor was generated by 3-D printing and reprogrammed by CT scan to streamline the sophisticated correlation (Additional file 1: Video S1). Considering the cryptogenic nature of the tumor without the possibility of a percutaneous biopsy, we performed an airway stabilization procedure before performing the operation with the patient under general anesthesia. Initially, we applied local anesthetics to the neck wound with the head left-tilted at a 45-degree lateral decubitus position, and an anterior tracheal ring of 0.6 cm in diameter was removed by cautery. Intraoperative bronchoscopy unraveled a long, twisted segment of life-threatening compression with intact mucosa (Fig. 2e, f). We then used an innovative approach with the patient under general anesthesia to insert a T-tube (13 French, 0.5–7.5 cm, upper and lower arm) assisted by laryngoscopy (Fig. 2i). That allowed smooth procedures for a series of examinations, such as magnetic resonance angiography of the thorax, position emission tomography (PET), and thyroid scan (Fig. 4) with preparation for secondary operation of tumor removal. Three weeks later, thoracoscopy-assisted with intralesional surgery of lobulated, firm, gray-tan tumor was performed. The tumor weighed 205 g (Fig. 3b–d). Pathological findings confirmed a low-grade chondrosarcoma with < 1/10 mitotic high-power fields (Fig. 3e, f). The patient recovered uneventfully, and his trachea returned to normal size instantly (Fig. 2h and j) with marked improvement in pulmonary function testing. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy was administered, and the patient stayed in healthy condition during a solid 2 years of follow-up.
×
×
×
×
Anzeige
Discussion and conclusion
An inaccessible mediastinal tumor causing a long segment of significant tracheal stenosis with synergic hurdles is one of the worst airway crises. The feasible solution of dual formidable devastation overwhelms many experienced surgeons. In our patient, we implemented two innovative techniques to overcome the ordeal. First, we applied the 3-D printing technique for better navigation in the surgical field. The convincing analogy, customized by reprogrammed CT scan of the patient, incarnated the inexplicable substantial to plausible model. Possessing only rudimentary knowledge, the patient and his family could intelligibly visualize modules of the surgical area. The elaborate scheme was carried out in a two-stage operation, with first airway stabilization, followed by tumor resection. A second trick was to resect a tracheal ring with cautery, modified by standard tracheostomy. That resection allowed clear vision of the tracheal lumen for tension-free tube insertion with the patient under local anesthesia. An innovative T-tube insertion temporarily secured the patient’s airway, which bore a hallmark of good voice and breathing, providing an optimal approach for the surgical intervention that followed. The tracheal stoma returned to normal with minimal sequelae after extubation (Fig. 2j).
Posterior mediastinal chondrosarcoma, notorious for local recurrence, is exceedingly rare. In fact, fewer than ten cases have been reported so far, and the condition of compromising the airway has never been published previously in the literature, to our knowledge. The tumor may arise from the tracheal cartilage, vertebral body, or any other cartilage-bearing structure. Predominant features are slow-growing tumor with cartilaginous differentiation [1]. It affects mostly middle-aged men with symptomatic pain [2]. CT is the gold standard for radiographic study [3], typically revealing amorphous calcification scattered in the mass in a punctate, ring, arc, and popcorn patterns. Fine-needle biopsy of the tumor often gives biased samples not representative of the tumor.
Magnetic resonance imaging is useful to depict vascular or neural involvement as complementary information. PET can rule out extrapulmonary metastasis, and standardized uptake value with histological grade may predict postsurgical outcomes. The key to treatment success is early diagnosis of the disease and radical excision. Because extensive resection is impossible with involvement of vital organs nearby, the likelihood of local recurrence remains high after intralesional surgery around the complicated mediastinum. Ozaki et al. concluded that a good prognosis in terms of survival can still be expected [4]. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have limited effects, but radiation therapy can still be considered after incomplete resection in order to achieve better local control [5]. The prognosis for chondrosarcoma is related to its degree of histological differentiation and depends on the quality of the surgical excision. Other prognostic factors have been suggested, such as tumor size and the onset of metastasis. According to some reports, chondrosarcoma affecting the trunk has a prognosis poorer than that affecting the limbs. The advanced 3-D printing model provides affirmative information related to the treatment strategy and is also a prospective tool for better doctor–patient communication regarding the disease.
Additional file 1: Video S1: The process of the 3-D model with the ProJet MJP 3600 printer. The data saved as STL files. The available STL files were printed by the ProJet MJP 3600 printer based on the scanned files using the SOLIDWORKS software.
The authors extend special thanks to Professor Paul W. F. for his help with English language editing. The authors sincerely appreciate Kuo-Chih Su and Chun-Hsiang Wang of the Department for Medical Research 3D Printing Research and Development Group of Taichung Veterans General Hospital for assistance. The authors sincerely appreciate the assistance of the Center for Translational Medicine of Taichung Veterans General Hospital.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and his family for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Mit e.Med Allgemeinmedizin erhalten Sie Zugang zu allen CME-Fortbildungen und Premium-Inhalten der allgemeinmedizinischen Zeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Allgemeinmedizin-Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
3-D printing model used to streamline surgical procedures for an intricate condition of airway compression caused by devastating mediastinal chondrosarcoma: a case report
verfasst von
Sen-Ei Shai Yi-Ling Lai Hsin-Ni Li Shih-Chieh Hung