Background
Harmful gambling and public health
The changing Australian gambling environment
The impact of the promotion of sports betting in Australia
Illegal and offshore wagering
Parliamentary Inquiries into sports betting and offshore and illegal wagering
Media advocacy: an important component of public health advocacy
Research questions
Methods
Approach
Study sample
Inclusion criteria and search strategy
Development of the coding framework
Category / Sub Category | Definition |
---|---|
Category One – Miscellaneous | |
Background/other:
| General information about the sports betting industry, multiple topics may be discussed, with no one topic being the overall focus. |
Category Two - Industry Finance and Partnerships | |
Merging/company partnerships:
| The development or changing nature of partnerships between sports betting companies and other companies or individuals e.g. sports betting company’s partnering with broadcasters. |
Company finances:
| Company finances or changes in financial status. |
Category Three – Technology | |
Product development:
| Sports betting product development or advances in technology e.g. development of ‘in-play’ betting applications. |
Category Four - Marketing and Communication | |
Normalisation:
| The causes and consequences of the normalisation of sports betting. |
Marketing and promotions:
| The marketing and promotions of sports betting, including advertising, inducements and sponsorship. |
Young men:
| The impact or potential impact of sports betting marketing on young men. |
Children:
| The impact or potential impact of sports betting marketing on children. |
Sanctions for inappropriate marketing:
| The use of fines or sanctions for inappropriate marketing or promotions by sports betting companies (or broadcasters where relevant). |
Category Five - Gambling Integrity | |
Illegal offshore betting:
| Illegal offshore betting and the impact this has on legal sports betting. |
Criminal activity:
| Criminal or illegal activity outcomes associated with sports betting. |
Category Six - Sports Integrity | |
Player betting/match fixing:
| Match fixing, and the potential impact on the integrity of sport. |
Regulatory reform:
| Proposed regulations to protect the integrity of sport. |
Category Seven – Reform | |
Implemented reform:
| Reform or regulatory changes (including industry self-regulation) that have already been implemented. |
Need for regulation change:
| The need for regulation/reform change. |
Parliamentary Inquiry:
| The implications of the inquiries into sports betting, including terms of reference, and key findings and outcomes of the inquiry |
Category Eight - Gambling Harm | |
Problem gambling:
| Problems gambling or instances of problem gambling directly relating to sports betting. Includes personal examples or stories highlighting the problem in the community. |
Application of the coding framework
Data analysis
Results
Newspaper Publication | Time Period One + Time Period Two
N = 241 (%)a
| Time Period One: Dec 1 2012–30 June 2013
N = 114 (%)a
| Time Period Two: Sept 1 2015–31 May 2016
N = 127 (%)a
|
---|---|---|---|
The Sydney Morning Herald | 49 (20) | 30 (26) | 19 (15) |
The Herald Sun | 39 (16) | 13 (11) | 26 (21) |
The Australian | 38 (16) | 6 (5) | 32 (25) |
The Age | 32 (13) | 15 (13) | 17 (13) |
The Daily Telegraph | 17 (7) | 12 (11) | 5 (4) |
The Advertiser | 16 (7) | 9 (8) | 7 (6) |
The Australian Financial Review | 15 (6) | 6 (5) | 9 (7) |
The Courier-Mail | 9 (4) | 6 (5) | 3 (3) |
Canberra Times | 9 (4) | 8 (7) | 1 (1) |
The Mercury | 7 (3) | 4 (4) | 3 (2) |
The West Australian | 6 (3) | 4 (4) | 2 (2) |
Northern Territory News | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) |
Article Type | |||
News | 93 (39) | 50 (44) | 43 (34) |
Miscellaneous | 53 (22) | 26 (23) | 27 (21) |
Sport | 46 (19) | 25 (22) | 21 (17) |
Business/ Finance | 38 (16) | 8 (7) | 30 (24) |
Opinion/ Editorial | 11 (5) | 5 (4) | 6 (5) |
Primary and secondary themes within articles
Theme | Time Period One + Time Period Two Totals
N = 241 (%)a
| Time Period One: Dec 1 2012–30 June 2013 N = 114 (%)a
| Time Period Two: Sept 1 2015–31 May 2016 N = 127 (%)a
|
p-value
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary Theme
| ||||
Regulatory Reform | 88 (37) | 56 (49) | 32 (25) |
<0.0001
**
|
Marketing and Communication | 70 (29) | 33 (29) | 37 (29) | 0.975 |
Sport Integrity | 25 (10) | 11 (10) | 14 (11) | 0.727 |
Gambling Integrity | 24 (10) | 9 (8) | 15 (12) | 0.311 |
Industry Finance and Partnerships | 13 (5) | 3 (3) | 10 (8) | 0.72 |
Technology | 12 (5) | 0 (0) | 12 (9) |
0.001** |
Gambling Harm | 5 (2) | 2 (2) | 3 (2) | 1.000b
|
Miscellaneous | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 0.124b
|
Secondary Theme
| ||||
Marketing and Communication | 95 (39) | 64 (56) | 31 (24) |
<0.0001
**
|
Regulatory Reform | 52 (22) | 18 (16) | 34 (27) | 0.039 |
Gambling Integrity | 35 (15) | 12 (11) | 23 (18) | 0.095 |
Sports Integrity | 25 (10) | 17 (15) | 8 (6) | 0.029 |
Industry Finance and Partnerships | 14 (6) | 2 (2) | 12 (9) | 0.011 |
Technology | 10 (4) | 0 (0) | 10 (8) | 0.002b
|
Miscellaneous | 6 (3) | 1 (0.9) | 5 (4) | 0.217b
|
Gambling Harm | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 0.124b
|
Key stakeholder voices
Category | Time Period One + Time Period Two Totals N = 241 (%)a
| Time Period One: Dec 1 2012–30 June 2013 N = 114 (%)a
| Time Period Two: Sept 1 2015–31 May 2016 N = 127 (%)a
|
p-value
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Sports betting industry | 149 (62) | 55 (48) | 94 (74) |
<0.0001
**
|
Government/ politicians | 140 (58) | 71 (62) | 69 (54) | 0.212 |
Sporting codes | 105 (44) | 36 (32) | 69 (54) |
<0.0001
**
|
Broadcasters | 38 (16) | 14 (12) | 24 (19) | 0.159 |
NGO/ public health experts | 34 (14) | 7 (6) | 27 (21) |
0.001
**
|
Journalists | 24 (10) | 17 (15) | 7 (5) | 0.015 |
Academics | 21 (9) | 8 (7) | 13 (10) | 0.376 |
Public figures who had experienced harms from gambling | 6 (3) | 6 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.010b
|
Individuals who had experienced harms from gambling | 5 (2) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3) | 0.373b
|
Article perspectives on reform
Category | Time Period One + Time Period Two Totals N = 241 (%)a
| Time Period One: Dec 1 2012–30 June 2013 N = 114 (%)a
| Time Period Two: Sept 1 2015–31 May 2016 N = 127 (%)a
|
p-value
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive for regulatory reform of the sports betting industry, its products or promotions | 117 (49) | 72 (63) | 45 (35) |
<0.0001
**
|
(a) Regulatory reform to protect vulnerable sub-populations | 57 (24) | 41 (36) | 16 (13) |
<0.0001
**
|
(b) Regulatory reform to protect the integrity of sport | 38 (16) | 19 (17) | 19 (15) | 0.717 |
(c) Regulatory reform – no specific reason given | 22 (9) | 12 (11) | 10 (8) | 0.475 |
No perspective relating to regulatory reform | 81 (34) | 25 (22) | 56 (44) |
<0.0001
**
|
Mixed views regarding regulatory reform | 28 (12) | 7 (6) | 21 (17) | 0.012 |
Regulatory liberalisation of sports betting | 11 (5) | 7 (6) | 4 (3) | 0.267 |
Endorsed status quo regarding current regulations | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.347b
|
Stakeholder Group | Regulatory reform to protect vulnerable populations | Regulatory reform to uphold integrity of sport | Reform not specified | Not expressed | Mixed views | Liberalise regulation | No change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State Government
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Federal Government
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Greens Party
| ✓ | ||||||
Government – Not specified
| ✓ | ||||||
Greens Party Members of Parliament
| ✓ | ||||||
Independent Members of Parliament
| ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Federal Government Organisations
| ✓ | ||||||
Independent Senators
| ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Greens Party Senators
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Experienced Harm - General Population
| ✓ | ||||||
Experienced Harm - Public Figures
| ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Journalists
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Academics
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Non - Government Organisations
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Peak Bodies
| ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Federal Police
| ✓ | ||||||
Broadcasters
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Sports Betting Industry
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Sporting Codes
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |