Background
Methods
Results
Study characteristics
Author, year | Country | N (hip fracture) | Recruitment | Activity | Participation | Health condition | Accomm | QOL | Mortality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility | Basic ADL | Self care | IADLs | Domestic | Community | ||||||||
Relative to non-fracture group | |||||||||||||
Autier 2000 [18]b | Belgium | 170 | 1995–1996 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Boonen 2004 [19]b | Belgium | 170 | 1995–1996 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
Cumming 1996 [20] | Australia | 131 | 1990–1992 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Magaziner 2003c [21] | USA | 594 | 1990–1991 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Marottoli 1992d, e [16] | USA | 120 | 1982–1988 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Norton 2000 [22] | New Zealand | 911 | 1991–1994 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Tosteson 2001 [23] | USA | 67 | NR | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Wolinsky 1997e [17] | USA | 368 | 1984–1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
Population-based cohorts | |||||||||||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | USA | 495 | 1993–2005 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
Marottoli 1994d [15] | USA | 120 | 1982–1988 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
No comparison group | |||||||||||||
Abimanyi-Ochom 2015 [30] | Australia | 224 | 2009–2012 | Yes | |||||||||
Beaupre 2005 [50]f | Canada | 919 | 1999–2000 & 1996–1997 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Beaupre 2007 [48]f | Canada | 451 | 1999–2000 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Borgquist 1990 [31] | Sweden | 103 | 1976–1977 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
Borgquist 1991 [32] | Sweden | 837 | 1986–1988 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Borgström 2013 [33] | International | 1273 | 2003, 2007–2010 | Yes | |||||||||
Crotty 2000 [49] | Australia | 215 | 1998–1999 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Doshi 2014 [61] | Singapore | 219 | 2011–NR | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Givens 2008 [52] | USA | 126 | NR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Griffin 2015 [46] | UK | 741 | 2012–2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Holt 2008 [62] | Scotland | 16380 | 1998–2005 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Keene 1993 [41] | UK | 1000 | 1989–1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Kitamura 1998 [34]g | Japan | 1169 | 1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
Tsuboi 2007 [35]g | Japan | 963 | 1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Koval 1998 [44] | USA | 631 | 1987–1995 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Koval 1998 [51] | USA | 398 | 1988–1990 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Magaziner 1990 [42] | USA | 760 | 1984–1986 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Magaziner 2000c [43] | USA | 674 | 1990–1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Miller 2009 [40] | USA | 205 | 1992–1995 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Morin 2012 [24] | Canada | 12139 | 1986–2006 | Yes | |||||||||
Neuman 2014 [28] | USA | 60111 | 2005–2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Osnes 2004 [25] | Norway | 1002 | 1996–1997 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Pereira 2010 [39] | Brazil | 246 | 2001 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Pitto 1994 [29] | Italy | 143 | 1985–1987 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Samuelsson 2009 [45] | Sweden | 2134 | 2003 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Shah 2001 [47] | USA | 850 | 1987–1996 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
Ström 2008 [36] | Sweden | 283 | NR | Yes | |||||||||
Suriyawongpaisal 2003 [26] | Thailand | 250 | NR | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Vergara 2014 [38] | Spain | 638 | NR | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Vochteloo 2013 [37] | Netherlands | 390 | 2008–2009 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Wang 2015 [12] | China | 1151 | 2008–2012 | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Wong 2002 [27] | Singapore | 274 | 1991–1993 | Yes | Yes |
Risk of bias
Study | Representativei | Inceptionj | Defined samplek | Adequate Follow-upl |
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative to non-fracture group | ||||
Autier 2000a [18] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Boonen 2004a [19] | Y | Y | Y | Yh (QOL = N) |
Cumming 1996 [20] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Magaziner 2003b [21] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Marottoli 1992c,d [16] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Norton 2000 [22] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Tosteson 2001 [23] | Y | N | Y | U |
Wolinsky 1997d [17] | Y | Y | Y | N |
Population-based cohorts | ||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | N | Y | Y | N |
Marottoli 1994c [15] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
No comparison group | ||||
Abimanyi-Ochom 2015 [30] | U | Y | Y | N |
Beaupre 2007 [48]e | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Beaupre 2005 [50]e | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Borgquist 1990 [31] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Borgquist 1991 [32] | Y | Y | Y | U |
Borgström 2013 [33] | U | Y | Y | U |
Crotty 2000 [49] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Doshi 2014 [61] | U | Y | Y | U |
Givens 2008 [52] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Griffin 2015 [46] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Holt 2008 [62] | N | Y | Y | N |
Keene 1993 [41] | Y | Y | N | Y |
Kitamura 1998 [34]f | Y | Y | Y | U |
Tsuboi 2007 [35]f | Y | Y | Y | U |
Koval 1998 [44]g | N | Y | Y | N |
Koval 1998 [51]g | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Magaziner 1990 [42] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Magaziner 2000b [43] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Miller 2009 [40] | Y | Y | Y | N |
Morin 2012 [24] | Y | Y | Y | U |
Neuman 2014 [28] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Osnes 2004 [25] | Y | N | Y | Y |
Pereira 2010 [39] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Pitto 1994 [29] | Y | U | Y | Y |
Samuelsson 2009 [45] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Shah 2001 [47] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Ström 2008 [36] | U | Y | Y | Y |
Suriyawongpaisal 2003 [26] | Y | N | U | U |
Vergara 2014 [38] | U | Y | Y | Y |
Vochteloo 2013 [37] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Wang 2015 [12] | Y | Y | Y | N |
Wong 2002 [27] | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Activity outcomes
Mobility
Study | Outcome | Follow-up time | Controls matched for | Hip Fracture | Control | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity - Mobility | ||||||
Boonen 2004 [19] | Unable to walk independently | 1 year | age, residence | |||
<80 years | 30 % | 7 % | <0.001 | |||
>80 years | 56 % | 15 % | <0.001 | |||
Magaziner 2003 [21] | Disabled walking 3 m (SE) | 1 year | age, gender, walking ability | 54 % (2) | 21 % (2) | <0.01 |
Marottoli 1992 [16] | Walk independently across room | 6 mo (HF) | age, gender, physical function | 15 % | NR | |
1 year (Con) | 72 % | |||||
Norton 2000 [22] | Retain community mobility | 2 years | age, gender | 54 % | 87 % | P < 0.001e |
Wolinsky 1997 [17] | Mean increase in no. lower body limitations | Median 2.3 years | nilf | 1.75 | 0.75 | P ≤ 0.0001 |
Mean increase in no. upper body limitations | 0.50 | 0.27 | P < 0.001 | |||
Activity - Composite measure of Basic ADLs | ||||||
Boonen 2004 [19] | Mean RDRS-2 score for assistance with ADL (95 % CI) | 1 year | age, residence | 8.6 (7.5–9.9) | 2.8 (2.1–3.4) | <0.001 |
Norton 2000 [22] | Retain functional independence | 2 years | age, gender, independence | 72 % | 94 % | P < 0.001e |
Tosteson 2001 [23] | Limited daily activities | 1–5 years | nil | 59 % | 13 % | <0.05c |
Wolinsky 1997 [17] | Mean increase in no. ADL limitations | Median 2.3 years | nilf | 2.08 | 0.79 | P ≤ 0.0001 |
Activity - Self-care | ||||||
Magaziner 2003 [21] | Requiring assistance with grooming (SE)i | 1 year | age, gender, walking ability | 17 % (2) | 9 % (1) | P < 0.001 |
2 years | 18 % (2) | 10 % (1) | P < 0.001 | |||
Marottoli 1992 [16] | Dressing independently | 6 mo (HF) | age, gender, physical function | 49 % | - | NR |
1 year (Con) | - | 91 % | ||||
Tosteson 2001 [23] | Difficulty putting on socks | 1–5 years | nil | 43 % | 13 % | P < 0.05 |
Participation – domestic life | ||||||
Wolinsky 1997 [17] | Mean increase in no. household ADL limitationsg | Median 2.3 years | nilf | 0.89 | 0.45 | P ≤ 0.0001 |
Participation – IADLs | ||||||
Wolinsky 1997 [17] | Mean increase in no. advanced ADL limitationsh | Median 2.3 years | nilf | 0.44 | 0.26 | P < 0.01 |
Health condition | ||||||
Boonen 2004 [19] | Mean RDRS-2 score (95 % CI): | 1 year | age, residence | |||
Dependenceb | 3.1 (2.6–2.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | <0.001 | |||
Cognitive impairment | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | <0.001 | |||
Accommodation | ||||||
Autier 2000 [18] | Institutionalisation | 1 year | age, residence | 20 % | 4 % | |
Cumming 1996 [20] | Institutionalisation | 1 year | nil | 27 % | 5 % | <0.05d |
Quality of life | ||||||
Boonen 2004 [19] | Mean (95 % CI) RDRS-2 score for QOL (inverted, higher indicates poorer QOL) | 1 year | age, residence | 38.9 (34.3–43.5) | 31.5 (27.5–37.5) | <0.001 |
Tosteson 2001 [23] | Mean QALY (95 % CI) | 1–5 years | nil | 0.63 (0.52, 0.74) | 0.91 (0.88, 0.94) | <0.051a |
Study | Outcome measure | Pre-fracture residence | Surgical cohort | 3–4 months | 6 months | 1 year | 2 years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity – Mobility | |||||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | Mobility activities without difficultye | NR | N | 47 % | |||
Crotty 2000 [49] | Level of ambulationb | Community | Y | 69 % | |||
LTC | Y | 58 % | |||||
Holt 2008 [62] | Walk unaided and unaccompanied | Mixed | Y | ||||
Ages 75–89 | 22 % | ||||||
Ages ≥95 | 2 % | ||||||
Keene 1993 [41] | Walk unaided | Mixed | N | 40 % | |||
Koval 1998 [44]g | Ambulatory ability | Community | Y | 22 % | 38 % | 47 % | |
Shah 2001 [47]g | Ambulation independence | Community | Y | 44 % | |||
Magaziner 2000 [43] | Walk 3 m without assistancea, d | Community | N | 60 % | 63 % | ||
Norton 2000 [22] | Retain community mobilityd | Mixed | U | 54 % | |||
Osnes 2004[25] | Walking independencef | Mixed | U | 44 % | |||
Pereira 2010 [39] | Remain stable on BOASd | 55 % | |||||
Vochteloo 2013 [37] | Mobility | Mixed | Y | 46 % | 48 % | ||
Mobility without aid | Y | 27 % | 40 % | ||||
Mobility with aid | Y | 58 % | 58 % | ||||
Activity – Composite measure of Basic ADLs | |||||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | ADLs without difficultye | NR | N | 49 % | |||
Beaupre 2005 [50]h | ADL level (MBI) | Mixed | Y | 34 % | 42 % | ||
Beaupre 2007 [48]h | ADL level (MBI) | Community | Y | 71 % | |||
LTC | Y | 22 % | |||||
Givens 2008 [52] | ADL no declineb, c | Mixed | Y | 71 % | |||
Koval 1998 [51]g | ADL level | Community | Y | 59 % | 71 % | 73 % | |
Shah 2001 [47]g | ADL level | Community | Y | 70 % | |||
Norton 2000 [22] | Functional independenced | Mixed | U | 72 % | |||
Osnes 2004 [25]f | Living at home receiving assistance, assistance received at same frequency | Mixed | U | 49 % | |||
Living at home without assistance | 45 % | ||||||
Vergara 2014 [38] | ADL (MBI)b | Mixed | U | 29 % | |||
Activity – Self-care | |||||||
Magaziner 2000 [43]a, d | Washing | Community | N | 62 % | 56 % | ||
Dressing (socks & shoes) | 67 % | 67 % | |||||
Dressing (pants) | 80 % | 80 % | |||||
Getting on/off toilet | 36 % | 37 % | |||||
Activity – Communications | |||||||
Magaziner 2000 [43] | Using the telephonea, d | Community | N | 78 % | 77 % | ||
Participation – Composite measures of Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) | |||||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | IADLs without difficultye | NR | N | 55 % | |||
Koval 1998 [51]g | IADLs | Community | Y | 34 % | 42 % | 48 % | |
Shah 2001 [47]g | 46 % | ||||||
Vergara 2014 [38] | IADLsb | Mixed | U | 25 % | |||
Participation – Domestic life | |||||||
Magaziner 2000a, d [43] | Housecleaning | Community | N | 38 % | 57 % | ||
Shopping | 58 % | 59 % | |||||
Cooking | 76 % | 77 % | |||||
Handling money | 69 % | 69 % | |||||
Pitto 1994 [29] | Social function (mix of self and domestic care)b, d | Mixed | 60 % | ||||
Participation – Community, social and civic life | |||||||
Magaziner 2000 [43] | Getting places out of walking distancea, d | Community | Y | 47 % | 47 % | ||
Health condition | |||||||
Bentler 2009 [14] | Self-reported health statusb | NR | N | 61 % | |||
Cognition (TICS)b | 56 % | ||||||
Magaziner 2000 [43] | Taking medicationsa, d | Community | Y | 71 % | |||
Pitto 1994 [29] | Health statusb, d | Mixed | 64 % | 82 % |