Background
Methods
Procedure and participants
Measures
Area of residence classification
Smoking status
Alcohol consumption
Body mass index (BMI)
Self-reported physical activity
Steps
Diet
Depression and anxiety
Socioeconomic position
Other covariates
Analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Sample
Men (n = 1148) | Women (n = 1419) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan | Non-metropolitan | Metropolitan | Non-metropolitan | |
Age (years), M (SD) | 31.6 (2.6) | 31.9 (2.5) | 31.4 (2.6) | 31.8 (2.5) |
Education, % (n) | ||||
University | 42.7 (361) | 28.1 (85) | 50.9 (525) | 37.0 (143) |
Dip/voc/year12 | 48.1 (406) | 58.7 (178) | 41.0 (423) | 43.9 (170) |
<Year 12 | 9.2 (78) | 13.2 (40) | 8.1 (84) | 19.1 (74) |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.001 | |||
Marital status, % (n) | ||||
Single | 31.7 (268) | 23.4 (71) | 26.4 (273) | 14.5 (56) |
Married/living as married | 65.8 (556) | 74.3 (225) | 69.6 (718) | 81.6 (316) |
Separated/divorced | 2.5 (21) | 2.3 (7) | 4.0 (41) | 3.9 (15) |
p = 0.02 |
p = 0.001 | |||
Occupation, % (n) | ||||
Managers/professionals | 62.8 (531) | 48.5 (147) | 54.2 (559) | 40.6 (157) |
White collar | 7.9 (67) | 6.3 (19) | 25.2 (260) | 27.4 (106) |
Blue collar | 25.7 (217) | 42.6 (129) | 4.2 (43) | 6.7 (26) |
Not in labour force | 3.6 (30) | 2.6 (8) | 16.4 (170) | 25.3 (98) |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.001 | |||
Employment status, % (n) | ||||
Full-time | 89.7 (758) | 91.4 (277) | 54.4 (561) | 36.9 (143) |
Part-time | 5.4 (46) | 5.3 (16) | 24.9 (257) | 34.9 (135) |
Other | 5.9 (41) | 3.3 (10) | 20.7 (214) | 28.2 (109) |
p = 0.52 |
p = 0.001 | |||
SEIFA disadvantage, M (SD) | 1041.1 (70.1) | 1002.2 (75.5) | 1042.6 (70.4) | 995.0 (74.6) |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.001 | |||
Number of children, % (n) | ||||
None | - | - | 55.3 (571) | 26.6 (103) |
One | - | - | 18.5 (191) | 19.4 (75) |
Two | - | - | 19.3 (199) | 38.5 (149) |
≥Three | - | - | 6.9 (71) | 15.5 (60) |
p = 0.001 |
Differences in health risk factors by area of residence
Men
Metropolitana
| Non-metropolitan | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model adjusted for age | Model adjusted for age and individual SEP factors | Model adjusted for age, individual SEP factors and area-level disadvantage | |||
Mean (n or SD) | Mean (n or SD) | Ratio (95% CI) | Ratio (95% CI) | Ratio (95% CI) | |
Smoking status (n = 1144) | |||||
Never | 57.3% (484) | 56.0% (168) | |||
Ex-smoker | 17.6% (149) | 20.0% (60) | 1.12 (0.86, 1.47) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.43)c
| 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) |
Current smoker | 25.0% (211) | 24.0% (72) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05)c
| 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) |
Alcohol consumption (n = 1135) | |||||
None | 8.6% (72) | 8.7% (26) | |||
20gm/day or less | 75.8% (633) | 72.7% (218) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04)d
| 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) |
More than 20gm/day | 15.6% (130) | 18.6% (56) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.59) | 1.20 (0.91, 1.58)d
| 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) |
BMI (n = 1135) | |||||
Not overweight | 41.0% (345) | 34.7% (102) | |||
Overweight | 44.2% (372) | 47.3% (139) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18)e
| 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) |
Obese | 14.8% (124) | 18.0% (53) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.62) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44)e
| 1.05 (0.79, 1.40) |
Physical activity (mins/week) (n = 1044) | |||||
Occupationalb
| 84.1 (227.1) | 208.2 (395.3) |
2.45 (1.70, 3.21)
|
1.83 (1.29, 2.37)
d
|
1.74 (1.21, 2.28)
|
Domesticb
| 92.9 (141.9) | 132.8 (174.1) |
1.40 (1.13, 1.67)
|
1.34 (1.08, 1.60)
d
|
1.31 (1.05, 1.57)
|
Active Commutingb
| 21.6 (64.5) | 11.9 (41.4) |
0.55 (0.29, 0.81)
|
0.63 (0.34, 0.92)
d
|
0.61 (0.32, 0.90)
|
Leisure timeb
| 91.1 (163.5) | 65.7 (131.8) |
0.73 (0.53, 0.93)
| 0.84 (0.62, 1.06)d
| 0.88 (0.64, 1.11) |
Steps per day (n = 903)b
| 8519.8 (3374.3) | 9378.9 (3490.0) |
1.10 (1.04, 1.16)
|
1.07 (1.01, 1.13)
d
|
1.07 (1.01, 1.13)
|
Dietary guideline met (n = 1096) | |||||
Less than 2 guidelines | 42.4% (341) | 49.5% (144) | |||
2 or more guidelines (up to 5) | 57.6% (464) | 50.5% (147) |
0.87 (0.76, 0.99)
|
0.88 (0.78, 0.99)
f
|
0.88 (0.77, 0.99)
|
Depression (n = 929) | |||||
Negative | 94.6% (695) | 93.8% (182) | |||
Positive | 5.4% (40) | 6.2% (12) | 1.13 (0.61, 2.12) | 1.11 (0.59, 2.07)c
| 1.13 (0.59, 2.14) |
Anxiety (n = 929) | |||||
Negative | 93.5% (687) | 92.8% (180) | |||
Positive | 6.5% (48) | 7.2% (14) | 1.10 (0.62, 1.96) | 1.22 (0.68, 2.18)e
| 1.16 (0.63, 2.10) |
Women
Metropolitana
| Non-metropolitan | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model adjusted for age | Model adjusted for age and individual SEP factors | Model adjusted for age, individual SEP factors and area-level disadvantage | |||
Mean (n or SD) | Mean (n or SD) | Ratio (95% CI) | Ratio (95% CI) | Ratio (95% CI) | |
Smoking status (n = 1418) | |||||
Never | 54.1% (558) | 56.6% (219) | |||
Ex-smoker | 26.0% (268) | 18.9% (73) |
0.71 (0.56, 0.89)
|
0.63 (0.50, 0.80)
c
|
0.62 (0.49, 0.79)
|
Current smoker | 19.9% (205) | 24.5% (95) |
1.25 (1.01, 1.54)
|
1.23 (1.00, 1.52)
c
| 1.14 (0.92, 1.40) |
Alcohol consumption (n = 1400) | |||||
None | 18.0% (183) | 24.4% (94) | |||
20 gm/day or less | 75.5% (766) | 70.7% (272) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10)c
| 1.04 (0.97, 1.13) |
More than 20 gm/day | 6.5% (66) | 4.9% (19) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.54)c
| 0.95 (0.55, 1.64) |
BMI (n = 1387) | |||||
Not overweight | 65.5% (670) | 53.3% (194) | |||
Overweight | 23.1% (236) | 26.4% (96) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.38) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28)d
| 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) |
Obese | 11.4% (117) | 20.3% (74) |
1.75 (1.33, 2.28)
|
1.59 (1.20, 2.11)
d
|
1.46 (1.08, 1.96)
|
Physical Activity (mins/week) (n = 1349) | |||||
Occupational | |||||
No activity | 58.4% (573) | 51.5% (189) | |||
Some activity | 41.6% (409) | 48.5% (178) |
1.18 (1.04, 1.34)
|
1.26 (1.11, 1.43)
c
|
1.23 (1.07, 1.40)
|
Of those with some activity (n = 587)b
| 261.9 (303.7) | 228.4 (265.5) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.06)c
| 0.82 (0.64, 1.00) |
Domesticb
| 187.1 (246.6) | 311.2 (314.4) |
1.61 (1.39, 1.82)
|
1.22 (1.06, 1.38)
c
|
1.16 (1.00, 1.33)
|
Active Commutingb
| 44.7 (96.5) | 24.2 (62.1) |
0.56 (0.39, 0.73)
|
0.62 (0.43, 0.81)
c
|
0.62 (0.42, 0.81)
|
Leisure timeb
| 96.0 (155.0) | 63.2 (114.0) |
0.67 (0.52, 0.81)
|
0.79 (0.62, 0.97)
c
| 0.84 (0.66, 1.03) |
Steps per day (n = 1068)b
| 8543.7 (2975.8) | 8506.4 (2996.8) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04)c
| 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) |
Dietary guideline met (n = 1344) | |||||
Less than 2 guidelines | 28.2% (275) | 38.1% (141) | |||
2 or more guidelines (up to 5) | 71.8% (699) | 61.9% (229) |
0.86 (0.79, 0.94)
|
0.88 (0.81, 0.96)
e
|
0.91 (0.83, 0.99)
|
Depression (n = 1056) | |||||
Negative | 89.4% (739) | 86.9% (199) | |||
Positive | 10.6% (88) | 13.1% (30) | 1.23 (0.83, 1.81) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71)c
| 1.06 (0.70, 1.61) |
Anxiety (n = 1056) | |||||
Negative | 87.2% (721) | 86.9% (199) | |||
Positive | 12.8% (106) | 13.1% (30) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.49) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.49)c
| 0.98 (0.65, 1.48) |