Background
Methods
Design, setting, and sampling
Facilities and services in the elderly homes
Sample size estimation and sampling technique
Study instruments
Ethical consideration
Data analysis
Results
Characteristic of respondents
Variable |
n
| % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
60–69 years | 94 | 46.3 |
≥70 years | 109 | 53.7 |
Gender | ||
Female | 72 | 35.5 |
Male | 131 | 64.5 |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 6 | 3.0 |
India | 17 | 8.4 |
Chinese | 177 | 87.1 |
Others | 3 | 1.5 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 125 | 61.6 |
Single | 78 | 42.4 |
Number of children | ||
1 child | 117 | 57.6 |
≥ 2 | 86 | 42.4 |
Level of education | ||
None | 36 | 17.7 |
Primary | 45 | 22.2 |
Secondary | 95 | 46.8 |
Tertiary | 27 | 13.3 |
Previous employment sector | ||
Government | 13 | 6.4 |
Private | 124 | 61.1 |
Self-employed | 60 | 29.5 |
Unemployed | 6 | 3.0 |
Pension | ||
Yes | 19 | 9.4 |
No | 184 | 90.4 |
Economic status | ||
Poor | 173 | 85.2 |
Intermediate | 17 | 8.4 |
Good | 13 | 6.4 |
Outdoor leisure activity | ||
Yes | 159 | 78.3 |
No | 44 | 21.7 |
Smoking status | ||
Smoker | 48 | 23.6 |
Non-smoker | 155 | 76.4 |
Alcohol status | ||
Drinker | 16 | 7.9 |
Non-drinker | 187 | 92.1 |
Physical activity | ||
Yes | 64 | 31.5 |
No | 139 | 68.5 |
Duration of residence in home | ||
< 2 years | 110 | 54.2 |
≥ 2 years | 93 | 45.8 |
Type of accommodation | ||
Ward | 183 | 90.1 |
Twin-sharing | 20 | 9.9 |
Chronic co-morbidities | ||
Yes | 168 | 82.8 |
No | 35 | 17.2 |
Social support | ||
Low | 97 | 47.8 |
Medium | 95 | 46.8 |
High | 11 | 5.4 |
Univariate analysis
Domain | Mean | SD (±) | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical | 14.3 | 2.7 | 6 | 20 |
Psychological | 13.7 | 2.5 | 7 | 19 |
Social | 10.8 | 3.4 | 4 | 20 |
Environment | 13.0 | 2.5 | 8 | 19 |
Variable | Physical | Psychological | Social | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | Mean( ±) | |
Age | ||||
60–69 years | 14.8 (2.6) | 13.7 (2.4) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.8 (2.4 |
≥ 70 years | 13.8 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.6) | 10.7 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.7) |
P-value
|
0.010
|
0.890
|
0.752
|
0.806
|
Gender | ||||
Female | 12.9 (2.9) | 12.7 (2.5) | 9.5 (3.5) | 12.2 (2.5) |
Male | 15.1 (2.3) | 14.2 (2.4) | 11.4 (3.2) | 13.3 (2.5) |
P-value
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
0.003
|
Ethnicity | ||||
India | 14.2 (3.3 | 14.1 (1.9) | 10.4 (2.9) | 13.1 (1.7) |
Malay | 13.1 (3.9) | 14.3 (2.7) | 13.2 (4.4) | 13.3 (3.1) |
Chinese | 14.4 (2.6) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.7 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.6) |
Others | 14.0 (3.6) | 13.7 (4.1) | 12.0 (8.0) | 13.7 (2.5) |
P-value
|
0.766
|
0.782
|
0.309
|
0.926
|
Marital status | ||||
Single | 14.4 (2.8) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.4 (3.2) | 13.2 (2.6) |
Married | 14.2 (2.6) | 13.8 (2.5) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.7 (2.5) |
P-value
|
0.645
|
0.155
|
0.256
|
0.211
|
Level of education | ||||
None/primary | 13.6 (2.9) | 13.1 (2.6) | 9.9 (3.2) | 12.6 (2.6) |
Secondary/tertiary | 14.7 (2.5) | 14.0 (2.3) | 11.2 (3.4) | 13.1 (2.4) |
P-value
|
0.006
|
0.009
|
0.007
|
0.194
|
Pension | ||||
Yes | 14.1 (3.1) | 14.3 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.3) | 12.7 (3.1) |
No | 14.3 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.4) | 10.8 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.5) |
P-value
|
0.668
|
0.238
|
0.748
|
0.662
|
Economic status | ||||
Poor/intermediate | 14.2 (2.6) | 13.5 (2.4) | 10.6 (3.3) | 12.8 (2.5) |
Good | 15.8 (3.1) | 15.4 (2.8) | 12.9 (3.7) | 13.8 (3.1) |
P-value
|
0.037
|
0.008
|
0.019
|
0.187
|
Outdoor leisure activity | ||||
Yes | 14.8 (2.4) | 13.9 (2.4) | 11.2 (3.4) | 13.1 (2.5) |
No | 12.7 (3.0) | 12.6 (2.5) | 9.3 (2.8) | 12.1 (2.6) |
P-value
|
<0.0001
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
0.021
|
Smoking status | ||||
Smoker | 14.1 (2.4) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.3 (3.1) | 12.9 (2.6) |
Non-smoker | 14.4 (2.8) | 13.8 (2.5) | 10.9 (3.5) | 12.8 (2.5) |
P-value
|
0.475
|
0.216
|
0.233
|
0.984
|
Alcohol status | ||||
Drinkers | 14.1 (2.5) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.1 (3.6) | 13.1 (2.6) |
Non-drinker | 14.3 (2.8) | 13.7 (2.5) | 10.8 (3.4) | 12.9 (2.6) |
P-value
|
0.779
|
0.866
|
0.394
|
0.755
|
Physical activity | ||||
yes | 15.0 (3.1) | 14.1 (2.6) | 11.6 (3.2) | 13.5 (2.6) |
No | 13.9 (2.5) | 13.5 (2.4) | 10.4 (3.4) | 12.6 (2.5) |
P-value
|
0.013
|
0.078
|
0.025
|
0.021
|
Duration of residence in home | ||||
< 2 years | 14.0 (2.8) | 13.1 (2.3) | 9.6 93.1) | 12.3 (2.5) |
≥ 2 years | 14.6 (2.6) | 14.3 (2.5) | 12.1 (3.4) | 13.6 (2.4) |
P-value
|
0.135
|
0.001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Type of accommodation | ||||
Ward | 14.3 (2.8) | 13.6 (2.5) | 10.5 (3.3) | 12.7 (2.5) |
Twin-sharing | 14.1 (2.7) | 14.6 (2.4) | 13.2 (3.5) | 14.5 (2.1) |
P-value
|
0.656
|
0.001
|
0.081
|
0.004
|
Chronic co-morbidities | ||||
Yes | 13.9 (2.5) | 13.3 (2.4) | 10.2 (3.2) | 12.6 (2.6) |
No | 16.2 (2.9) | 15.5 (2.4) | 13.5 (3.2) | 14.6 (1.8) |
P-value
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Social support | ||||
Low | 13.4 (2.7) | 12.1 (2.1) | 8.6 (2.7) | 11.5 (2.3) |
High/medium | 15.1 (2.5) | 15.1 (1.9) | 12.7 (2.8) | 14.3 (2.1) |
P-value
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Multivariate analysis
Variable | B | S.E. | Beta | t | P-value | 95 % C.I | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Age | |||||||
60–69 years | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥ 70 years | -0.77 | 0.33 | -0.14 | -2.32 | 0.021 | -1.42 | -0.11 |
Gender | |||||||
Female | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Male | 1.71 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 4.95 | <0.0001 | 1.02 | 2.39 |
Level of education | |||||||
None/primary | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Secondary/tertiary | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 1.38 | 0.167 | -0.19 | 1.12 |
Economic status | |||||||
Poor | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Good | 1.42 | 0.67 | 0.12 | 2.10 | 0.037 | 0.08 | 2.76 |
Outdoor leisure activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 1.43 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 3.62 | <0.0001 | 0.65 | 2.21 |
Physical activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 1.37 | 0.171 | -0.21 | 1.21 |
Chronic co-morbidities | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 1.10 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 2.35 | 0.020 | 0.17 | 2.04 |
Social support | |||||||
Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
High/medium | 0.64 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 2.50 | 0.0013 | 0.18 | 1.54 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Beta | t | P-value | 95 % C.I | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Male | 0.88 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 3.05 | 0.003 | 0.31 | 1.46 |
Level of education | |||||||
None/primary | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Secondary/tertiary | 0.57 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 2.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.12 |
Economic status | |||||||
Poor | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Good | 1.43 | 0.57 | 0.14 | 2.49 | 0.013 | 0.30 | 2.56 |
Outdoor leisure activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.70 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 2.11 | 0.036 | 0.04 | 1.35 |
Duration of residence | |||||||
< 2 years | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥ 2 years | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.134 | -0.13 | 0.97 |
Type of accommodation | |||||||
Ward | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Twin-sharing | -0.25 | 0.47 | -0.03 | -0.53 | 0.592 | -1.18 | 0.67 |
Chronic co-morbidities | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.77 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 2.02 | 0.045 | 0.01 | 1.53 |
Social support | |||||||
Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
High/medium | 2.36 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 7.93 | <0.0001 | 1.77 | 2.95 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Beta | t |
P-value | 95 % C.I | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Male | 0.79 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 2.07 | 0.039 | 0.04 | 1.55 |
Level of education | |||||||
None/primary | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Secondary/tertiary | 0.80 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 2.18 | 0.030 | 0.07 | 1.52 |
Economic status | |||||||
Poor | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Good | 1.23 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 1.65 | 0.100 | -0.24 | 2.70 |
Outdoor leisure activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 1.11 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 2.53 | 0.012 | 0.24 | 1.97 |
Physical activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.04 | 0.87 | 0.385 | -0.44 | 1.13 |
Duration of residence | |||||||
< 2 years | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥ 2 years | 1.45 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 3.93 | <0.0001 | 0.72 | 2.17 |
Chronic co-morbidities | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 1.34 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 2.56 | 0.011 | 0.31 | 2.37 |
Social support | |||||||
Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
High/medium | 2.99 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 7.74 | <0.0001 | 2.23 | 3.75 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Beta | t |
P-value | 95 % C.I | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Male | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 1.30 | 0.195 | -0.21 | 1.04 |
Outdoor leisure activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 0.185 | -0.23 | 1.20 |
Physical activity | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 1.32 | 0.188 | -0.21 | 1.11 |
Duration of residence | |||||||
< 2 years | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥ 2 years | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 1.74 | 0.083 | 0.07 | 1.15 |
Type of accommodation | |||||||
Ward | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Twin-sharing | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 1.66 | 0.097 | 0.15 | 1.88 |
Chronic co-morbidities | |||||||
Yes | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
No | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 2.02 | 0.044 | 0.02 | 1.71 |
Social support | |||||||
Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
High/medium | 2.18 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 6.60 | <0.0001 | 1.53 | 2.84 |