Background
Methods
Study design
Sample population and sample size
Study visit
Data management and analysis
Results
Characteristics of the sample
Characteristic | Men | Women | Total | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 226 | 224 | 450 | |
Age (years) | 49.17 ± 13.99 | 51.96 ± 13.67 | 50.56 ± 13.89 | 0.03a |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.77 ± 3.80 | 29.23 ± 4.70 | 29.50 ± 4.28 | 0.18a |
Plasma glucose**(mg/dl) | 131.77 ± 25.95 | 128.93 ± 26.18 | 130.35 ± 26.08 | 0.17b |
Duration of Diabetes (years) | 15.40 ± 7.08 | 14.75 ± 7.18 | 15.08 ± 7.13 | 0.26b |
Smoking (n, %) | 93, 41.2% | 0% | 20.7% | 0.00c |
Duration of smoking (years) | 7.99 ± 11.71 | No women smokers | 7.99 ± 11.71*** | 0.00b |
Employment (n, %) | 173, 76.5% | 126, 56.3% | 299, 66.4% | 0.00c |
Education (n, %) | ||||
• Cannot read or write | 42, 18.6% | 50, 22.3% | 92, 20% | 0.66 c |
• Can read and write**** | 19, 8.4% | 36, 16.1% | 55, 12.2% | 0.43 c |
• Primary | 30, 13.3% | 28, 12.5% | 58, 12.9% | 0.93 c |
• Secondary | 40, 17.7% | 32, 14.3% | 72, 16% | 0.70 c |
• University or above | 95, 42% | 78, 34% | 173, 38.4% | 0.27 c |
Marital status (n, %) | ||||
• Married (no children) | 37, 16.4% | 28, 12.5% | 65, 14.4% | 0.66 c |
• Married (children) | 139, 61.5% | 142, 63.4% | 281, 62.4% | 0.74 c |
• Unmarried | 30, 13.3% | 27, 21.1% | 57, 12.7% | 0.44 c |
• Others | 20, 8.8% | 27, 12.1% | 47, 10.4% | 0.72 c |
Prevalence of pain with neuropathic characteristics
Multivariate (adjusted) odd ratio
Predictor binary variables | PDN Present | PDN Absent | Odds ratio (95% CI, P value) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI, P value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Mena | 96 | 128 | 0.97 | 0.24 |
Women | 95 | 131 | (0.67 to 1.4, 0.86) | (0.17 to 0.48, 0.89) |
Age | ||||
≤ 60 yearsa | 138 | 126 | 1.93 | 0.54 |
> 60 years | 53 | 43 | (1.22 to 3.04, 0.005) | (0.26 to 1.1, 0.89) |
BMI | ||||
< 30 Kg/m2 a | 66 | 183 | 4.56 | 3.96 |
≥ 30 Kg/m2 | 125 | 76 | (3.1 to 6.8, < 0.0001) | (2.25 to 6.96, < 0.0001) |
Smoking | ||||
Non-smokersa | 68 | 25 | 5.60 | 8.28 |
Smokers | 123 | 234 | (3.11 to 8.60, < 0.0001) | (3.53 to 19.42, < 0.0001) |
Duration of diabetes | ||||
5–15 yearsa | 41 | 224 | 23.41 | 25.85 |
> 15 years | 150 | 35 | (14.26 to 38.46, < 0.0001) | (13.56 to 49.31, < 0.0001) |
Fasting blood sugar | ||||
≤ 125 mg/dla | 65 | 155 | 3.11 | 3.51 |
> 125 mg/dl | 125 | 96 | (2.1 to 4.6, < 0.0001) | (1.99 to 6.21, < 0.0001) |