Background
Methods
Chemicals
Animal experiments and sample collection
Sample preparation and NMR spectroscopy
NMR spectra process and analysis
Results and discussion
Echocardiographic assessment
Treatment | n | LVEDV (μL) | LVESV (μL) | LVIDd (mm) | LVIDs (mm) | EF (%) | FS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sham | 5 | 86.56 ± 44.57 | 18.80 ± 15.31 | 4.27 ± 0.94 | 2.19 ± 0.76 | 78.05 ± 13.82 | 48.52 ± 14.48 |
AMI | 6 | 188.25 ± 37.24 | 66.70 ± 30.09 | 6.10 ± 0.53 | 3.84 ± 0.76 | 64.04 ± 17.82 | 36.82 ± 12.60 |
GB | 5 | 175.05 ± 43.22 | 67.49 ± 61.13 | 5.89 ± 0.65 | 3.67 ± 1.37 | 65.56 ± 23.72 | 38.95 ± 16.53 |
SC | 5 | 203.90 ± 142.63 | 61.60 ± 129.67 | 6.12 ± 1.70 | 3.83 ± 2.32 | 67.75 ± 23.51 | 41.20 ± 18.31 |
OD | 6 | 169.89 ± 35.39 | 43.16 ± 18.77 | 5.83 ± 0.52 | 3.21 ± 0.61 | 75.39 ± 7.08 | 45.30 ± 6.83 |
SGB | 5 | 154.82 ± 35.56 | 57.41 ± 32.84 | 5.59 ± 0.56 | 3.58 ± 0.80 | 64.79 ± 12.06 | 36.43 ± 8.23 |
SGBO | 4 | 123.89 ± 45.16 | 35.87 ± 28.88 | 5.04 ± 0.81 | 2.87 ± 0.91 | 72.96 ± 14.07 | 43.58 ± 11.91 |
Metabolite assignment with NMR spectroscopy
No | Metabolites
a
| Moieties |
δ
1H (multiplicity
b
) | Selected signal | AMI/ | GB/ | OD/ | SC/ | SGBO/ | SGB/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sham
c
| AMI
c
| AMI
c
| AMI
c
| AMI
c
| AMI
c
| |||||
1 | lipoproteins | CH
3(CH2)n CH
3CH2CH2C= | 0.90 (br. t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
2 | leucine |
δ CH3, δ′ CH3, β CH2, γ CH | 1.00 (d), 1.02 (d), 1.67 (m), 1.73 (m), 3.75 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
3 | isoleucine |
δ CH3, γ′ CH3, γ CH2, β CH, α CH | 1.02 (t), 1.07 (d), 1.30 (m), 1.51 (m), 1.99 (m), 3.68 (d) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
4 | valine |
γ′ CH3,
γ CH3,
β CH, α CH | 1.05 (d), 1.11 (d), 2.30 (m), 3.66 (d) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
5 |
β-HB | CH3, CH2, CH | 1.25 (d), 2.29 (m), 2.39 (m), 4.14 (m) | 1.25 | ↓** | - | - | ↑** | - | ↑* |
6 | FA | CH3(CH
2)n, CH
2CH2CO, CH
2-C = C, CH
2-C = O, =C-CH
2-C= | 1.34 (m), 1.63 (m), 2.09 (m), 2.29 (m), 2.80 (m) | 1.34 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | lactate |
β CH3, α CH | 1.39 (d), 4.18 (q) | 1.39 | ↑*** | - | - | - | ↓*** | ↓** |
8 | alanine |
β CH3, α CH | 1.54 (d), 3.82 (q) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
9 | lysine |
γ CH2, δ CH2, β CH2, ϵ CH2, αCH | 1.53 (m), 1.75 (m), 1.94 (m), 3.05 (t), 3.83 (t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
10 | acetate | CH3
| 1.98 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
11 | NAG | CH3
| 2.09 (s) | 2.09 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | OAG | CH3
| 2.19 (s) | 2.19 | ↑*** | - | - | - | ↓** | ↓** |
13 | acetone | CH3
| 2.28 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
14 | acetoacetate | CH3, CH2
| 2.33 (s), 3.44 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
15 | 2-ketoglutarate |
β CH2, γ CH2
| 2.46 (t), 3.03 (t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
16 | glutamine |
β CH2, α CH | 2.19 (dd), 2.50 (dd), 3.83 (dd) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
17 | creatine/phosphocreatine | N-CH3, CH2
| 3.09 (s), 3.99 (s) | 3.09 | ↑** | ↓** | - | - | - | - |
18 | choline | N-(CH3)3, α CH2, β CH2
| 3.25 (s), 4.09 (t), 3.55 (t) | 3.25 | ↓*** | ↑* | - | - | ↑** | ↑* |
19 | GPC | N-(CH3)3, α CH2, β CH2
| 3.26 (s), 4.32 (t), 3.69 (t) | 3.26 | ↓*** | ↑* | - | - | - | ↑** |
20 | PC | N-(CH3)3, α CH2, β CH2
| 3.27 (s), 4.16 (t), 3.60 (t) | 3.27 | ↓** | ↑* | - | - | - | ↑* |
21 | TMAO | CH3
| 3.32(s) | 3.32 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
22 | methanol | CH3
| 3.42 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
23 | glycine | CH2
| 3.61 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
24 | glycerol | CH, CH2
| 3.81 (m), 3.71(m), 3.69 (m) | 3.69 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | ↓* |
25 | glucose |
α C1H, β C1H, C2H | 5.28 (d), 4.69 (d), 3.29 (dd) | 5.28 4.69 | ↑*** | ↓** | - | - | ↓* | ↓** |
26 | PUFA | -CH = CH-, CH2
| 5.35 (m), 2.83 (m) | 5.35 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
27 | tyrosine | CH, CH | 7.23 (m), 6.94 (m) | 7.23 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
28 | 1-methylhistidine | C4H, C2H | 7.09 (s), 7.81 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
29 | phenylalanine |
α CH, C2H/ C6H, C4H,C3H/ C5H | 3.99 (m), 7.34 (m), 7.39 (m), 7.41 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 | formate |
H COOH | 8.52 (s) | 8.52 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
31 | albumin | Lysyl-CH2
| 3.05 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - |