Background
Methods
Attitude (X1)
Self-efficacy (X2)
Sensory requirements (X3)
Relationship (X4)
Identification and privacy (X5)
Synchronism (X6)
Representation (X7)
Reach (X8)
Monitoring (X9)
Fit (Y1)
mHealth utilization (Y2)
TIPFit constructs as predictor variables
Path | Prediction hypotheses |
---|---|
H01 | Attitude has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H02 | Self-efficacy in use of mobile devices has no significant change on fit before, and after mHealth intervention |
H03 | Sensory requirements have no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H04 | Relationship requirement has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H05 | Identification and privacy requirements have no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H06 | Synchronism requirement has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H07 | Representation capability of technology has no significant effect on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H08 | Reach capability of technology has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H09 | Monitoring capability of technology has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
H010 | Perceived fit has no significant change before, and after use of mHealth intervention |
Operationalizing TIPFit into structural path model
Study design
Maternal care intervention
Design of repeated measures quasi-experiment
Sampling and inclusion of study population
Measurements
Predictor variable | Composite reliability | Cronbach alpha | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T0 | T1 | T2 | |
Attitude | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.88 |
Efficacy | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.88 |
Sensory | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.81 |
0.67
|
Relation | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.75 |
Privacy | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.76 |
Synch | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.91 |
0.66
|
0.62
| 0.80 |
Represent | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.82 |
Reach | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.86 |
0.68
| 0.80 | 0.75 |
Monitor | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.80 |
Fit | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.85 |
Utilization | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.86 |
Data analysis
Results
Basic demographic characteristics
Age category | Frequency | Percent (%) | Valid Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | 15–19 | 8 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
20–25 | 39 | 53.4 | 53.4 | |
26–30 | 16 | 21.9 | 21.9 | |
30–35 | 10 | 13.7 | 13.7 | |
Total | 73 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Path analysis
Test | Atti. | Self | Sense | Rela | Priv | Syn | Rep | Reach | Mo | Fit. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 0.19 | −0.11 | −0.08 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.12 | −0.03 | 0.38 |
0.79
|
T1 | 0.21 | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
0.71
|
T2 | 0.22 | 0.01 | −0.18 | − 0.04 | 0.19 | − 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.26 |
0.73
|
Comparative analysis
Test | Att | Self | Sens | Rel | Prv | Sync | Rep | Reac | Mon | Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 2.38 | −1.71 | −1.79 | 5.07 | 0.75 | 2.28 | 1.43 | −0.37 | 2.73 | 20.48 |
T1 | 2.96 | −0.83 | −3.53 | 1.09 | 3.40 | 1.30 | 3.91 | 5.09 | 0.30 | 19.52 |
T2 | 3.16 | 0.08 | −3.65 | −0.59 | 2.14 | − 0.25 | 1.94 | 3.64 | 3.86 | 20.39 |
Bonferroni post hoc test
Predictor Variable | Pretest | Post-test1 | Post-test2 | Mean differences (p-value) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x̄ =μ | SE | x̄=μ | SE | x̄=μ | SE | T0 - T1 | T1-T2 | T0 –T2 | |
Attitude | 1.56 | 0.06 | 1.39 | 0.06 | 1.54 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.99 |
Efficacy | 1.55 | 0.07 | 1.35 | 0.06 | 1.55 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 1.00 |
Sensory | 2.23 | 0.12 | 1.98 | 0.12 | 2.11 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.39 |
Relation | 1.81 | 0.09 | 1.53 | 0.06 | 1.66 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.99 |
ID. & Privacy | 1.89 | 0.09 | 1.51 | 0.07 | 1.58 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.01 |
Synchronism | 1.84 | 0.10 | 1.43 | 0.07 | 1.61 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Representation | 1.63 | 0.07 | 1.47 | 0.06 | 1.52 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.83 | 0.48 |
Reach | 1.74 | 0.07 | 1.59 | 0.08 | 1.65 | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.93 | 0.64 |
Monitor | 1.66 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.92 |
Fit | 1.77 | 0.09 | 1.36 | 0.06 | 1.54 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
mHealth Use | 1.69 | 0.08 | 1.43 | 0.07 | 1.51 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.18 |
Repeated measures ANOVA
Sphericity | RM-ANOVA: | Effect | Remarks | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | χ2 | p-value | F ratio | p-value | Eta2 | p < 0.05 |
Attitude | 0.534 | 0.766 | 2.595 | 0.078 | 0.036 | Not sign. |
Self-Efficacy | 3.432 | 0.180 | 3.258 | 0.041 | 0.045 | Significant |
Sensory | 5.109 | 0.078 | 1.233 | 0.295 | 0.018 | Not sign. |
Relationship | 22.076 | < 0.001 | 4.038 | 0.029 | 0.055 | GG: Sign. |
ID and Privacy | 9.980 | 0.007 | 7.462 | 0.001 | 0.098 | GG: Sign. |
Synchronism | 13.683 | 0.001 | 8.022 | 0.001 | 0.104 | GG: Sign. |
Representation | 10.664 | 0.005 | 2.373 | 0.105 | 0.033 | GG: Not Sign |
Reach | 5.034 | 0.081 | 1.117 | 0.330 | 0.016 | Not sign. |
Monitoring | 20.082 | < 0.001 | 13.384 | < 0.001 | 0.162 | GG: Sign. |
Fit | 8.516 | 0.014* | 10.144 | < 0.001 | 0.128 | GG: Sign. |
mHealth use | 1.350 | 0.509 | 4.152 | 0.018 | 0.057 | Sign. |
Predictor | H0 | Prediction hypotheses | Conclusion drawn (p < 0.05) |
---|---|---|---|
Attitude | H01 | Attitude has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Nonsignificant - accept |
Self-Efficacy | H02 | Self-efficacy has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |
Sensory | H03 | Sensory requirements have no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention. | Nonsignificant - accept |
Relationship | H04 | Relationship requirement has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |
Identification and Privacy | H05 | Identification and privacy has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |
Synchronism | H06 | Synchronism requirement has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |
Representation | H07 | Representation capability of technology has no significant effect on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Nonsignificant - accept |
Reach | H08 | Reach capability of mHealth technology has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Nonsignificant - accept |
Monitoring | H09 | Monitoring capability of technology has no significant change on fit before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |
Fit for Use | H010 | Perceived fit has no significant change before, and after use of mHealth intervention | Significant - reject |