A novel NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion detected in a patient of lung adenocarcinoma and response to larotrectinib: a case report

Lung is a type of molecular-based cancer treatment in personalized medicine. These therapies involve drugs or substances which could interfere with the specific molecules such as fusion genes or mutated genes to exert functions in the cell growth, progression, and spreading of cancer cells, which do not affect the normal cells [1]. Recently, NTRK fusions have been identified as new targets of cancer therapy for TRK inhibitors, such as larotrectinib and entrectinib. Immunotherapy, as a research hotspot in recent years, has been approved in many cancer species, including non-small cell lung cancer. However, it is not clear whether the presence of NTRK fusion affects the efficacy of immunotherapy.

In October 2015, a 60-year-old non-smoker and non-alcoholic woman was admitted to our hospital due to the tumor found at the upper lobe of the left lung, who then underwent left upper lobe resection and left mediastinal hilar lymphadenectomy, and was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma with stage IIIA (T2aN2M0). After the operation, the patient refused all adjuvant treatments and did not turn up to the clinical examination on time. In June 2019, the patient showed symptoms of dyspnea. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed atelectasis in the left lower lobe of the lung and a massive pleural effusion in the left chest, but no metastatic lesions were found in other organs (Fig. 1a). After the pleural effusion was drawn, a further CT scan found that the metastatic nodules existed in the lower lobe and pleura of the left lung (Fig. 1b). Therefore, the tumor was stage IV. The patient subsequently underwent molecular tests, including NGS and IHC analyses to guide subsequent treatment. The results showed that the PD-L1 expression of the tumor cells was 20–30% (Fig. 2), TMB was 58.58 mutations/Mb, and intriguingly, a novel NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion was detected (Table 1, Fig. 3). This novel NTRK1 fusion has not been reported thus far. Since larotrectinib was not available at that time, and the patient refused chemotherapy. This patient started the treatment of PD-1 inhibitor, camrelizumab (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, China) (200 mg/time, twice per week) alone in a clinical trial at other hospitals from July 2019. However, in September 2019, a chest CT scan revealed that the metastatic nodules still enlarged, indicating disease progression (Fig. 1c). We then switched to TRK inhibitor larotrectinib (200 mg/day). After 1 month, the chest CT scan showed that the volume of some lesions was reduced by 30%, indicating larotrectinib was a useful therapeutic option to this patient (Fig. 1d). We then continued to treat the case with larotrectinib. After another 2 months, the CT examination showed that some lesion sizes was reduced continuously by 50%, and no metastatic lesions in other organs were found (Fig. 1e). In March 2020, the further CT scan showed that some lesions were remarkably reduced or even disappeared (Fig. 1f). To December 2020, the patient continues to take larotrectinib and is still alive.

Advances in genomic research have promoted the development of personalized medicine for the treatment of lung cancer [2]. In this study, we studied the genetic profiling and treatment options for a 60-year-old female patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. By NGS-based molecular profiling and IHC analyses, we identified several potentially targetable genetic alterations, including NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion, ERBB2, and NF1mutations, as well as high levels of TMB and PD-L1 expression, which provided us some therapeutic options for this patient.

Based on the analysis of NGS, tumors could be defined as high and low TMB determined by the prevalence of somatic mutations in their genome [3]. In this case, the genomic profiling revealed the TMB was 58.58 mutations/Mb, and regarded as high TMB (Table 1), suggesting that this case is a genomically unstable tumor type. Previous studies reported that NSCLC patients with high TMB was associated with better survival outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy [4]. Recent evidence has suggested the use of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 inhibitors remarkably improves response rate of advanced metastatic NSCLC compared to the traditional chemotherapy [5]. On June 2020, the Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA, Merck & Co., Inc.) for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic TMB-H solid tumors, which further indicated the important role of TMB in ICI therapy. Additionally, this patient also had 20–30% tumor cells expressing PD-L1. Thus, the patient was treated by camrelizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) which showed high efficacy and good response in breast cancer [6]. However, 2 months after the patient received treatment, the CT showed an enlarged tumor. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the initial "lack" of response to camrelizumab could have been that effect was not seen yet after 2 months of therapy, we tend to think that tumor suppression effect of camrelizumab was failed. In addtion, based on clinical trial design, the patient was removed from the clinical trial.Gainor et al. reported that patients with EGFR mutations and ALK fusions had low response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors compared than those in EGFR wild-type/ALK-negative patients in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) [7]. Hong et al. demonstrated that upregulation of PD-L1 by ALK fusion protein mediates the immune escape by inducing the apoptosis of T cells [8]. Based on the finding, a possible explanation for this unexpected finding could be driver gene of NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion could be causing resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy, which needs to be further explored.

The TRK family of receptor tyrosine kinases are encoded by NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes, and maintain normal functions and development of the nervous system [9]. The NTRK fusions in cancers have attracted the attention of many investigators because these NTRK fusions-associated cancers are susceptible to NTRK-TKIs [10]. Importantly, these TKIs either tested in phase III clinical trials or are commercially available [10]. NTRK1 gene rearrangements were firstly found in a small population of lung cancer patients, and this gene is frequently fused with several fusion partners in NSCLC (Table 2) [11]. Compared to NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 rearrangements are relatively rare but are still found in lung cancers (Table 2). In this study, we found that the exon 9 of NCOR2 fused to the exon 9 of NTRK1 gene to generate a novel NTRK1 fusion protein (NCOR2-NTRK1). NCOR2 (Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 2) gene functions as a co-repressor for mediating transcriptional silencing of specific target genes [12]. Loss or mutation in NCOR2 gene is involved in chemoresistance and tumor growth [13]. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports so far on the identification of NCOR2-NTRK1 gene rearrangement in human cancers. According to the guidelines of The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), there are several TKIs commercially available to target fusions of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 with varying degrees of activity [14]. Among these TKIs, larotrectinib, and entrectinib are the most common targeted agents tested in clinical trials and showed a significant impact on solid tumors [14]. NCCN guidelines and other studies have suggested that larotrectinib is a relatively potent and selective inhibitor against all three NTRK fusions [15]. Consistently, our case study confirmed that larotrctinib could effectively inhibit the tumor progression and development of this lung cancer patient with NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion.

ERBB2 mutations were identified in this patient. ERBB2 gene is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which is commonly amplified and overexpressed in aggressive human cancers [16]. Currently, many tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, pyrotinib, and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) have developed for targeting ERBB2 amplification or overexpression in human tumors. However, the efficacy and sensitivity of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors for ERBB2 mutations, excluding amplification and overexpression, are still waiting for further investigation. Indeed, although ERBB2 mutation is a targetable driver in lung cancer, numerous studies reported the limited response rate and duration by using ERBB2 targeted therapies [17]. The potential resistance mechanisms may include PI3KCA mutation, SRC activation, MET overexpression, or other genomic alterations [17]. Due to the uncertainties of using ERBB2 targeted therapies, we decided not to use these inhibitors as the first targeted therapeutic option.

In this study, we used immunotherapy with PD-1 inhibitor of Camrelizumab and the targeted therapy with larotrectinib in this lung cancer patient. Regarding the treatment outcomes, larotrectinib had a marked response rate to target the tumor of this patient, indicating that novel NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion plays a critical oncogenic driver in this tumor. However, targeted therapies using these inhibitors have limited duration of responses due to the acquired resistance formed eventually [18]. To solve this limitation, one of the effective approaches might be the combination of TRK and PD-1 inhibitors applied in the subsequent cancer treatment. Clinical evidence has indicated this type of therapeutic approach could significantly improve the long-term outcomes of ALK fusion-positive NSCLC [19]. Similarly, recent evidence has shown that NSCLC with NTRK fusion also has increased PD-L1 expression [11]. This raises the possibility of using the combined TRK and PD-1 inhibitors in this case with NCOR2-NTRK1 fusion, positive PD-L1 expression, and high TMB simultaneously in the future.