Background
Methods
Study subjects and baseline data collection
Carotid ultrasonography measurements
Coronary and renal angiography
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of subjects
Without RAS ≥ 50% (n = 581) | With RAS ≥ 50% (n = 60) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.3 ± 12.4 | 70 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
Male gender, n (%) | 282 (48.5) | 32 (53.3) | 0.479 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 348 (59.9) | 43 (71.7) | 0.049 |
Number of AHM | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 152 (26.2) | 26 (43.3) | 0.005 |
Smoking, n (%) | 155 (26.7) | 18 (30) | 0.581 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 4.3 | 0.006 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 177.5 ± 40.9 | 159.7 ± 39 | 0.003 |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)† | 46.0 (39.0, 55.0) | 42.5 (38.0, 51.5) | 0.049 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl)† | 122.0 (89.0, 173.0) | 115.5 (81.3, 159.0) | 0.343 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 111.5 ± 35.1 | 81.5 ± 34.7 | < 0.001 |
CKD stage ≥3 n (%) | 27 (4.6) | 18 (30) | < 0.001 |
Proteinuria, n (%) | 76 (13.1) | 15 (25) | 0.012 |
Significant CAD*, n (%) | 124 (21.3) | 44 (73.3) | < 0.001 |
CIMT (mm)† | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.15) | < 0.001 |
CAP, n (%) | 221 (38) | 50 (83.3) | < 0.001 |
Multiple logistic regression analysis for predictors of significant RAS
Predictors | Coefficient β | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Significant CAD* | 1.724 | 5.6 (2.9-11.0) | <0.0001 | |
Extent of CAP | One side | 0.958 | 2.6 (1.0-6.8) | 0.0503 |
Both sides | 1.584 | 4.9 (2.1-11.1) | 0.0002 | |
CKD Stage ≥3 | 1.566 | 4.8 (2.1-11.0) | 0.0002 | |
Four or more AHM | 1.563 | 4.8 (1.5-14.8) | 0.0069 | |
CIMT ≥1.0 mm | 0.849 | 2.3 (1.2-4.5) | 0.0109 | |
Age ≥ 67 years | 0.831 | 2.3 (1.2-4.6) | 0.0173 | |
BMI < 22 kg/m2
| 0.872 | 2.4 (1.2-4.9) | 0.0174 |
Scoring system for significant RAS
Predictor | Criteria | Score* |
---|---|---|
CAD | No stenosis ≥70% on coronary arteries | 0 |
Stenosis ≥70% on at least one coronary artery | 2 | |
CKD | Stage <3 | 0 |
Stage ≥3 | 2 | |
AHM | Less than 4 | 0 |
4 or more | 2 | |
BMI | ≥22 kg/m2
| 0 |
<22 kg/m2
| 1 | |
Age | <67 years old | 0 |
≥67 years old | 1 | |
CAP | None | 0 |
Present at one side | 1 | |
Present at both sides | 2 | |
CIMT | <1.0 mm | 0 |
≥1.0 mm | 1 |
Without RAS ≥50% | With RAS ≥50% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Numbers of patients (n) | Observed frequency (n) | Predicted frequency (n) | Observed frequency (n) | Predicted frequency* (n) |
0 | 156 | 155 | 155.12 | 1 | 0.88 |
1 | 145 | 144 | 144.17 | 1 | 1.83 |
2 | 106 | 104 | 103.01 | 2 | 2.99 |
3 | 77 | 71 | 72.26 | 6 | 4.74 |
4 | 56 | 48 | 48.75 | 8 | 7.24 |
5 | 45 | 34 | 33.68 | 11 | 11.32 |
6 | 28 | 14 | 15.90 | 14 | 12.10 |
7 | 21 | 9 | 7.71 | 12 | 13.29 |
8 | 7 | 2 | 1.43 | 5 | 5.57 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |