Background
Methods
Study location and characteristics
Study subjects
Arsenic exposure assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
N (%) | Median CLAEX (IQR) (mg As) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Total # Participants
| 317 | 613.07 (236.9, 1304.9) | |
Sex
| 0.59 | ||
Female | 167 (53) | 634.62 (231.2, 1337.4) | |
Male | 150 (47) | 604.67 (259.1, 1271.1) | |
Age Group
| <.0001 | ||
18-40 | 121 (38) | 335.85 (136.6, 635.5) | |
40-60 | 123 (39) | 715.89 (259.1, 1314.9) | |
60 + | 73 (23) | 1482.92 (847.0, 1957.7) | |
Education
| <.0001 | ||
Elementary | 85 (27) | 1337.36 (697.6, 1838.1) | |
High School | 139 (44) | 568.88 (275.7, 1183.4) | |
Undergraduate | 71 (22) | 335.85 (138.7, 803.5) | |
Post-graduate | 22 (7) | 349.82 (96.4, 550.6) | |
Smoking
| 0.99 | ||
No | 217 (68) | 635.54 (250.9, 1303.9) | |
Yes | 100 (32) | 593.99 (196.0, 1405.3) | |
Use of Water for Cooking
| 0.03 | ||
No | 20 (7) | 241.98 (85.3, 1019.0) | |
Yes | 296 (93) | 646.13 (253.9, 1321.2) | |
Diabetes
| 0.02 | ||
No | 296 (93) | 573.31 (222.7, 1277.0) | |
Yes | 21 (7) | 998.59 (543.3, 1838.1) | |
Fish Consumption
| 0.64 | ||
No | 79 (25) | 731.23 (159.4, 1285.7) | |
1-3/week | 224 (71) | 615.45 (251.8, 1322.6) | |
More than 1–3/week | 14 (4) | 489.30 (221.3, 1227.2) |
Unadjusted Ratio of Geometric Means (95% CI) | Adjusted* Ratio of Geometric Means (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Overall
| 1.93 (1.11, 3.39) | 1.22 (0.74, 1.99) |
Sex
| ||
Female | 1.99 (0.77, 5.16) | 1.57 (0.70, 3.46) |
Male | 1.88 (0.96, 3.67) | 1.11 (0.59, 2.08) |
Age group
| ||
18-40 years | 1.65 (0.28, 9.58) | 1.48 (0.25, 8.58) |
40-60 years | 1.20 (0.51, 2.80) | 1.19 (0.50, 2.77) |
>60 years | 1.13 (0.70, 1.79) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.01) |
Education
| ||
Elementary | 1.16 (0.53, 2.53) | 1.35 (0.73, 2.48) |
High School | 1.84 (0.83, 4.14) | 1.08 (0.47, 2.51) |
Undergraduate | 2.36 (0.55, 10.28) | 1.51 (0.37, 6.11) |
Post-graduate | 4.81 (0.25, 93.69) | 1.95 (0.11, 34.81) |
Smoking status
| ||
No | 1.63 (0.73, 3.63) | 1.25 (0.62, 2.53) |
Yes | 2.34 (1.05, 5.21) | 1.20 (0.58, 2.44) |
Using water to cook
| ||
No | 2.27 (0.25, 20.70) | 0.73 (0.08, 6.36) |
Yes | 2.05 (1.14, 3.71) | 1.36 (0.80, 2.29) |
Consumption of Fish
| ||
No | 2.14 (0.62, 7.32) | 1.43 (0.45, 4.62) |
1-3/week | 1.88 (1.01, 3.53) | 1.19 (0.69, 2.05) |
More than 1-3/week | NA** |
Univariate Models | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
Sex – Males vs. Females
| 1.876 (0.75, 4.66) | 0.18 |
Age (year)
| 1.047 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.001 |
Smoke – Yes vs. No
| 2.563 (1.05, 6.25) | 0.04 |
Log arsenic exposure (mg)
| 1.777 (1.08, 2.92) | 0.02 |
Education
| ||
High School vs. Elementary | 0.672 (0.25, 1.81) | 0.43 |
Undergraduate vs. Elementary | 0.431 (0.11, 1.69) | 0.23 |
Postgraduate vs. Elementary | 0.481 (0.06, 4.07) | 0.50 |
Tertiles of arsenic exposure
| ||
Second vs. First | 4.781 (1.01, 22.69) | 0.05 |
Third vs. First | 5.368 (1.15, 25.13) | 0.03 |
Quintiles of arsenic exposure
| ||
Second vs. First | 0.968 (0.13, 7.09) | 0.97 |
Third vs. First | 2.632 (0.49, 14.11) | 0.26 |
Fourth vs. First | 1.500 (0.24, 9.30) | 0.66 |
Fifth vs. First | 5.000 (1.03, 24.17) | 0.04 |
Multivariate Models
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
Model 1
| ||
Age (year) | 1.036 (1.00, 1.07) | 0.04 |
Males vs. Females | 1.280 (0.43, 3.84) | 0.66 |
Smoke – Yes vs. No | 2.034 (0.69, 5.99) | 0.20 |
Log arsenic exposure (mg) | 1.287 (0.74, 2.25) | 0.38 |
Model 2
| ||
Age (year) | 1.041 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.02 |
Males vs. Females | 1.268 (0.42, 3.81) | 0.67 |
Smoke – Yes vs. No | 2.000 (0.68, 5.91) | 0.21 |
Tertiles of arsenic exposure | ||
Second vs. First | 3.493 (0.70, 17.33) | 0.13 |
Third vs. First | 2.287 (0.41, 12.66) | 0.34 |
Model 3
| ||
Age (year) | 1.038 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.03 |
Males vs. Females | 1.425 (0.47, 4.29) | 0.53 |
Smoke – Yes vs. No | 1.867 (0.63, 5.51) | 0.26 |
Quintiles of arsenic exposure | ||
Second vs. First | 0.717 (0.09, 5.56) | 0.75 |
Third vs. First | 1.791 (0.31, 10.26) | 0.51 |
Fourth vs. First | 0.774 (0.109, 5.516) | 0.80 |
Fifth vs. First | 1.857 (0.298, 11.592) | 0.51 |