Mass spectrometry (MS) is an established tool to measure analytes in blood. |
Reliable MS-based biomarkers in blood for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) are still rare. |
Most promising MS-based biomarkers for AD at the moment seem to be the determination of Aβ peptides by IP-MS and the “genotyping” of ApoE by MRM. |
MS will be essential in the definition of reference methods for the measurement of AD biomarkers in blood. |
Plain Language Summary
Introduction
Methods
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Results
Aβ Peptides
Phospholipids/Sphingolipids
Biomarker | Observation of significant changes in studies |
---|---|
Phospholipids | |
PC aa C36:6 | OR Dem vs Con < 1 [17] |
PC aa C38:0 | |
PC aa C38:6 | |
PC aa C40:1 | |
PC aa C40:2 | |
PC aa C40:6 | |
PC ae C40:6 | |
LysoPC a C18:2 | |
Acylcarnitines | |
C3 | |
C16:1-OH |
Molecule | Observed changes | Molecule | Observed changes |
---|---|---|---|
Acyl carnitines | Cholesterol metabolism | ||
Carnitine | 24S-OH cholesterol esters | ||
AD vs MCI↓ [35] | MCI vs AD↑ [53] | ||
C5-OH | AD vs Con↓ [20] | 27-OH cholesterol | |
C10:0 | |||
Desmosterol | |||
AD vs MCI↓ [35] | |||
C14:2 | Steroids | ||
C10:1 | 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol sulfate/5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol | AD vs Con↓ [55] | |
MCI vs AD↑ [35] | 5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol sulfate/5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol | AD vs Con↓ [55] | |
C16:1 | Free 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA | AD vs Con↑ [56] | |
C6:1 | AD vs Con↓ [20] | 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA-S | AD vs Con↑ [56] |
C18:2 | AD vs Con↓ [20] | 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA-FA esters | AD vs Con↑ [56] |
C3-DC | AD vs Con↓ [20] | Androsterone sulfate/androsterone | AD vs Con↓ [55] |
C14 | AD vs Con↓ [20] | Cortisol | OR AD vs Con↑ [57] |
C16 | AD vs MCI↓ [20] | DHEA-S | AD vs Con↓ [58] |
C18:1 | DHEA-S/DHEA | AD vs Con↓ [55] | |
AD vs MCI↓ [35] | Epiandrosterone sulfate/epiandrosterone | AD vs Con↓ [55] | |
C18 | |||
Ox. stress-med. DHEA-increase | |||
Fatty acids/DAG/TG | |||
C14:0 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Vitamin D | |
C16:0 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | 25(OH) Vitamin D | |
C16:1 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | ||
C18:0 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Amino acids and derivatives | |
C18:1 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Aspartate | |
C18:2 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Carnosine | AD vs Con↓ [62] |
γ-C18:3 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Cysteine | MCI vs Con↑ [63] |
C18:3 | AD vs Con↑ [46] | DOPA | AD vs Con↑ [62] |
C20:2 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Glutamic acid | HR AD↑ [64] |
C20:5 | AD vs Con↓ [47] | Hcy-Cys | AD vs Con↑ [36] |
C22:6 | AD vs Con↓ [46] | Histidine | |
MMA | AD vs Con [48] | Isoaspartate peptides | AD/MCI vs Con↑ [65] |
DAG (34:3) | Methionine | ||
DAG (36:3) | Methyldopa | AD vs Con [48] | |
DAG (36:4) | N-acetylglutamine | AD vs Con↓ [19] | |
DAG (38:6) | Phe Phe | ||
DAG (34:2) | O-Acetylserine | AD vs Con [48] | |
DAG (36:2) | Tyrosine | AD vs Con [48] | |
DAG (38:4) | Valine | AD vs Con [48] | |
TG (48:0) | AD vs Con [48] | ||
TG (50:4) | AD vs Con [48] | Metals | |
TG (48:2) | AD vs Con [48] | Al | |
TG (51:3) | AD vs Con [48] | Al-Ferritin | AD vs Con↑ [67] |
TG (54:6) | AD vs Con [48] | Ca | DLB vs AD↑ [68] |
TG (50:3) | AD vs Con [48] | Cd | |
TG (48:1) | AD vs Con [48] | Cs | AD vs Con↓ [45] |
TG (52:4) | AD vs Con [48] | Cu | DLB vs AD↑ [68] |
TG (48:3) | AD vs Con [48] | Non-ceruloplasmin Cu | |
TG (46:2) | AD vs Con [48] | Fe | AD vs Con↓ [71] |
TG (52:5) | AD vs Con [48] | Transferrin-Fe/Transferrin | AD vs Con↓ [71] |
TG (58:10) | AD vs Con [48] | Mg | DLB vs AD↑ [68] |
TG (56:7) | AD vs Con [48] | Mn | severeAD vs mildAD↓ [69] |
TG (56:8) | AD vs Con [48] | ||
Mo | severeAD vs mildAD↑ [69] | ||
Phospholipids/Sphingolipids | Se | ||
Lyso-PAF (C16:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | Sn | AD vs Con↑ [44] |
Lyso-PAF (C18:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | Zn | |
Lyso-PAF (C18:1) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | ||
LysoPC (16:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | Oxidative stress markers | |
LysoPC (18:0) | 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI | ||
LysoPC (18:1) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | ||
LysoPC (20:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | Ent-7(RS)-7-F2t-dihomo-IsoP | AD vs Con↑ [75] |
LysoPC (20:3) | AD vs Con↓ [19] | 17-epi-17-F2t-dihomo-IsoP | AD vs Con↑ [75] |
LysoPC (22:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | 15(R)-15-F2t-IsoP | AD vs Con↑ [75] |
LysoPC (24:0) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | PGF2α | AD vs Con↓ [75] |
PC aa C38:4 | 4(RS)-F4t-NeuroP | AD vs Con↑ [75] | |
PC aa C38:4 (16:0, 22:4) | OR AD↑ [21] | ||
PC aa C38:4 (18:0, 20:4) | OR AD↑ [21] | Clusterin glycosylation | |
PC ae C34:2 | HR Con-AD↑ [50] | β64N_SA1-(HexNAc-Hex)2-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PC aa C38:5 (18:0, 20:5) | OR AD↓ [21] | β64N_SA2-(HexNAc-Hex)2-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PC aa C40:4 (18:0, 22:4) | OR AD↑ [21] | β64N_SA1-(HexNAc-Hex)3-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PC aa C40:5 (18:0, 22:5) | OR AD↑ [21] | β64N_SA2-(HexNAc-Hex)3-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PC aa C40:5 (18:1, 22:4) | OR AD↑ [21] | β64N_SA1-(HexNAc-Hex)4-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PlsCho (18:0-18:1) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | β64N_SA3-(HexNAc-Hex)3-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
PlsCho (18:0-22:6) | ADconv vs Con↑ [18] | β64N_SA2-(HexNAc-Hex)4-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
Cer16:0 | MCI vs AD↓ [51] | β64N_SA3-(HexNAc-Hex)4-core | AD low atrophy vs AD high atrophy↑ [76] |
Cer18:0 | MCI vs AD↓ [51] | ||
Cer20:0 | MCI vs AD↓ [51] | Other Metabolites | |
Cer22:0 | 2-Aminoadipic acid | AD vs Con [48] | |
Cer24:0 | 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid | AD vs Con [48] | |
Cer26:0 | 8-iso-PGF2a (15-F2t-IsoP) | AD vs Con [48] | |
SM (d18:1/20:1) | AD vs Con [48] | Anthranilic acid | HR AD↑ [64] |
SM (d18:1/23:0) | AD vs Con [48] | Asymetric dimethyl-Arginine | AD vs Con↑ [36] |
SM (C18:1) | β-Hydroxy butyric acid | ||
SM (C16:0) | HR Con-AD↑ [50] | Choline | |
SM (C16:1) | HR Con-AD↑ [50] | Creatine | |
SM (OH) (C14:1) | HR Con-AD↑ [50] | Creatinine | AD vs con↑ [36] |
SM (OH) (C22:1) | OR Dem vs Con↓ [17] | Dihydrosphingosine | AD vs Con↓ [19] |
Hypoxanthine | HR AD↓ [64] | ||
Bile acids | Palmitic amide | AD vs Con↑ [19] | |
Cholic acid | OR AD vs Con↓ [52] | Ornithine | AD vs Con [48] |
MCInon-conv vs MCIconv ↓ [52] | S-3-Hyxroxyisobutyric acid | AD vs Con [48] | |
Deoxycholic acid, | OR AD vs Con↑ [52] | S-adenosylhomocysteine | MCI vs Con↑ [63] |
Glucodeoxycholic acid | OR AD vs Con↑ [52] | ||
Taurodeoxycholic acid | OR AD vs Con↑ [52] | ||
Glycolithocholic acid | OR AD vs Con↑ [52] | ||
Taurolithocholic acid | OR AD vs Con↑ [52] |