Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Data collection
Infants and child feeding index (ICFI)
scores | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Visit 1 (6-month-old) | Visit 2 (12-month-old) | Visit 3 (18-month-old) |
Breastfeeding | Yes = +2 | Yes = +1 | Yes = 0 |
No = 0 | No = 0 | No = 0 | |
Food consistency a
| Liquid = 0 | Gruel-like = 0 | Gruel-like = 0 |
Gruel-like = +1 | Semi-solid = +1 | Semi-solid = +1 | |
Semi-solid = +2 | Solid = +2 | Solid = +2 | |
Feeding frequency (past 24-h) b
| No = 0 | 0-2 times =0 | 0-2 times =0 |
1 times = +1 | 3-4 times or ≧9 times = +1 | 3-4 times = +1 | |
≧2 times = +2 | 5-8 times = +2 | ≧9 times = +2 | |
5-8 times = +3 | |||
Food group frequency score (FGFS) (past 7-d) | FGFS 0 ~ 3 = 0 | FGFS 0 ~ 5 = 0 | FGFS 0 ~ 7 = 0 |
FGFS 4 ~ 9 = +1 | FGFS 6 ~ 9 = +1 | FGFS 8 ~ 11 = +1 | |
FGFS 10 ~ 16 = +2 | FGFS 10 ~ 12 = +2 | FGFS 12 ~ 14 = +2 | |
FGFS 13 ~ 16 = +3 | FGFS 15 ~ 16 = +3 | ||
Dietary diversity score(DDS) (past 7-d) | DDS 0 ~ 2 = 0 | DDS 0 ~ 3 = 0 | DDS 0 ~ 4 = 0 |
DDS 3 ~ 4 = +1 | DDS 4 ~ 6 = +1 | DDS 5 ~ 7 = +1 | |
DDS 5 ~ 8 = +2 | DDS 7 ~ 8 = +2 | DDS 8 = +2 | |
Total score | 10 points | 10 points | 10 points |
Breastfeeding
Food consistency
Feeding frequency
Dietary diversity score (DDS)
Food group frequency score (FGFS)
Statistical analysis
Results
Loss to follow-up
Sample characteristics
Characteristic | n | result |
---|---|---|
Child age | ||
Visit 1 (6-month-old) | 180 | 5.85 ± 0.44 a
|
Visit 2 (12-month-old) | 180 | 12.13 ± 0.29 |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) | 180 | 18.12 ± 0.27 |
Child gender [n (%)] | ||
Male | 79 | 43.89 |
Female | 101 | 56.11 |
Breastfeeding [n (%)] | ||
Visit 1 (6-month-old) | 88 | 48.89 |
Visit 2 (12-month-old) | 12 | 6.67 |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) | 3 | 1.67 |
Child nutritional status | ||
Length-for-age z score | ||
Visit 1 (6-month-old) | 180 | 0.58 ± 0.80 |
Visit 2 (12-month-old) | 180 | 0.43 ± 0.88 |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) | 180 | 0.41 ± 0.91 |
Weight-for-age z score | ||
Visit 1 (6-month-old) | 180 | 0.83 ± 0.78 |
Visit 2 (12-month-old) | 180 | 0.70 ± 0.74 |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) | 180 | 0.65 ± 0.80 |
Weight-for-length z score | ||
Visit 1 (6-month-old) | 180 | 0.76 ± 0.88 |
Visit 2 (12-month-old) | 180 | 0.70 ± 0.77 |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) | 180 | 0.62 ± 0.82 |
Mother’s pre-pregnancy height (cm) | 180 | 161.61 ± 4.24 |
Mother’s pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 180 | 55.64 ± 8.02 |
Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 180 | 21.30 ± 2.93 |
Caregiver’s schooling years [n (%)] | ||
≦12y | 75 | 41.67 |
>12y | 105 | 58.33 |
Annual household income [n (%)] | ||
≦RMB 60 thousand per year | 56 | 31.11 |
RMB 60-150 thousand per year | 81 | 45.00 |
>RMB 150 thousand per year | 43 | 23.89 |
Distribution of the CS-ICFI components at different time points
Components | score | Visit 1 [n(%)] | Visit 2 [n(%)] | Visit 3 [n(%)] |
P valuea
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breastfeeding | |||||
Yes | 88 (48.89) | 12 (6.67) | 3 (1.67) | <0.0001 | |
Food consistency | |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 105 (58.33) | 79 (43.89) | 10 (5.56) | <0.0001 |
High | +2 | 75 (41.67) | 101 (56.11) | 170 (94.44) | |
Feeding frequency | |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 19 (10.56) | 54 (30.00) | 0 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
High | +2/+3 | 161 (89.44) | 126 (70.00) | 180 (100.00) | |
Food group frequency | |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 97 (53.89) | 1 (0.56) | 3 (1.67) | <0.0001 |
High | +2/+3 | 83 (46.11) | 179 (99.44) | 177 (98.33) | |
Dietary diversity | |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 66 (36.67) | 9 (5.00) | 18 (10.00) | <0.0001 |
High | +2 | 144 (63.33) | 171 (95.00) | 162 (90.00) |
Association between CS-ICFIs and LAZ, WAZ and WLZ at Visit 3
CS-ICFIs | LAZ | WAZ | WLZ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 (6-month-old) |
Beta
a
| 0.160 | 0.191 | 0.176 |
Std.Error
| 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.040 | |
P value b
| 0.029 | 0.009 | 0.020 | |
Visit 2 (12-month-old) |
Beta
a
| -0.071 | 0.011 | 0.065 |
Std.Error
| 0.079 | 0.072 | 0.074 | |
P value b
| 0.326 | 0.884 | 0.387 | |
Visit 3 (18-month-old) |
Beta
a
| 0.176 | 0.042 | -0.066 |
Std.Error
| 0.073 | 0.070 | 0.074 | |
P value b
| 0.016 | 0.585 | 0.398 |
Association between L-ICFI and LAZ, WAZ and WLZ at Visit 3
Variables | Score (0 ~ 6) | n | Mean LAZa
| Mean WAZa
| Mean WLZa
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-ICFI | |||||
Low | 0 ~ 2 | 43 | 0.23 | 0.62 | 0.69 |
Medium | 3 | 57 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.41 |
High | 4 ~ 6 | 80 | 0.49 | 0.79 | 0.76 |
Beta
b
| 0.151 | 0.173 | 0.121 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.050 | ||
P value c
| 0.040 | 0.024 | 0.119 |
Association of the CS-ICFIs components at each time point with LAZ, WAZ and WLZ at Visit 3
Variables | Score | n | Mean LAZa
| Mean WAZa
| Mean WLZa
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breastfeeding | |||||
No | 0 | 92 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
Yes | +2 | 88 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.69 |
Beta
c
| 0.063 | 0.087 | 0.070 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.064 | ||
P value d
| 0.391 | 0.255 | 0.364 | ||
Food consistency | |||||
Low | 0 | 17 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Median | +1 | 88 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.60 |
High | +2 | 75 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.73 |
Beta
c
| 0.171 | 0.192 | 0.130 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.102 | 0.094 | 0.100 | ||
P value d
| 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.097 | ||
Feeding frequency b
| |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 19 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.45 |
High | +2 | 161 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 0.66 |
Beta
c
| 0.012 | 0.070 | 0.079 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.217 | 0.201 | 0.211 | ||
P value d
| 0.874 | 0.376 | 0.323 | ||
Dietary diversity | |||||
Low | 0 | 11 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.51 |
Median | +1 | 55 | 0.20 | 0.52 | 0.57 |
High | +2 | 114 | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.67 |
Beta
c
| 0.087 | 0.096 | 0.063 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.111 | 0.103 | 0.109 | ||
P value d
| 0.245 | 0.216 | 0.422 | ||
Food group frequency b
| |||||
Low | 0/+1 | 97 | 0.36 | 0.63 | 0.62 |
High | +2 | 83 | 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.64 |
Beta
c
| 0.039 | 0.051 | 0.037 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.119 | 0.111 | 0.116 | ||
P value d
| 0.604 | 0.515 | 0.641 |
Variables | Score | n | Mean LAZa
| Mean WAZa
| Mean WLZa
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food consistency | |||||
Low | +1 | 10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
High | +2 | 170 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.67 |
Beta
c
| 0.079 | 0.167 | 0.163 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.280 | 0.257 | 0.270 | ||
P value d
| 0.280 | 0.029 | 0.034 | ||
Feeding frequency b
| |||||
Low | +1/+2 | 51 | 0.39 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
High | +3 | 129 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.60 |
Beta
c
| -0.002 | -0.047 | -0.059 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.009 | 0.137 | 0.144 | ||
P value d
| 0.982 | 0.541 | 0.452 | ||
Dietary diversity | |||||
Low | +1 | 18 | -0.04 | 0.44 | 0.62 |
High | +2 | 162 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 0.63 |
Beta
c
| 0.156 | 0.085 | 0.004 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.221 | 0.207 | 0.218 | ||
P value d
| 0.036 | 0.274 | 0.959 | ||
Food group frequency b
| |||||
Low | +1/+2 | 97 | 0.25 | 0.69 | 0.78 |
High | +3 | 83 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.47 |
Beta
c
| 0.171 | -0.034 | -0.164 | ||
Std.Error
| 0.123 | 0.116 | 0.121 | ||
P value d
| 0.021 | 0.658 | 0.035 |
CS-ICFI distribution at different visits
CS-ICFI | Visit 1 (6-month-old) | Visit 2 (12-month-old) | Visit 3 (18-month-old) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 7.19 | 7.99 | 9.01 |
SD | 1.55 | 0.83 | 0.87 |
Median | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Minimum | 3 | 5 | 6 |
maximum | 10 | 10 | 10 |