Background
Uptake of technologies and behaviors in WASH efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation studies
Effect of WASH combined interventions on uptake
Objectives
Methods
Study setting and population
WASH benefits intervention design
Data collection
Implementation fidelity assessment
Structured observation
Analysis
Results
Characteristics | n (%) or mean ± SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Water | Sanitation | Handwashing | Nutrition | WSHa | Nutrition+WSHb | |
Education of mother of the youngest child | N = 1382 | N = 698 | N = 696 | N = 688 | N = 698 | N = 703 | N = 686 |
No education | 206 (15) | 115 (17) | 115 (17) | 101 (15) | 116 (17) | 100 (14) | 116 (17) |
Up-to primary | 440 (32) | 206 (30) | 218 (31) | 221 (32) | 209 (30) | 223 (32) | 225 (33) |
Above primary | 736 (53) | 377 (54) | 363 (52) | 366 (53) | 373 (53) | 380 (54) | 345 (50) |
Education of father of the youngest child | N = 1378 | N = 697 | N = 695 | N = 687 | N = 697 | N = 700 | N = 685 |
No education | 406 (30) | 201 (29) | 209 (30) | 221 (32) | 211 (30) | 221 (32) | 203 (30) |
Up to primary | 412 (30) | 220 (32) | 204 (29) | 211 (31) | 211 (30) | 198 (28) | 228 (33) |
Above primary | 560 (41) | 276 (40) | 282 (41) | 255 (37) | 275 (40) | 281 (40) | 254 (37) |
Monthly household income (USD) | 133 ± 2.8 | 140 ± 4.2 | 131 ± 3.8 | 127 ± 3.6 | 132 ± 3.7 | 140 ± 4.2 | 137 ± 4.1 |
People/household | 4.7 ± .06 | 4.7 ± .08 | 4.7 ± .08 | 4.7 ± .08 | 4.7 ± .08 | 4.7 ± .08 | 4.7 ± .08 |
Children <3 years/household | 0.2 ± .01 | 0.2 ± .02 | 0.2 ± .02 | 0.2 ± .02 | 0.2 ± .02 | 0.2 ± .02 | 0.2 ± .02 |
Children <3 years/compound | 0.7 ± .02 | 0.6 ± .03 | 0.6 ± .03 | 0.7 ± .03 | 0.7 ± .03 | 0.7 ± .03 | 0.7 ± .03 |
Own home | 1357 (98) | 688 (98) | 691 (99) | 676 (98) | 686 (98) | 686 (98) | 670 (98) |
Hectares of owned homestead land (mean ± SD) | .059 ± .002 | .058 ± .003 | .057 ± .003 | .057 ± .003 | .063 ± .004 | .061 ± .003 | .052 ± .002 |
Hectares of owned agricultural land (mean ± SD) | .427 ± .025 | .395 ± .046 | .407 ± .029 | .411 ± .030 | .425 ± .031 | .420 ± .028 | .459 ± .054 |
Household have own: n (%) | N = 1382 | N = 698 | N = 696 | N = 688 | N = 698 | N = 703 | N = 686 |
Electricity | 784 (57) | 422 (61) | 408 (59) | 405 (59) | 409 (59) | 426 (61) | 412 (60) |
Refrigerator | 116 (8.4) | 52 (7.5) | 57 (8.2) | 50 (7.3) | 56 (8.0) | 54 (7.7) | 52 (7.6) |
Mobile phone | 1188 (86) | 605 (87) | 591 (85) | 582 (85) | 589 (84) | 600 (85) | 593 (86) |
Television | 416 (30) | 215 (31) | 225 (32) | 210 (31) | 205 (29) | 187 (27) | 203 (30) |
Motor cycle | 100 (7.2) | 46 (6.6) | 47 (6.8) | 35 (5.1) | 49 (7.0) | 53 (7.5) | 32 (4.7) |
Observed presence of water and soap in primary handwashing station | 289/1256 (23) | 149/630 (24) | 155/631 (25) | 133/622 (21) | 149/644 (23) | 151/646 (23) | 146/640 (23) |
Observed presence of water and soap in secondary handwashing station | 33/147 (23) | 11/78 (14) | 15/75 (20) | 10/75(13) | 11/48 (23) | 12/68 (18) | 10/72(14) |
Reported always handwashing with soap | N = 1382 | N = 698 | N = 696 | N = 688 | N = 698 | N = 703 | N = 686 |
After defecation | 590 (43) | 288 (41) | 298 (43) | 271 (39) | 289 (41) | 334 (48) | 287 (42) |
After cleaning child’s anus | 39 (2.8) | 14 (2.0) | 24 (3.5) | 21 (3.1) | 18 (2.6) | 28 (4.0) | 19 (2.8) |
Before food preparation | 17 (1.2) | 9 (1.3) | 6 (0.9) | 8 (1.2) | 7 (1.0) | 11 (1.6) | 10 (1.5) |
Household owned a toilet | 1321 (96) | 680 (97) | 664 (95) | 656 (95) | 661 (95) | 670 (95) | 662 (97) |
Observed presence of functional water seal | 358 (26) | 183 (26) | 177 (25) | 162 (24) | 183 (26) | 152 (22) | 155 (23) |
Observed presence of hygienic latrine | 243 (18) | 140 (20) | 127 (18) | 123 (18) | 134 (19) | 101 (14) | 106 (15) |
Reported always use of toilet by male | 1146 (83) | 596 (85) | 580 (83) | 556 (81) | 583 (84) | 576 (82) | 580 (85) |
Reported always use of toilet by female | 1283 (93) | 665 (95) | 649 (93) | 625 (91) | 648 (93) | 651 (93) | 647 (94) |
Reported last child defecation (<3 years) in potty or toilet | 32/272 (12) | 16/128 (13) | 9/132(6.8) | 17/141 (12) | 15/131 (11) | 16/145 (11) | 6/137 (4.4) |
Reported safe disposal of <3 years child’s last open defecated feces | 14/193 (7.3) | 4/92 (4.5) | 7/96 (7.3) | 5/100 (5.0) | 5/90 (5.6) | 7/106 (6.6) | 8/102 (7.8) |
Primary source of drinking water | N = 1382 | N = 698 | N = 696 | N = 688 | N = 698 | N = 703 | N = 686 |
Tubewell | 1336 (97) | 666 (95) | 674 (97) | 662 (96) | 676 (97) | 688 (98) | 664 (97) |
Piped water | 42 (3.0) | 31 (4.4) | 21 (3.0) | 24 (3.5) | 20 (2.9) | 13 (1.9) | 21 (3.1) |
Borewell, river, pond, etc. | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) |
Walking minutes to primary water source (mean ± SD) | .71 ± .04 | .71 ± .06 | .77 ± .08 | .76 ± .07 | .70 ± .07 | .77 ± .05 | .70 ± .07 |
Reported storage of drinking water | 441 (30) | 235 (35) | 206 (30) | 223 (32) | 190 (27) | 198 (28) | 206 (30) |
Reported ever treatment of drinking water | 10 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.6) |
Sanitation uptake
Indicators (%) n | Control | Water | Sanitation | Handwashing | Nutrition | WSH | Nutrition+WSH | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) N = 108 | (%) N = 54 | RDa (95%CI) p value | (%) N = 55 | RD (95% CI) p value | (%) N = 53 | RD (95% CI) p value | (%) N = 54 | RD (95% CI) p value | (%) N = 53 | RD (95% CI) p value | (%) N = 55 | RD (95% CI) p value | |
Sanitation observation | |||||||||||||
Presence of functional water seal in latrine | (23) 25 | (30) 16 | 6 (−8, 21) 0.38 | (95) 52 | 71 (61, 81) < .001 | (32) 17 | 9 (−6,24), 0.24 | (28) 15 | 5 (−9,19) 0.52 | (98) 52 | 75 (66,84) < .001 | (95) 52 | 71 (61,81) < .001 |
Stool visible on slab or floor or outside | (62) 67 | (69) 37 | 6 (−9,-22) 0.41 | (38) 21 | −24 (−39,-8) 0.003 | (55) 29 | −7 (− 23,9) 0.38 | (56) 30 | −6 (− 22,-9) 0.43 | (26) 14 | −35 (−50,-20) < .001 | (24) 13 | −38 (−52,-24) < .001 |
Presence of hygienic latrineb | (14) 15 | (17) 9 | 3 (− 9,14) .64 | (60) 33 | 46 (30,60) < .001 | (19) 10 | 5 (− 7,17) .43 | (19) 10 | 4 (− 7,17) .46 | (72) 38 | 58 (44,71) < .001 | (71) 39 | 57 (43,70) < 0.001 |
Human feces observed in the surrounding compound | (30) 32 | (19) 10 | −11 (−24,2) 0.10 | (21) 12 | − 8 (− 21,6) 0.27 | (32) 17 | 2 (−12,18) 0.75 | (39) 21 | 9 (− 6,25) 0.24 | (13) 7 | − 16 (−29,−4) 0.01 | (26) 14 | -4 (− 18,10) 0.57 |
Animal feces observed in the compound | (92) 99 | (93) 50 | 1.0 (−8,10) 0.84 | (85) 47 | −6.2 (−17,4) 0.25 | (96) 51 | 4.6 (− 3,12) 0.22 | (94) 51 | 2.8 (− 5,11) 0.50 | (85) 45 | −6.8 (− 18,4) 0.23 | (89) 49 | − 2.6 (− 12,7) 0.61 |
Handwashing observation | |||||||||||||
Handwashing station near the kitchen | |||||||||||||
Presence of handwashing station | (83) 90 | (85) 46 | 2 (−10,13) 0.76 | (84) 46 | .3 (− 11,12) 0.96 | (89) 47 | 5 (−5,16) 0.34 | (87) 47 | 4 (−7,15) 0.50 | (89) 47 | 5 (−5,-16) 0.35 | (87) 48 | 4 (− 7,15) 0.50 |
Presence of water | (82) 89 | (85) 46 | 3 (−9,14) 0.64 | (84) 46 | 1 (−10,13) 0.84 | (75) 40 | −12 (−27,1) 0.08 | (87) 47 | 4 (− 7,16) 0.80 | (81) 43 | −1 (− 14,11) 0.84 | (75) 41 | −8 (− 21,05) 0.25 |
Presence of soap/soapy water | (19) 21 | (15) 8 | −4 (− 16,7) 0.45 | (18) 10 | −1 (− 14,11) 0.84 | (74) 39 | 52 (38,66) < .001 | (26) 14 | 7 (− 7,2) 0.36 | (81) 43 | 61 (49,74) < .001 | (76) 42 | 57 (43,70) < .001 |
Presence of water and soap | (19) 21 | (15) 8 | − 4 (− 16,7) 0.45 | (18) 10 | − 1 (− 14,11) 0.84 | (64) 34 | 43 (23,58) < .001 | (26) 14 | 6 (− 7,20) 0.36 | (76) 40 | 56 (42,70) < .001 | (69) 38 | 49 (35,64) < 0.001 |
Handwashing station near the latrine | |||||||||||||
Presence of handwashing station | (19) 20 | (13) 7 | −5 (−17,6) 0.35 | (5.5) 3 | − 13 (− 22,-3) 0.007 | (89) 47 | 71 (59,81) < .001 | (7.4) 4 | − 11 (− 21,-1) 0.03 | (93) 49 | 74 (63,84) < .001 | (91) 50 | 72 (62,83) < 0.001 |
Presence of water | (17) 18 | (13) 7 | −4 (− 15,7) 0.52 | (5.5) 3 | − 11 (− 20,-2) 0.01 | (74) 39 | 57 (43,70) < .001 | (7.4) 4 | −9 (− 19,0) 0.07 | (83) 44 | 66 (54,78) 0.001 | (78) 43 | 61 (48,74) < 0.001 |
Presence of soap/soapy water | (5.6) 6 | (9.3) 5 | 4 (− 5,12) 0.41 | (0) 0 | −5 (− 10,-1) 0.01 | (79) 42 | 73 (62,85) < .001 | (2.0) 1 | −4 (− 9,2) 0.19 | (87) 46 | 81 (71,93) < .001 | (82) 45 | 76 (65,87) < 0.001 |
Presence of water and soap | (4.6) 5 | (9.3) 5 | 4 (− 4,13) 0.30 | (0) 0 | − 4 (− 8,-.7) 0.02 | (66) 35 | 61 (48,74) < .001 | (2.01) 1 | − 3 (− 8,2) 0.31 | (77) 41 | 72 (6,84) < .001 | (73) 40 | 68 (56,80) < 0.001 |
Presence of water and soap in at least one handwashing station | (21) 23 | (22.2) 12 | 0.9 (−12,14) 0.13 | (18) 10 | − 3 (− 16,10) 0.63 | (77) 41 | 54 (40,68) < .001 | (28) 15 | 6 (−7,21) 0.37 | (85) 45 | 64 (51,76) < .001 | (85) 47 | 64 (52,76) < .001 |
Indicators n/N (%) | Control | Water | Sanitation | Handwashing | Nutrition | WSH | Nutrition+WSH | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) n/N | (%) n/N | RDa (CI) p value | (%) n/N | RD (CI) p value | (%) n/N | RD (CI p value | (%) n/N | RD (CI) p value | (%) n/N | RD (CI) p value | (%) n/N | RD (CI) p value | |
Sanitation practices | |||||||||||||
Observed adult use of hygienic latrineb | (40) 38/94c | (44) 16/36 | 4 (− 31, 39) 0.82 | (94) 32/34 | 54 (28, 79 < .001 | (27) 8/30 | −14 (− 49,21) 0.44 | (31) 13/42 | − 9 (− 41,23) 0.56 | (97) 37/38 | 57 (32,82) < .001 | (95) 35/37 | 54 (29,80) < .001 |
Observed child defecation in potty or hygienic latrine | (32) 22/69 | (29) 9/31 | −3 (− 49,44) 0.90 | (54) 21/39 | 22 (−18,61) 0.28 | (9.1) 2/22 | −23 (− 61,-15) 0.24 | (5.9) 2/34 | − 26 (− 63,11) 0.17 | (37) 13/35 | 5 (− 38,48) 0.81 | (40) 16/40 | 8 (− 31,47) 0.70 |
Safe disposal of human feces | (16) 12/76 | (13) 4/30 | −2 (− 32,27) 0.87 | (36) 14/39 | 20 (− 11,51) 0. | (3.2) 1/31 | − 13 (− 39,-14) 0.40 | (5.3) 2/38 | −.11 (− 38,17) 0.45 | (38) 13/34 | .22 (− 11,56) 0.19 | (30) 14/47 | .14 (− 16,44) 0.25 |
Use of sani-scoop for human feces handling | – | – | – | (27) 6/22 | – | – | – | – | – | (25) 5/20 | – | (38)11/29 | – |
Use of sani-scoop for animal feces handling | – | – | – | (15) 16/105 | – | – | – | – | – | (21) 24/116 | – | (12) 12/102 | – |
Handwashing practices | |||||||||||||
Handwashing with soap | |||||||||||||
After toilet use | (29) 25/87 | (18) 6/34 | −11 (−35,13) 0.37 | (30) 10/33 | 2 (−24,27) 0.90 | (67) 18/27 | 38 (11,64) < .005 | (40) 16/40 | 11 (−15,38) 0.41 | (74) 26/35 | 46 (19,72) < .001 | (67) 20/30 | 38 (10,65) < .007 |
After cleaning child’s anus | (26) 18/69 | (39) 12/31 | 13 (− 7,.32) 0.21 | (34) 14/41 | .8 (−12,28) 0.43 | (61) 14/23 | 35 (12,58) 0.003 | (37) 13/35 | 11 (− 13,35) 0.36 | (69) 24/35 | 42 (6,78) < .020 | (72) 28/39 | 46 (26,66) < .001 |
Before infant feeding | (1.8) 6/343 | (4.0) 9/227 | 2 (−2,6) 0.27 | (1.9) 3/160 | .1 (−2,2) 0.92 | (16) 26/161 | 14 (2,27) 0.02 | (2.9) 5/174 | 1 (−2,4) 0.44 | (9.0) 14/155 | 7 (2,13) 0.008 | (5.3) 10/190 | 4 (−.1,7) 0.06 |
Before eating | (0.7) 4/546 | (.3) 1/296 | −.3 (−1,1) .42 | (1.5) 4/262 | 0.7 (−.8,2) .34 | (6.9) 21/306 | 6 (3,9) < .001 | (1.7) 5/297 | 1 (− 1,3) .30 | (11) 34/300 | 11 (5,16) < .001 | (5.1) 16/317 | 4 (1,7) 0.007 |
Before food preparation | (.5) 1/186 | (1.9) 2/104 | 1 (−2,4) 0.35 | (0) 0/106 | −.5 (−.1,.5) 0.32 | (5.0) 6/121 | 4 (.4,8.0) 0.03 | (0) 0/118 | − 5 (−1,.5) 0.31 | (8.7) 9/104 | 8 (2,14) 0.005 | (5.0) 6/119 | 5 (−1,10) 0.11 |
After cutting vegetables to be cooked | (0.6) 1/161 | (3.0) 2/67 | 2 (−3,8) 0.41 | (0) 0/88 | −.6 (−1,.6) 0.31 | (5.0) 4/80 | 4 (−.3,9) 0.07 | (1.0) 1/100 | 4 (− 2,3) 0.75 | (5.8) 5/86 | 5 (.1,10) 0.03 | (4.2) 4/95 | 4 (− 1,9) 0.15 |
After handling raw meat/fish | (6.0) 4/67 | (0) 0/23 | −6 (−11,-.3) 0.04 | (8.6) 3/35 | 3 (−8,13) 0.63 | (44) 8/18 | 38 (7,70) 0.01 | (3.9) 1/26 | −2 (− 11,7) 0.65 | (18) 3/17 | 12 (− 9,30) 0.27 | (32) 12/38 | 25 (12,39) < .001 |
All food handling events | (1.0) 10/960 | (1.0) 5/490 | −.02 (−1,1) 0.97 | (1.4) 7/491 | .4 (− 1,2) 0.60 | (7.4) 39/525 | 6 (3,9) < .001 | (1.3) 7/541 | .3 (− 1,2) 0.72 | (10.1)51/507 | 9 (6,12) < .001 | (6.7) 38/569 | 6 (3,8) < .001 |
Water practices | |||||||||||||
Water treatment-related events | |||||||||||||
Proportion of households observed to store water | (51) 55/108 | (48) 26/54 | −3 (−19,13) 0.74 | (49) 27/55 | −2 (− 18,14) 0.83 | (51) 27/53 | .01 (− 16,16) 0.99 | (48) 26/54 | − 3 (− 19,13) 0.74 | (53) 28/53 | .02 (− 14,18) 0.82 | (62) 34/55 | 10 (−5,27) 0.18 |
Storage container fully covered | (18) 13/74 | (77) 27/35 | 60 (41,78) < .001 | (38) 16/42 | 20 (−.3,41) 0.05 | (31) 13/42 | 13 (−9,35) 0.23 | (19) 7/37 | 1 (−16,18) 0.88 | (55) 21/38 | 38 (19,57) < .001 | (62) 31/50 | 44 (24,65) < .001 |
Water stored with residual chlorination detectedd | 0/70 (0) | (70) 23/33 | 69 (54,85) < .001 | 0/41 (0) | 0 (− 0,0) 1 | 0/42 (0) | 0 (− 0,0) 1 | 0/37 (0) | 0 (− 0,0) 1 | (50) 18/36 | 50 (33,66) < .001 | (65) 30/46 | 65 (51,80) < .001 |
Drinking stored water; index child or its mother | (81) 208/258 | (97) 167/172 | 16 (10,23) < .001 | (81.3) 113/139 | .7 (−8,9) 0.88 | (83) 96/116 | 2 (− 9,12) 0.70 | (85)126/148 | 5 (−5,14) 0.34 | (97) 109/113 | 16 (10,22) < .001 | (97) 113/117 | 16 (10,22) < .001 |
Drinking stored water; other household members | (87) 222/256 | (90) 146/162 | 3 (−6,12) 0.46 | (78.4) 105/134 | −8 (−18,2) 0.10 | (83) 134/162 | −4 (−16,.8) 0.51 | (89) 122/137 | 2 (− 6,10) 0.58 | (96) 141/147 | 9 (3,16) 0.004 | (83) 144/173 | −3 (−18,12) 0.65 |
Water collection and storage practices | |||||||||||||
Rinsed container with water | (42) 31/74 | (60) 21/35 | 18 (5,42) 0.13 | (43) 18/42 | 1 (−23,25) 0.94 | (33) 14/42 | −9 (−31,14) 0.46 | (41) 15/37 | −1 (− 26,26) 0.91 | (58) 22/38 | 16 (−8,40) 0.10 | (34) 17/50 | − 8 (− 29,14) 0.47 |
Washed hands with only water | (27) 20/74 | (34) 12/35 | 7 (−14,29) 0.51 | (41) 17/42 | 13 (−11,37) 0.27 | (14) 6/42 | −13 (− 29,4) 0.13 | (24) 9/37 | −3 (−23,17) 0.79 | (40) 15/38 | 12 (− 11,36) 0.31 | (16) 8/50 | − 11 (− 29,7) 0.22 |
Washed hands with water and soap | (1.4) 1/74 | (14) 5/35 | 13 (.3,26) 0.04 | (0) 0/42 | −1 (−4,1) 0.31 | (0) 0/42 | −1 (−4,1) 0.31 | (0) 0/37 | − 1 (− 4,1) 0.31 | (7.9) 3/38 | 7 (−2,16) 0.16 | (0) 0/50 | − 1 (− 4,1) 0.31 |
Serving stored drinking water | |||||||||||||
Rinsed glass with drinking water | (15) 76/514 | (7.8) 26/334 | −7 (−13,-1) 0.02 | (20) 55/273 | 5 (−.4,14) 0.24 | (11) 30/278 | −4 (−10,2) 0.21 | (14) 40/285 | −.8 (− 7,6) 0.83 | (8.1) 21/260 | − 7 (− 13,-1) 0.03 | (7.6) 22/290 | − 7 (− 13,-2) 0.01 |
Washed hands with only water | (5.5) 28/514 | (4.5) 15/334 | − 1 (−5,3) 0.65 | (4.4) 12/273 | −1 (−6,4) 0.69 | (3.2) 9/278 | −2 (−6,2) 0.29 | (3.2) 9/285 | −2 (− 6,2) 0.24 | (3.5) 9/260 | − 2 (− 6,2) 0.31 | (1.4) 4/290 | − 4 (− 7,-1) 0.01 |
Drinking water stored in the study provided container (topaz); index child or its mother | – | (74) 128/172 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (66) 74/113 | – | (68)80/118 | – |
Drinking water stored in the study provided container (topaz); other household members | – | (40) 65/162 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (57) 84/147 | – | (42) 72/173 | – |
Nutrition practices | |||||||||||||
LNS events | |||||||||||||
Observed LNS serving (at least 1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (56) 30/54 | – | – | – | (59) 32/54 | – |
Consumption (index child) | |||||||||||||
Consumed 1 full sachet | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (65) 26/40 | – | – | – | (97) 31/32 | – |
Consumed 2 full sachet | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (0) 0/40 | – | – | – | (0) 0/32 | – |
Partially from left over sachet | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (13) 5/40 | – | – | – | (0) 0/32 | – |
Partially eaten and stored | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (18) 7/40 | – | – | – | (0) 0/32 | – |
Partially eaten and thrown away | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (5) 2/40 | – | – | – | (3.1) 1/32 | – |
Mother’s hands washed with soap before feeding LNS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | (13) 5/40 | – | – | – | (31) 10/32 | – |
Handwashing uptake
Water treatment and safe storage uptake
LNS uptake
Comparison of uptake among individual and combined interventions
Indicators | Water, % (mean) | Sanitation, % (mean) | Handwashing, % (mean) | Nutrition, % (mean) | WSH, % (mean) p valuea | Nutrition+WSH, % (mean) p valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed latrine with a functional water seal | – | 89 | – | – | 91 0.54 | 90 0.80 |
Absence of visible feces observed on slab or floor of latrine | – | 73 | – | – | 73 0.98 | 75 0.59 |
Observed hygienic latrine | – | 70 | – | – | 70 0.97 | 72 0.63 |
Proportion of children 6–36 months living in the compound who are reported to always defecate in the potty | – | 48 | – | – | 50 0.69 | 47 0.75 |
Reported use of sani-scoop for cleaning child/human feces | – | 20 | – | – | 21 0.71 | 20 0.90 |
Mean CHW visits per month in Sanitation arms | – | (6.4) | – | – | (6.3) 0.68 | (6.6) 0.35 |
Observed proportion of households have handwashing station near the kitchen stocked with water and soap | – | – | 94 | – | 86 0.005 | 87 0.003 |
Observed proportion of households have handwashing station near the latrine stocked with water and soap | – | – | 93 | – | 85 0.002 | 87 0.008 |
Mean CHW visits per month in handwashing arms | – | – | (6.2) | – | (6.3) 0.56 | (6.6) 0.052 |
Observed drinking water storage in project provided container | 88 | – | – | – | 81 0.013 | 81 0.027 |
Self-reported water treatment with Aquatab | 84 | – | – | – | 78 0.046 | 77 0.03 |
Detectable residual chlorine > 0.2 mg/L in stored water | 76 | – | – | – | 68 0.034 | 67 0.016 |
Mother’s report of index child drinking water stored in project provided container | 58 | – | – | – | 54 0.48 | 51 0.20 |
Mean CHW visits per month in water arms | (5.6) | – | – | – | (6.3) 0.007 | (6.6) 0.000 |
Self- reported feeding LNS to child (6–20 months) | – | – | – | 84 | – | 84 0.95 |
Mean CHW visits per month in Nutrition arms | – | – | – | (5.8) | – | (6.6) .002 |