Background
Methods
Subjects
Research Design and General Procedures
Week | Treatment Period | Control Group Water Consumed | Experimental Group Water Consumed |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pre-Treatment | Placebo Water | Placebo Water |
2 | Treatment | Placebo Water | AK Water |
3 | Treatment | Placebo Water | AK Water |
4 | Post-Treatment | Placebo Water | Placebo Water |
Scheduled Event | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday/Sunday |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fingertip Blood
|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
| |||
24-Hour Urine
|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
| |||
Bottled Water Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
AM Pickup
|
Fingertip Blood and 24-Hour Urine Collections
7-Day Physical Activity (PA) Assessment
Bottled Water Tested
Instrumentation
Osmolality and pH
Physical Activity Monitors (AMs) and Data Processing Algorithm
Statistical Analyses
Results
Group | Age (years) | Body Height (cms) | Body Mass (kg) | †BMI (kg/m
2
) | ‡SRPA (hrs/wk) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control
| |||||
Women
(n = 12)
| 23 ± 3 (19 - 26) | 169.1 ± 8.0 (153.3 - 185.3) | 68.5 ± 7.3 (56.5 - 79.7) | 23.9 ± 1.9 (21.5 - 28.6) | 6.7 ± 4.6 (0 - 15.0) |
Men
(n = 7)
| 22 ± 1 (21 - 24) | 182.2 ± 8.3 (175.3 - 199.6) | 87.5 ± 7.5 (72.8 - 95.5) | 26.4 ± 2.8 (22.7 - 31.1) | 7.9 ± 2.7 (4.0 - 11.5) |
Experimental
| |||||
Women
(n = 13)
| 21 ± 2 (18 - 23) | 168.3 ± 6.9 (161.0 - 182.2) | 64.4 ± 8.8 (51.0 - 86.9) | 22.7 ± 2.1 (19.3 - 26.5) | 6.1 ±4.3 (0 - 15.0) |
Men
(n = 6)
| 24 ± 3 (21 - 28) | 178.5 ± 5.6 (172.6 - 186.5) | 80.8 ± 7.1 (70.8 - 91.2) | 25.4 ± 2.8 (21.5 - 28.3) | 6.8 ± 3.5 (2.8 - 11.3) |
Daily PA, Water Consumption, and Diet Diaries
Group | Pre-Treatment Period | Treatment Period | Post-Treatment Period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†SRWC (L/day)
| ‡Daily PA (mins/day)
|
SRWC (L/day)
|
Daily PA (mins/day)
|
SRWC (L/day)
|
Daily PA (mins/day)
| |
Control
| ||||||
Women
(n = 12)
| 2.5 ± 0.2 (1.7 - 4.8) | 82 ± 9 (20 - 153) | 2.4 ± 0.3 (1.2 - 5.0) | 77 ± 12 (16 - 173) | 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.3 - 4.7) | 83 ± 12 (27 - 156) |
Men
(n = 7)
| 2.4 ± 0.4 (1.2 - 4.2) | 92 ± 5 (78 - 109) | 2.2 ± 0.4 (1.0 - 3.8) | 82 ± 11 (60 - 135) | 2.3 ± 0.5 (1.0 - 3.8) | 74 ± 10 (45 - 106) |
Entire Group
(n = 19)
| 2.5 ± 0.2 (1.2 - 4.8) | 85 ± 8 (20 - 153) | 2.4 ± 0.3 (1.0 - 5.0) | 78 ± 8 (16 - 173) | 2.2 ± 0.3 (1.0 - 4.7) | 80 ± 8 (27 - 156) |
Experimental
| ||||||
Women
(n = 13)
| 2.0 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 4.1) | 74 ± 9 (12 - 128) | 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 4.0) | 58 ± 6 (29 - 93) | 1.7 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 3.0) | 74 ± 10 (40 - 166) |
Men
(n = 6)
| 3.1 ± 0.2 (2.1 - 4.0) | 105 ± 15 (41 - 170) | 2.8 ± 0.5 (1.1 - 5.8) | 91 ± 15 (15 - 127) | 3.4 ± 0.4 (2.0 - 5.8) | 92 ± 16 (47 - 145) |
Entire Group
(n = 19)
| 2.4 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 4.1) | 85 ± 6 (12 - 170) | 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 5.8) | 70 ± 8 (15 - 127) | 2.3 ± 0.2 (1.0 - 5.8) | 81 ± 8 (40 - 166) |
Blood and Urine Variables
Grouping Variables | Control Group (n = 19) | Experimental Group (n = 19) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
"Low" (n = 9) | "High" (n = 10) | "Low" (n = 9) | "High" (n = 10) | |
†Daily PA (mins/day)
| 41.2 ± 14.7 (15.0 - 63.0) | 96.6 ± 19.9 (68.0 - 127.0) | 51.3 ± SD (16.0 - 73.0) | 102.7 ± 32.6 (75.0 - 173.0) |
‡SRWC (L/day)
| 1.4 ± 0.3 (1.0 - 1.9) | 3.1 ± 1.1 (2.0 - 5.6) | 1.4 ± 0.23 (1.0 - 1.7) | 2.95 ± 0.84 (1.8 - 4.7) |
§PRAL (mg/day)
| 5.72 ± 9.40 (-8.30 - 23.9) | 45.30 ± 25.85 (24.60 - 114.90) | 3.28 ± 11.8 (-22.2 - 15.0) | 35.05 ± 17.3 (18.4 - 74.0) |
Control Condition | Pre-Treatment Period | Treatment Period | Post-Treatment Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
|
M4
|
M5
|
M6
|
M7
|
M8
|
M9
|
M10
|
M11
|
M12
| |
All Subjects
| 495 | 424 | 466 | 450 | 439 | 470 | 419 | 448 | 430 | 480 | 488 | 425 |
(n = 19)
| (52) | (42) | (54) | (51) | (55) | (42) | (41) | (42) | (50) | (54) | (47) | (43) |
Low PA
(n = 9)
| 509 (64) | 478 (67) | 483 (69) | 512 (76) | 515 (70) | 418 (76) | 461 (80) | 465 (78) | 445 (81) | 493 (77) | 468 (79) | 479 (50) |
High PA
(n = 10)
| 483 (66) | 375 (56) | 451 (57) | 394 (40) | 370 (41) | 516 (60) | 382 (36) | 370 (35) | 416 (50) | 461 (68) | 506 (57) | 467 (68) |
Low SRWC
(n = 9)
| 538 (66) | 499 (55) | 538 (69) | 502 (60) | 469 (67) | 506 (71) | 426 (37) | 430 (36) | 470 (67) | 515 (61) | 483 (54) | 433 (52) |
High SRWC
(n = 10)
| 456 (69) | 356 (56) | 402 (72) | 403 (69) | 412 (70) | 437 (50) | 413 (72) | 410 (70) | 394 (58) | 446 (69) | 493 (77) | 419 (69) |
Low PRAL
(n = 9)
| 466 (64) | 444 (72) | 495 (69) | 452 (75) | 457 (76) | 455 (77) | 398 (44) | 410 (44) | 441 780) | 493 (74) | 468 (63) | 380 (59) |
High PRAL
(n = 10)
| 521 (66) | 406 (49) | 440 (68) | 448 (72) | 423 (72) | 480 (60) | 438 (69) | 435 (60) | 442 (80) | 466 (69) | 506 (71) | 466 (62) |
Experimental Condition | Pre-Treatment Period | Treatment Period | Post-Treatment Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
|
M4
|
M5
|
M6
|
M7
|
M8
|
M9
|
M10
|
M11
|
M12
| |
All Subjects
| 373 | 367 | 387 | 375 | 343 | 396 |
† 435 |
† 440 |
† 445 | 376 | 358 | 360 |
(n = 19)
| (28) | (39) | (47) | (32) | (40) | (42) | (41) | (44) | (40) | (38) | (31) | (35) |
Low PA
(n = 9)
| 372 (45) | 390 (68) | 409 (73) | 403 (52) | 368 (79) | 379 (80) | 444 (87) | 451 (87) | 417 (82) | 426 (64) | 383 (49) | 420 (70) |
High PA
(n = 10)
| 374 (36) | 346 (45) | 368 (63) | 350 (41) | 330 (56) | 412 (51) | 427 (48) | 430 (50) |
† 473 (45) | 330 (42) | 335 (40) | 340 (45) |
Low SRWC
(n = 9)
| 418 (39) | 477 (58) | 505 (79) | 467 (41) | 460 (43) | 504 (47) |
† 574 (46) |
† 581 (45) |
† 562 (46) | 441 (59) | 414 (41) | 480 (70) |
High SRWC
(n = 10)
| 333 (37) | 268 (28) | 281 (28) | 292 (31) | 238 (36) | 299 (29) | 310 (42) | 315 (43) | 332 (45) | 318 (44) | 308 (41) | 354 (36) |
Low PRAL
(n = 9)
| 355 (44) | 342 (61) | 450 (65) | 343 (38) | 336 (40) | 362 (45) | 412 (49) | 419 (50) | 376 (50) | 345 (46) | 351 (49) | 413 (65) |
High PRAL
(n = 10)
| 390 (36) | 389 (51) | 331 (46) | 404 (51) | 349 (42) | 427 (44) | 456 (48) |
† 460 (45) |
† 470 (45) | 404 (61) | 365 (41) | 4141 (39) |
Control Condition | Pre-Treatment Period | Treatment Period | Post-Treatment Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
|
M4
|
M5
|
M6
|
M7
|
M8
|
M9
|
M10
|
M11
|
M12
| |
All Subjects
| 6.01 | 6.11 | 6.13 | 6.13 | 6.20 | 6.15 | 6.01 | 6.01 | 6.00 | 6.08 | 5.86 | 6.20 |
(n = 19)
| (0.11) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.08) | 0.08) |
Low PA
(n = 9)
| 5.95 (0.21) | 5.93 (0.11) | 6.00 (0.14) | 6.07 (0.16) | 6.12 (0.17) | 6.11 (0.09) | 5.86 (0.07) | 5.86 (0.07) | 5.91 (0.11) | 6.02 (0.14) | 5.99 (0.12) | 6.11 (0.12) |
High PA
(n = 10)
| 6.05 (0.11) | 6.20 (0.10) | 6.24 (0.10) | 6.19 (0.13) | 6.36 (0.12) | 6.19 (0.09) | 6.14 (0.12) | 6.14 (0.12) | 6.05 (0.12) | 6.14 (0.12) | 6.02 (0.08) | 6.28 (0.11) |
Low SRWC
(n = 9)
| 6.21 (0.18) | 6.28 (0.13) | 6.17 (0.17) | 6.13 (0.15) | 6.17 (0.13) | 6.29 (0.14) | 5.85 (0.14) | 5.85 (0.14) | 5.99 (0.12) | 6.25 (0.12) | 6.16 (0.16) | 6.37 (0.14) |
High SRWC
(n = 10)
| 6.30 (0.18) | 6.15 (0.10) | 6.14 (0.09) | 6.18 (0.14) | 6.31 (0.15) | 6.18 (0.14) | 6.25 (0.15) | 6.25 (0.15) | 6.19 (0.13) | 6.15 (0.11) | 5.94 (0.13) | 6.10 (0.11) |
Low PRAL
(n = 9)
| 6.06 (0.22) | 6.11 (0.16) | 6.22 (0.15) | 6.22 (0.17) | 6.23 (0.17) | 6.23 (0.11) | 5.92 (0.11) | 5.92 (0.11) | 5.92 (0.13) | 5.98 (0.16) | 5.87 (0.15) | 6.16 (0.14) |
High PRAL
(n = 10)
| 5.96 (0.10) | 6.11 (0.09) | 6.04 (0.09) | 6.06 (0.11) | 6.36 (0.36) | 6.08 (0.07) | 6.08 (0.10) | 6.08 (0.10) | 6.04 (0.10) | 6.18 (0.08) | 5.86 (0.09) | 6.24 (0.09) |
Experimental Condition | Pre-Treatment Period | Treatment Period | Post-Treatment Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1
|
M2
|
M3
|
M4
|
M5
|
M6
|
M7
|
M8
|
M9
|
M10
|
M11
|
M12
| |
All Subjects
| 6.28 | 6.20 | 6.22 | 6.25 |
† 6.51 |
† 6.57 |
† 7.00 |
† 7.00 |
† 7.07 | 6.23 | 6.17 | 6.21 |
(n = 19)
| (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.11) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.10) | (0.09) |
Low PA
(n = 9)
| 6.34 (0.16) | 6.40 (0.18) | 6.32 (0.12) | 6.32 (0.12) | 6.54 (0.13) | 6.63 (0.12) |
† 6.88 (0.12) |
† 6.89 (0.13) |
† 6.94 (0.08) | 6.34 (0.11) | 6.24 (0.17) | 6.33 (0.17) |
High PA
(n = 10)
| 6.23 (0.15) | 6.02 (0.12) | 6.11 (0.14) | 6.04 (0.09) | 6.48 (0.11) |
† 6.67 (0.13) |
† 7.15 (0.13) |
† 7.12 (0.13) |
† 7.10 (0.13) | 6.13 (0.12) | 6.11 (0.12) | 6.11 (0.12) |
Low SRWC
(n = 9)
| 6.17 (0.09) | 6.26 (0.14) | 6.33 (0.09) | 6.21 (0.10) | 6.30 (0.08) | 6.29 (0.12) | 6.34 (0.11) | 6.54 (0.11) |
† 6.60 (0.11) | 6.16 (0.11) | 6.11 (0.09) | 6.09 (0.08) |
High SRWC
(n = 10)
| 5.91 (0.16) | 5.96 (0.18) | 6.00 (0.16) | 6.29 (0.17) |
† 6.57 (0.17) |
† 6.78 (0.11) |
† 7.21 (0.12) |
† 7.14 (0.14) |
† 7.25 (0.08) | 6.07 (0.16) | 5.88 (0.15) | 6.27 (0.12) |
Low PRAL
(n = 9)
| 6.56 (0.15) | 6.40 (0.16) | 6.46 (0.12) | 6.41 (0.13) | 6.50 (0.11) | 6.50 (0.14) |
† 6.79 (0.20) |
† 6.88 (0.20) |
† 6.89 (0.14) | 6.40 (0.10) | 6.32 (0.15) | 6.37 (0.14) |
High PRAL
(n = 10)
| 6.04 (0.11) | 6.02 (0.13) | 5.99 (0.15) | 6.19 (0.15) |
† 6.63 (0.14) |
† 6.65 (0.14) |
† 7.15 (0.13) |
† 7.18 (0.13) |
† 7.24 (0.07) | 6.07 (0.12) | 6.04 (0.12) | 6.07 (0.08) |