Introduction
Methodology
Results and discussion
Distribution, morphology and phylogeny
Plant | Taxonomy | Common/ Vernacular Names in Different Countries | Parts used | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acrostichum aureum L | Kingdom: Plantae | English: Mangrove Fern | ||
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta | ||||
Phylum: Pteridophyta | India: Minni | Roots | [12] | |
Class: Filicopsida | Chinese: Jin jue | Fronds | [13] | |
Order: Polypodiales | Bangladesh: Hudo | Rhizome | [14] | |
Family: Pteridaceae | Malaysia: Piuai raya | Leaves | [14] | |
Genus: Acrostichum | Jamaica: Alligator rush | |||
Species: aureum | Srilanka: Karen koku | |||
Veitnam: Cary rang la | ||||
Philippines: Lagolo | ||||
Singapore: Tiger Fern | ||||
South Florida: Golden Leather Fern |
Traditional uses
Country/Region | Part used | Uses in Traditional Medicine | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
India | Fronds | Antidote for venomous snakebites | |
Antifungal | [26] | ||
Fronds and roots | Syphilitic ulcers, pharyngitis, chest pain and diabetes | ||
Malaysia | Rhizomes | Wounds, snake bite and boils | [14] |
Fronds | Hypotension, worms, digestive issues | [27] | |
Fiji | Plant | Sore throat, chest pains, elephantiasis purgative and febrifuge | |
Bangladesh | Leaves | Cure cloudy urine in women | [29] |
Rhizome | Wounds, peptic ulcers, boils | [9] | |
Malaysia | Leaves | Stop bleeding | [14] |
China | Rhizome | Worm remedy, inveterate ulcers | [9] |
Bladder complains | [25] | ||
Borneo | Fertile Fronds | Syphilitic ulcers | [25] |
Costa Rica | Leaves | Emollients | |
Kerala | Whole plant | Astringent in hemorrhage | |
Panama | Young fiddleheads | Medicinal bath for infant | |
Vietnam | Rhizome | Wound healing | [31] |
Colombia | Young fiddleheads | Extract fish bones from the throat | |
Suriname | Abortifacient | ||
Nigeria | Roots | Baby lotion | [34] |
Leaves | Skin infection and stomach pain | [34] | |
Sri-Lanka | Rhizome | Hemorrhoids, gastritis, dysentery, inguinal hernia | [35] |
Indonesia | To stop bleeding and relieve pain | [36] |
Phytochemistry
S/N | Constituent | Phytochemical Class | Plant Part | Extracting Solvent | Method of analysis | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i. | Ponasterone | Sterol | WP | Ethanol | GLC, HPLC, NMR, MS | |
ii. | Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside | Flavonoid | WP | Methanol | GLC, HPLC, NMR, MS | |
iii. | Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucosyl (6 → 1)-α-L-rhamnoside | Flavonoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, NMR, MS | [12] |
iv. | Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside | Flavonoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC,NMR,MS | [12] |
v. | Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-7-O-β-D-glucoside | Flavonoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, NMR, MS | [12] |
vi. | Pterosterone | Sterol | WP | Ethanol | HPLC | [55] |
vii. | Kaempferol | Flavonoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC,NMR,MS | |
viii. | Quercetin | Flavonoid | WP | Ethanol | HPLC, NMR, MS | [55] |
ix. | 2-Butanone | Ketone | WP | Ethanol | HPLC | [55] |
x. | 2 -(methoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl pentyl 2′-methylhexyl phthalate | Phthalate | L | Methanol | RP-HPLC, NMR HR ESI-MS, FT-IR | [7] |
xi. | Patriscabratine | Phenylalanine and derivatives | L | Methanol | HPLC, NMR, MS | [12] |
xii. | Tetracosane | Alkane | L | Methanol | HPLC,NMR, MS | [12] |
xiii. | (2S,3S)-Pterosin C | Terpenoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, UV, FT-IR, NMR | [47] |
xiv. | (2R)-Pterosin P | Terpenoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, UV, FT-IR, NM | [47] |
xv. | (2S,3S)-Sulphated pterosin C | Terpenoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, UV, FT-IR, NMR | [47] |
xvi. | (2R,3S)-Sulphated pterosin C | Terpenoid | WP | Methanol | HPLC, UV, FT-IR, NMR | [47] |
xvii. | Cycloartanol | Sterol | L | Methanol & Dichloromethane | GCMS | [6] |
xviii. | 24-Methylene cycloartanol | Sterol | L | Methanol & Dichloromethane | GCMS | [6] |
xix. | Stigmasterol | Sterol | L | Methanol & Dichloromethane | GCMS | [6] |
xx. | γ-Sitosterol | Sterol | L | Methanol & Dichloromethane | GCMS | [6] |
xxi. | Campesterol | Sterol | L | Methanol & Dichloromethane | GCMS | [6] |
xxii. | β-sitosterol | Sterol | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxiii. | Taraxerol | Triterpenoid | L&R n-hexane | GCMS | [52] | |
xxiv. | β-amyrin | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxv. | Germanicol | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxvi. | Lupenone | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxvii. | Betulin | Triterpenoid | R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxviii. | Lupeol | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxix. | α-amyrin | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxx. | Cholesterol | Triterpenoid | L&R | -hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxxi. | Phytol | Triterpenoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxxii. | Squalene | Triterpinoid | L&R | n-hexane | GCMS | [52] |
xxxiii. | Nicotinic acid glucoside | Nicotinamide | L | Radiolabeling & TLC | [56] | |
xxxiv. | Glucose | Monosaccarides | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xxxv. | Sucrose | Dissacrharides | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xxxvi. | myo-inositol | Cyclitol | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xxxvii. | D-chiro-inositol | Cyclitol | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xxxviii. | D-ononitol | Cyclitol | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xxxix. | D-1-O-methyl-muco-inositol | Cyclitol | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xl. | D-pinitol | Cyclitol | G | Hydro-ethanol | GCFID | [57] |
xli. | 4-(3′-O-sulfate-4′-hydroxy phenyl)-2-(R)-butanol | Phenolic sulfate | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xlii. | Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-sulfate | Phenolic sulfate | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xliii. | 4-(3′-O-sulfate-4′-hydroxy phenyl)-2-butanone | Phenolic sulfate | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xliv. | (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-glucoside | Phenol | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xlv. | Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-glucoside | Phenol | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xlvi. | (+)-isolarisiresinol-9-O-sulfate | Phenolic sulfate | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xlvii. | (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-sulfate | Phenolic sulfate | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
xlviii. | Isotachioside | Phenol | AP | Methanol | CC, NMR, HR ESI-MS | [4] |
Biological activity
Activity | Part used | Extracting solvent | Bioassay/Model | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant | T | Methanol | DPPH radical scavenging and Mice brain | DPPH scavenging action with an EC50 of 103.0 μg/ml and an IC50 of28.99 μg/ml for inhibition of lipid peroxidation | [58] |
Antioxidant | L | Ethanol | DPPH radical scavenging | Significant DPPH scavenging action with an IC50 value of 41.95 μg/ml | [14] |
Antioxidant | L | Methanol | Ferric reducing power | High TPC (524 mg GAE) and 51% anti-lipid peroxidation activity | [59] |
Antioxidant | R | Petroleum ether | DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl and superoxide | Strong scavenging activity with IC50 values of 31.56, 25.16, 26.12 and 26.18 μg/ml respectively. | [24] |
Benzene | Strong scavenging activity with IC50 values of 34.13, 30.18, 22.46 and 24.16 μg/ml respectively | ||||
Ethyl acetate | Strong scavenging activity with IC50 values of 30.36, 31.48, 27.16 and 28.16 μg/ml respectively | ||||
Methanol | Strong scavenging activity with IC50 values of 36.54, 32.16, 30.11 and 30.96 μg/ml respectively | ||||
Ethanol | Robust scavenging activity with IC50 values of 32.16, 30.84, 28.36 and 34.84 μg/ml respectively | ||||
Antioxidant | L | Ethanol | DPPH radical scavenging | Strong DPPH scavenging action (IC50 = 29.53 ppm) It has high TPC and flavonoid contents of 366.44 mg GAE g− 1&28 mg QE g− 1 respectively | [60] |
Analgesic | L | Ethanol (250 & 500 mg/kg) | Mice /Acetic acid-induced writhing | Dose dependent inhibition of writhing | [14] |
Contraceptive | WP | Ethanol &Acetone | Female rats | 100% pregnancy prevention by water soluble fraction of the ethanol extract. | [61] |
Cytotoxic/Anticancer | AP | Methanol | Hep-G2, SKLU-1 & MCF-7 | Isolated (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-sulfate showed weak cytotoxicity against the cells with IC50 values of 64.73, 65.54 and 73.78 μg/ml | [4] |
WP | Ethyl acetate | HeLa cells | HeLa growth Inhibition (IC50 value of 6.3 μg/mL) | [62] | |
WP | Methanol | NIH3T3, AGS, HT-29 & MDA-MB-435S | Low toxicity against NIH3T3, but selective cytotoxicity against the remaining cell lines. | [63] | |
WP | Methanol | AGS, HT29, MCF-7 MCF-7& MDA-MB-231 cells | Isolated patriscabratine exerts moderate cytotoxicity against the cells except NIH3T3. The IC50 values were between 69.8&197.3 μM, while IC50 values for tetracosane ranged from 128.7 to > 250 μM. | [12] | |
Ar | Methanol | AGS, HT29, MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231cells | IC50 values for cytotoxic activity of isolated (2S,3S) sulfated pterosin C against the cells ranged from 23.9 to 68.8 μM. Lowest value of 23.9 μM was recorded against AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells. | [12] | |
Antibacterial | L & F | Methanol, Acetone Petroleum ether & Aqueous | S. marcescens, E. coli, S. aureus, M. luteus & P. aeruginosa | Methanol frond extract inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens &E.coli, while acetone extract inhibited all except M. luteus | [64] |
Antibacterial | L | DMSO (32.25 & 500 mg/ml) | E. coli, S. paratyphi, S. aureus & P.aeruginosa | E. coli and S. aureus were more sensitive to the extract & growth inhibition was more profound at 250& 500 mg/ml | [65] |
Antibacterial | L | Methanol & Water | Vibrio species | Methanol extract inhibited Vibrio parahaemolyticus | [66] |
Anti- ulcer | Ar | Water (100-400 mg/kg) | Rat/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer | Extract reduced stomach ulcer and oxidative damage by increasing GSH CAT & SOD, while MDA, TNF-α, IL-6,IL-1β, IκBa &p65 were reduced | [5] |
Anti-inflammatory | R | Ethanol (400 mg/kg) | Rats/ carrageenan- induced oedema | The extract exerts 65.90% reduction in paw volume similar to indomethacin | [67] |
Wound healing | Rh & L | Aqueous | Rabbit/rat excisional wound | Both extracts stimulate collagens production, fibroblasts proliferation and cells epithelization | |
Anti-diarrheal | R | Ethanol (400 mg/kg) | Mice/ castor oil-induced diarrhea | Decreased diarrhea by 55% similar to loperamide | [71] |
Nutritional | Rh | The rhizome is rich in starch, lipid, protein and minerals | |||
Antiviral | Ar | Methanol | DENV2, CHIKV and hPiV3 | Isolated novel phthalate showed antiviral activity against all the cell lines | [7] |
Allergenic | Sp &Sm | Allergic rhinitis patients | Positive nasal provocation test | [74] | |
Sp | Human skin | Elicited dermal contact allergy | [75] | ||
Anthelmintic | L | Ethanol, Water & Petroleum-ether | H. contortus | Ethanol extract was more effective in causing death and paralysis to H. contortus than other extracts. It exerts 50% reduction in faecal egg count of infected sheep. | [76] |
Tyrosinase Inhibition | L | Methanol | Dopachrome | Inhibited tyrosinase activity by 33% | [77] |
Phyto-remediation | WP | Shrimp farmland sediment soil | Root absorbed ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin | [78] | |
WP | Shrimp farmland effluent | Reduction of pollution parameters including nitrate, BOD & COD | [79] | ||
WP | Plant irrigated with arsenate (0-500 ppm) water | Tolerance and reduction of arsenate toxicity | [80] | ||
L | Aqueous mixture containing Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ | Removal of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+from solution | [81] | ||
WP | Contaminated sediment | Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb | [82] | ||
R | Pseudo-waste water | Removal of Zn2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ | [83] |