Background
Methods
The DHS data
Analysis
Results
What can be learned by comparing different DHS rounds?
Weighted count (Percentage distribution, by column) [95% Confidence Intervals] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescent sub-population | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | P-value^ |
Ever had sex | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2370 | 2374 | 2762 | |
(89.5%) | (86.4%) | (85.4%) | ||
[88.2,90.7] | [84.9,87.7] | [83.9,86.7] | ||
Yes | 278 | 375 | 472 | |
(10.5%) | (13.6%)*** | (14.6%)*** | ||
[9.3,11.8] | [12.3,15.1] | [13.3,16.1] | ||
Total | 2648 | 2748 | 3234 | |
(100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) | ||
Ever been pregnant, all women | 0.022 | |||
No | 2428 | 2463 | 2902 | |
(91.7%) | (89.6%) | (89.7%) | ||
[90.5,92.8] | [88.3,90.7] | [88.4,90.8] | ||
Yes | 220 | 286 | 335 | |
(8.3%) | (10.4%)* | (10.3%)* | ||
[7.2,9.5] | [9.3,11.7] | [9.2,11.6] | ||
Total | 2648 | 2749 | 3237 | |
(100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) | ||
Ever been pregnant, women with sexual experience only | 0.038 | |||
No | 58 | 89 | 138 | |
(20.8%) | (23.6%) | (29.1%) | ||
[16.5,26.0] | [19.2,28.7] | [25.1,33.5] | ||
Yes | 220 | 286 | 335 | |
(79.2%) | (76.4%) | (70.9%)* | ||
[74.0,83.5] | [71.3,80.8] | [66.5,74.9] | ||
Total | 278 | 375 | 472 | |
(100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) |
Subpopulation: adolescents | (A) ADOLESCENT SEXUAL INITIATION Weighted count (Percentage distribution, by column) [95% Confidence Intervals] | (B) ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY Weighted count (Percentage distribution, by column) [95% Confidence Intervals] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2008 | 2013 | P-value | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | P-value | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Never-married | 31 | 67 | 135 | 16 | 26 | 44 | ||
(11.3%) | (17.8%)** | (28.5%)*** | (7.1%) | (9.0%) | (13.3%)** | |||
[8.0,15.7] | [13.5,23.0] | [24.3,33.1] | [4.3,11.8] | [5.6,14.2] | [9.9,17.6] | |||
Married | 104 | 80 | 68 | 91 | 62 | 63 | ||
(37.5%) | (21.3%) | (14.4%) | (41.4%) | (21.6%) | (18.8%) | |||
[31.2,44.1] | [17.4,25.8] | [11.4,18.0] | [34.4,48.8] | [17.1,27.0] | [14.9,23.5] | |||
Living with partner | 134 | 204 | 245 | 105 | 177 | 208 | ||
(48.3%) | (54.3%) | (51.9%) | (47.6%) | (61.9%) | (62.0%) | |||
[41.9,54.7] | [48.7,59.9] | [47.1,56.6] | [40.4,54.9] | [55.7,67.8] | [56.5,67.2] | |||
Widowed/separated/divorced | 8 | 25 | 25 | 8 | 21 | 20 | ||
(3.0%) | (6.6%) | (5.2%) | (3.8%) | (7.4%) | (5.9%) | |||
[1.3,7.0] | [4.5,9.7] | [3.4,7.9] | [1.6,8.8] | [4.9,11.1] | [3.6,9.3] | |||
Level of education | 0.002 | 0.109 | ||||||
Primary or lower | 94 | 88 | 96 | 76 | 72 | 79 | ||
(33.9%) | (23.5%) | (20.3%) | (34.4%) | (25.3%) | (23.7%) | |||
[27.6,40.9] | [19.5,28.1] | [16.7,24.5] | [27.4,42.3] | [20.6,30.8] | [19.2,28.9] | |||
Secondary | 161 | 239 | 314 | 123 | 178 | 217 | ||
(58.1%) | (63.8%)*** | (66.4%)*** | (56.1%) | (62.3%)** | (64.9%)** | |||
[51.3,64.6] | [58.5,68.9] | [62.0,70.6] | [48.7,63.3] | [56.1,68.1] | [59.6,69.8] | |||
Higher education | 22 | 47 | 63 | 21 | 35 | 38 | ||
(8.0%) | (12.6%)** | (13.3%)** | (9.5%) | (12.4%) | (11.4%) | |||
[5.3,11.7] | [9.2,17.1] | [10.5,16.7] | [6.2,14.1] | [8.5,17.8] | [8.5,15.2] | |||
Wealth quintile | 0.015 | 0.119 | ||||||
Lowest | 95 | 91 | 108 | 78 | 75 | 80 | ||
(34.3%) | (24.3%) | (22.8%) | (35.5%) | (26.3%) | (24.0%) | |||
[28.0,41.3] | [19.8,29.4] | [18.8,27.3] | [28.4,43.2] | [21.0,32.4] | [19.4,29.3] | |||
Second | 72 | 87 | 104 | 58 | 71 | 75 | ||
(25.8%) | (23.1%) | (21.9%) | (26.2%) | (25.0%) | (22.3%) | |||
[20.7,31.6] | [19.0,27.8] | [18.1,26.3] | [20.5,32.7] | [20.2,30.4] | [17.6,27.7] | |||
Middle | 52 | 79 | 115 | 40 | 63 | 89 | ||
(18.8%) | (21.2%)* | (24.4%)*** | (18.2%) | (22.1%)* | (26.4%)** | |||
[14.4,24.2] | [17.0,26.2] | [20.5,28.7] | [13.3,24.3] | [17.1,28.0] | [21.7,31.7] | |||
Fourth | 38 | 64 | 90 | 30 | 46 | 61 | ||
(13.5%) | (17.0%)* | (19.1%)*** | (13.6%) | (16.2%)+ | (18.2%)* | |||
[9.9,18.2] | [12.8,22.2] | [15.3,23.5] | [9.6,18.7] | [11.6,22.1] | [13.8,23.7] | |||
Highest | 21 | 54 | 56 | 15 | 30 | 30 | ||
(7.6%) | (14.4%) | (11.9%) | (6.6%) | (10.4%) | (9.1%) | |||
[4.9,11.5] | [11.1,18.6] | [8.9,15.8] | [4.0,11.0] | [7.3,14.8] | [6.0,13.4] | |||
Total | 278 | 375 | 472 | 220 | 286 | 335 | ||
(100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) | (100.0%) |
What can be learned from a single DHS round?
Analysing adolescent sexual initiation and pregnancy
Subpopulation: Women 20–24 years old | (A) Adolescent sexual initiation | (B) Adolescent pregnancy | (C) All women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage (column) | 95% C.I. | P-value | Percentage (column) | 95% C.I. | P-value | Wtd. count | |
Timing of first sex | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
First sex at/after first union | 12.4% | [10.5,14.5] | 14.5% | [12.3,17.0] | 1354 | ||
First sex before first union | 87.6% | [85.5,89.5] | 85.5% | [83.0,87.7] | 1436 | ||
Level of education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Primary or lower | 15.9% | [13.8,18.3] | 18.9% | [16.3,22.0] | 285 | ||
Secondary | 57.4% | [54.5,60.3] | 61.5% | [58.0,64.8] | 1250 | ||
Higher | 26.7% | [24.1,29.4] | 19.6% | [17.0,22.5] | 1255 | ||
Wealth | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Lowest | 20.3% | [17.8,23.2] | 24.2% | [21.1,27.6] | 382 | ||
Second | 23.5% | [20.9,26.2] | 24.7% | [21.7,27.9] | 485 | ||
Middle | 21.7% | [19.2,24.4] | 21.9% | [19.0,25.0] | 590 | ||
Fourth | 21.2% | [18.6,24.1] | 19.4% | [16.5,22.6] | 661 | ||
Highest | 13.3% | [11.2,15.7] | 9.9% | [7.9,12.4] | 671 | ||
Residence | 0.001 | 0.009 | |||||
Urban | 51.9% | [48.8,54.9] | 49.5% | [45.8,53.1] | 1558 | ||
Rural | 48.1% | [45.1,51.2] | 50.5% | [46.9,54.2] | 1231 | ||
Region | 0.001 | 0.550 | |||||
NCR | 16.4% | [13.9,19.2] | 16.4% | [13.6,19.7] | 567 | ||
CAR | 1.7% | [1.3,2.3] | 1.7% | [1.2,2.4] | 48 | ||
Ilocos Region | 4.2% | [3.2,5.5] | 4.6% | [3.4,6.2] | 110 | ||
Cagayan Valley | 5.0% | [4.0,6.2] | 5.2% | [4.0,6.8] | 117 | ||
Central Luzon | 9.9% | [8.0,12.1] | 9.6% | [7.3,12.6] | 263 | ||
CALABRAZON | 12.0% | [9.9,14.4] | 11.3% | [9.1,14.1] | 376 | ||
MIMAROPA | 2.2% | [1.6,3.0] | 2.3% | [1.6,3.4] | 54 | ||
Bicol | 5.0% | [3.9,6.3] | 4.4% | [3.3,5.8] | 127 | ||
Western Visayas | 5.9% | [4.7,7.5] | 5.8% | [4.4,7.6] | 159 | ||
Central Visayas | 6.5% | [5.2,8.1] | 5.8% | [4.4,7.7] | 180 | ||
Eastern Visayas | 3.5% | [2.6,4.8] | 3.5% | [2.4,5.0] | 77 | ||
Zamboanga Peninsula | 4.7% | [3.8,5.9] | 5.1% | [3.9,6.6] | 133 | ||
Northern Mindanao | 4.6% | [3.3,6.3] | 4.5% | [3.1,6.5] | 131 | ||
Davao | 6.3% | [5.1,7.9] | 6.7% | [5.0,8.8] | 153 | ||
SOCCSKSARGEN | 5.1% | [4.0,6.5] | 5.5% | [4.0,7.4] | 126 | ||
Caraga | 4.3% | [3.7,5.0] | 4.2% | [3.4,5.1] | 88 | ||
ARMM | 2.7% | [2.0,3.7] | 3.3% | [2.4,4.6] | 80 | ||
TOTAL | 1175 (100.0%) | 865 (100.0%) | 2789 | ||||
Percentage (row) | 72.6% | 31.0% | 100.0% |
Adolescent sexual initiation
Adolescent pregnancy
Outcome: Experienced adolescent pregnancy | (A) Unadjusted odds ratio, full (95% C.I.) | P-value | (B) Adjusted odds ratio, full (95% C.I.) | P-value | (C) Adjusted odds ratio, reduced (95% C.I.) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sexual initiation before first union (base: Sexual initiation at or after first union) | 0.408 (0.240, 0.692) | 0.001 | 0.611 (0.347, 1.076) | 0.088 | 0.616 (0.352, 1.080) | 0.091 |
Level of education (base: Primary or lower) | ||||||
Secondary | 0.521 (0.324, 0.838) | 0.007 | 0.627 (0.375, 1.047) | 0.075 | 0.608 (0.363, 1.019) | 0.059 |
Higher | 0.165 (0.101, 0.271) | < 0.001 | 0.223 (0.125, 0.396) | < 0.001 | 0.219 (0.123, 0.390) | < 0.001 |
Wealth quintile (base: Lowest) | ||||||
Second | 0.486 (0.304, 0.775) | 0.002 | 0.593 (0.361, 0.973) | 0.039 | 0.576 (0.352, 0.944) | 0.029 |
Middle | 0.408 (0.255, 0.653) | < 0.001 | 0.549 (0.326, 0.922) | 0.023 | 0.534 (0.320, 0.891) | 0.016 |
Fourth | 0.291 (0.182, 0.466) | < 0.001 | 0.517 (0.294, 0.909) | 0.022 | 0.497 (0.292, 0.848) | 0.010 |
Highest | 0.172 (0.103, 0.288) | < 0.001 | 0.365 (0.193, 0.689) | 0.002 | 0.355 (0.195, 0.644) | 0.001 |
Rural residence (base: Urban residence) | 1.445 (1.094, 1.909) | 0.010 | 1.038 (0.752, 1.433) | 0.821 | – | – |
Age at first menstrual period (base: 10 years old or below) | ||||||
11 to 12 years old | 0.601 (0.251, 1.438) | 0.252 | 0.436 (0.169, 1.123) | 0.085 | – | – |
13 to 14 years old | 0.888 (0.374, 2.110) | 0.788 | 0.562 (0.219, 1.441) | 0.230 | – | – |
15 years old and above | 0.793 (0.335, 1.881) | 0.599 | 0.463 (0.180, 1.189) | 0.109 | – | – |
Ever used any method of contraception/family planning (base: Never used any method) | ||||||
Last used more than five years ago | 2.491 (1.641, 3.780) | < 0.001 | 2.784 (1.802, 4.302) | < 0.001 | 2.829 (1.835, 4.360) | < 0.001 |
Last used within the last five years | 2.570 (1.859, 3.553) | < 0.001 | 2.825 (2.001, 3.987) | < 0.001 | 2.855 (2.022, 4.030) | < 0.001 |
Currently engaged in paid employment (base: Not currently engaged in paid work) | 0.685 (0.524, 0.895) | 0.006 | 0.919 (0.680, 1.240) | 0.579 | – | – |
Sub-population size (n), weighted | 1175 |