Introduction
Lumbar puncture and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are essential steps in the diagnosis of meningitis. Typically, the CSF shows significant neutrophilic pleocytosis [1], a decreased glucose concentration, and an elevated protein level. The absence of pleocytosis in the CSF has occasionally been described in cases of pediatric meningitis [2, 3], especially in the very acute phase of bacterial meningitis [2]. By contrast, bacterial meningitis with a normal CSF leukocyte count has rarely been described in adults. We herein describe cases involving two adult patients with normocellular pneumococcal meningitis and present a review of eight previous cases.
Case presentation
Case 1
A 34-year-old Japanese woman presented to our hospital one morning because of nausea, headache, and loss of hearing in her right ear, all of which had developed a few hours before visiting our hospital. She also stated that she had a fever of 39.7°C, which had suddenly developed after suffering chills two nights previously. She had a history of splenectomy as a result of a traffic accident, but had not received a pneumococcal vaccine. She had received oral cephalosporin (cefditoren pivoxil) and an antipyretic analgesic (loxoprofen sodium hydrate), which were prescribed at a nearby clinic, for the fever on the day before her hospital visit.
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On initial physical examination, she was afebrile (36.6°C), but in a hypotensive state (88/55mmHg) with tachycardia (120 beats/minute). There was no obvious deficiency in her mental status nor was neck stiffness detected at initial presentation, but she became progressively disoriented (Glasgow coma scale rating of E3V4M6) during out-patient management. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with fluid replacement and a vasopressor. Blood tests showed an elevated leukocyte count (27,400/μL) with a left shift, elevated C-reactive protein level (27.3mg/dL), and low platelet count (89,000/μL). Examination of a CSF sample obtained 90 minutes after presenting to the hospital demonstrated a normal cell count (2/μL) without red blood cells. The CSF was clear, and the concentrations of glucose and total protein in the CSF were 56mg/dL (blood glucose level: 92mg/dL) and 40mg/dL, respectively (Table 1). Gram staining of the CSF showed Gram-positive cocci that were subsequently identified in culture as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Penicillin G was initially administered in the emergency department, and combination therapy with cefotaxime and vancomycin was started after admission. CSF examination on day 2 of hospitalization showed marked pleocytosis (mononuclear cells: 2448/μL, polymorphonuclear cells: 1638/μL), an increased total protein level (270mg/dL), and a decreased glucose level (13mg/dL). Two blood samples for culture were obtained simultaneously with the start of intravenous antimicrobial therapy in the emergency department, but no bacteria were cultivated. The drug susceptibilities of S. pneumoniae grown in the CSF cultures were determined by the disk dilution method and showed susceptibility to penicillin (≥20mm), erythromycin (≥21mm), and levofloxacin (≥17mm). She recovered after a 3-week treatment with these antimicrobial agents and was discharged on day 23. Her hearing loss remained.
Table 1
Results of cerebrospinal fluid examination (Case 1)
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 14 | |
|---|---|---|---|
Cell/PMN(/μL) | 2/1 | 4086/1638 | 13/2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) (blood glucose) | 56 (92) | 13 (127) | 52 (123) |
Protein (mg/dL) | 40 | 270 | 26 |
Gram stain | GPC | Not performed | Negative |
Case 2
A 62-year-old Japanese man with a history of treatment for laryngeal cancer 7 years previously was transferred to the emergency department after an acute onset of delirium. He had developed a fever the previous day. He did not receive antimicrobial therapy before being transferred. Neither neck stiffness nor paralysis was apparent on physical examination. Blood tests revealed a low leukocyte count (2480/μL), elevated C-reactive protein level (33.0mg/dL), and low platelet count (38,000/μL). CSF examination demonstrated a normal cell count (1/μL) without red blood cells. A low CSF glucose level of 8mg/dL (blood glucose level: 69mg/dL) and a high total protein level of 125mg/dL were present. Gram staining of the CSF showed numerous Gram-positive cocci that were proven to be S. pneumoniae by CSF culture. Blood cultures were not obtained. A chest X-ray showed an infiltrate in his left lower lung field. Within 1 hour of arrival, he developed hypotension followed by cardiopulmonary arrest, and resuscitation was unsuccessful. The drug susceptibilities of S. pneumoniae were determined by the microdilution method with MicroScan WalkAway® (Siemens Healthcare) and showed susceptibility to ampicillin (≤0.5μg/mL), cefotaxime (≤0.5μg/mL), and meropenem (≤1μg/mL), but resistance to penicillin (0.12μg/mL) and erythromycin (≥2μg/mL).
Discussion
In both cases in this report, CSF examinations showed normal leukocyte counts despite the presence of S. pneumoniae, which was detectable with Gram staining. Both patients had an acute onset of fever accompanied by neuropsychological signs and symptoms and rapid progression to septic shock. Clinical evaluations were performed immediately after hospital presentation in both cases, and lumbar puncture was performed less than half a day after neurological symptoms appeared in Case 1. The findings in these cases indicate that the CSF can appear normal, especially when a lumbar puncture is performed soon after the start of symptoms. The first patient survived with hearing loss after prompt treatment, but the second patient died prior to administration of antibiotics.
To the best of our knowledge, only eight cases of adult patients with pneumococcal meningitis with a normal CSF cell count have been previously reported [4‐9]. The clinical characteristics of the previous and current cases are summarized in Table 2. All patients with the exception of one were younger than 65 years, and seven were male. Most patients did not have significant comorbidities, but one had alcoholism, one had Hodgkin’s disease, and one had undergone splenectomy (present Case 1). Pneumonia was present in four patients as another infection site, and the mortality rate was 40% (4 out of 10).
Table 2
Summary of reported cases of adult pneumococcal meningitis with normal cerebrospinal fluid cell counts
Case/authors | Age/sex (years) | Underlying condition | Other site of infection | Cerebrospinal fluid examination | Antibiotics | Outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell/PMN (/μL) | Glucose (mg/dL) | Protein (mg/dL) | Gram stain | ||||||
1/Fishbein et al.[4] | 33/M | Hodgkin’s disease | None | 0/0 | 1 | 685 | GPC | CET→CP | Death |
2/Fishbein et al.[4] | 57/M | Alcoholism | Pneumonia | 1/0 | 130 | 97 | Negative | PCG | Survival |
3/Fishbein et al.[4] | 86/M | None | Pneumonia | 0/0 | 221 | 40 | GPC | PCG | Death |
4/Ris et al.[5] | 50/F | None | Pneumonia | 0/0 | 95 | 21 | Negative | CTX→PCG | Survival |
5/Zenebe [6] | 18/M | ND | None | 0/0 | 4 | 300 | GPC | None | Death |
6/Uchihara et al.[7] | 52/M | None | None | 6/2 | 71 | 26 | ND | CMX→PCG→ABPC+RFP | Survival |
7/Montassier et al.[8] | 60/F | None | None | 0/0 | 70 | 39 | Negative | CTRX | Survival |
8/Alvarez et al.[9] | 37/M | None | None | 1/ND | 52 | 47 | Negative | VCM+CFPM+MNZ→CTRX | Survival |
9/present case 1 | 34/F | Splenectomy | None | 2/1 | 56 | 40 | GPC | CTX+VCM→CTX | Survival |
10/present case 2 | 62/M | None | Pneumonia | 1/0 | 8 | 125 | GPC | None | Death |
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In adult patients with bacterial meningitis, a low white blood cell count in the CSF is an important risk factor for a poor prognosis [10]. Weisfelt et al. found that a CSF leukocyte count of <1000/μL was correlated with morbidity and mortality in patients with pneumococcal meningitis [11] and suggested that a low CSF leukocyte count might reflect inadequate host defense against bacterial infections in adult patients with bacterial meningitis. Case 1 showed increased pleocytosis in the second CSF analysis, which indicated a delayed immunological response due to the lack of spleen function.
In addition to a low CSF cell count, a positive CSF Gram stain result, indicating a high number of S. pneumoniae microorganisms, is also a poor prognostic factor in patients with bacterial meningitis [12]. Of the 10 patients (Table 2), four had negative findings on the initial Gram stains, and all of these patients survived. By contrast, four of five patients with Gram-positive cocci observed on the initial Gram stains died after rapid progression of the clinical course [4, 6], and the only survivor (Case 1 in this report) had persistent hearing loss.
Conclusions
The present and previous cases suggest that bacterial meningitis should be considered in adult patients suspected to have bacterial meningitis, even if the initial CSF cell count is normal, and that Gram staining of the CSF and prompt administration of an adequate dose of antibiotics should be performed with a second CSF examination the following day. This approach is important because the CSF cell count may not be elevated in the first CSF examination, and the presence of Gram-positive cocci in the CSF is associated with high mortality and morbidity in patients with normocellular pneumococcal meningitis.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient described in Case 1 for publication of this case report, and a copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. Although the patient described in Case 2 died of pneumococcal meningitis, the hospital ethics committee confirmed that written informed consent could be waived because the family agreed to the anonymous use of the patient’s data for clinical research purposes. A copy of the certification of approval is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr Shigemi Hitomi (Department of Infectious Diseases, Tsukuba University Hospital) for his important contribution to this work.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
YK and MS were involved in the clinical diagnostic evaluation and management. HS, HN, and YT analyzed and interpreted the patient data and were major contributors in writing the first draft. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.