Background
Methods
Study population
Measurements
Parental practices
Potential correlates of agreement
Statistical analysis
Belgium | Greece | Hungary | Netherlands | Norway | Slovenia | Spain | Switzerland | Total | Total (3-point scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | Diff†
| § | κ | %* | |
Parental practices
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Soft drink consumption
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
“If I ask my parents for a fizzy drink of fruit squash, I get one”/“If my child asks for soft drinks, I will give it to him/her” | 0.30 | 42.3 | 0.71 |
+
| 0.15 | 40.8 | 0.79 |
+
| 0.19 | 33.7 | 0.95 |
+
| 0.15 | 39.1 | 0.81 |
+
| 0.15 | 47.7 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 34.6 | 0.89 | 0.17 | 40.2 | 0.76 | 0.16 | 35.5 | 0.81 |
+
| 0.21 | 39.2 | 0.80 |
+
| 0.23 | 46.0 | |||
“I am allowed to take fizzy drinks or fruit squash whenever I want”/“My child is allowed to take soft drinks whenever (s)he wants” | 0.36 | 35.5 | 0.94 |
+
| 0.18 | 35.0 | 0.91 |
+
| 0.20 | 27.9 | 1.22 |
+
| 0.17 | 25.6 | 1.18 |
+
| 0.18 | 36.4 | 0.88 |
+
| 0.22 | 28.4 | 1.15 |
+
| 0.18 | 33.4 | 0.92 |
+
| 0.18 | 27.0 | 1.13 |
+
| 0.24 | 31.7 | 1.03 |
+
| 0.26 | 49.6 |
“Are there usually fizzy drinks or fruit squash at your home?”/“There are soft drinks available at home for my child” | 0.23 | 34.7 | 0.98 |
+
| 0.22 | 34.6 | 0.94 |
+
| 0.27 | 32.3 | 1.01 |
+
| 0.16 | 30.6 | 1.05 |
+
| 0.15 | 33.0 | 0.95 | 0.22 | 34.0 | 0.99 |
-
| 0.22 | 33.9 | 1.04 | 0.32 | 38.4 | 0.86 |
+
| 0.27 | 33.9 | 0.98 |
+
| 0.29 | 47.8 | ||
Fruit juice consumption
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
“I am allowed to take fruit juices whenever I want”/“My child is allowed to take fruit juices whenever (s)he wants” | 0.22 | 32.7 | 1.17 |
+
| 0.16 | 35.0 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 29.4 | 1.17 |
-
| 0.15 | 26.1 | 1.18 |
+
| 0.25 | 31.2 | 0.99 |
+
| 0.20 | 36.5 | 1.02 | 0.18 | 31.9 | 1.10 | 0.19 | 24.1 | 1.37 |
+
| 0.19 | 31.7 | 1.12 |
+
| 0.20 | 50.7 | |||
“Are there usually fruit juices in your home?”/“There are fruit juices available at home for my child” | 0.27 | 39.2 | 0.82 |
-
| 0.20 | 43.9 | 0.81 |
-
| 0.20 | 34.9 | 0.95 | 0.20 | 37.8 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 44.6 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 34.6 | 0.95 | 0.25 | 43.5 | 0.82 |
-
| 0.33 | 37.9 | 0.86 |
+
| 0.28 | 39.7 | 0.85 | 0.29 | 60.5 | |||||
Having breakfast
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
“My parents encourage me to have breakfast”/“I encourage my child to have breakfast” | 0.04 | 42.7 | 1.23 |
-
| 0.10 | 43.0 | 0.99 |
-
| 0.10 | 63.0 | 0.60 |
-
| 0.02 | 28.1 | 1.75 |
-
| 0.02 | 35.1 | 1.30 |
-
| 0.12 | 54.9 | 0.83 |
-
| 0.05 | 48.2 | 1.28 |
-
| 0.02 | 28.4 | 1.48 |
-
| 0.06 | 45.2 | 1.11 |
-
| 0.06 | 63.8 |
Are there usually breakfast products (e.g. milk, cereal, bread) at your home?“/”There are breakfast products (e.g. milk, cereal, bread) available at home for my child“ | -0.01 | 71.1 | 0.34 |
-
| 0.15 | 74.0 | 0.33 |
-
| 0.09 | 73.0 | 0.34 |
-
| 0.03 | 69.2 | 0.36 |
-
| 0.03 | 71.4 | 0.32 |
-
| 0.02 | 59.6 | 0.54 |
-
| 0.01 | 80.6 | 0.22 |
+
| 0.07 | 66.1 | 0.39 |
-
| 0.06 | 70.9 | 0.36 |
-
| 0.05 | 90.7 |
”How often do you eat breakfast with your parents?“/”How often do you and/or your spouse/partner have breakfast together with your child?“ | 0.42 | 45.3 | 0.86 |
+
| 0.24 | 34.2 | 1.06 |
+
| 0.28 | 37.2 | 0.93 | 0.30 | 44.6 | 0.82 |
-
| 0.31 | 40.9 | 0.85 |
-
| 0.27 | 41.7 | 0.90 |
+
| 0.28 | 38.2 | 1.09 | 0.41 | 47.1 | 0.81 |
-
| 0.35 | 40.3 | 0.94 | 0.35 | 50.0 | |||
Physical activity/sports
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
”My parents encourage me to be physically active/do sports“/”I encourage my child to take part in physical activity/sports“ | 0.08 | 44.0 | 0.92 |
-
| 0.16 | 41.8 | 0.74 | 0.17 | 58.6 | 0.57 |
+
| 0.05 | 34.1 | 1.11 |
-
| 0.11 | 44.7 | 0.82 |
-
| 0.13 | 57.3 | 0.64 |
+
| 0.10 | 46.2 | 0.81 |
-
| 0.06 | 34.5 | 1.08 |
-
| 0.12 | 46.8 | 0.80 | 0.09 | 69.3 | ||
”How often do you take part in physical activity/do sports with your parents?“/”How often do you and/or your spouse/partner participate in physical activity/sports together with your child (e.g. Play games outside, ride bikes, walk, play sports together)?“ | 0.13 | 28.9 | 0.81 | 0.14 | 29.6 | 0.87 |
+
| 0.11 | 26.8 | 0.99 |
+
| 0.13 | 25.6 | 1.00 |
-
| 0.20 | 31.9 | 0.76 |
-
| 0.10 | 27.9 | 0.95 | 0.14 | 23.3 | 0.96 |
+
| 0.08 | 19.6 | 0.91 |
-
| 0.14 | 27.1 | 0.90 | 0.12 | 59.0 | |||
Watching TV
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
”My parents allow me to watch television whenever I want“/”My child is allowed to watch TV/video/dvd whenever (s)he wants“ | 0.22 | 28.3 | 1.11 |
+
| 0.14 | 30.4 | 1.07 | 0.20 | 26.5 | 1.23 |
+
| 0.23 | 24.3 | 1.07 |
+
| 0.11 | 25.7 | 1.12 |
-
| 0.11 | 21.4 | 1.31 |
+
| 0.11 | 25.4 | 1.11 | 0.22 | 34.3 | 0.91 |
+
| 0.17 | 26.8 | 1.13 |
+
| 0.19 | 43.0 | ||
”If I ask my parents to watch television, I can do so“/”If my child asks if (s)he is allowed to watch TV/video/dvd, I will allow it“ | 0.18 | 42.6 | 0.65 |
+
| 0.17 | 38.5 | 0.76 | 0.14 | 34.7 | 0.86 |
+
| 0.32 | 50.4 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 47.3 | 0.59 | 0.16 | 39.7 | 0.74 |
+
| 0.11 | 40.8 | 0.70 | 0.14 | 44.8 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 41.4 | 0.70 |
+
| 0.23 | 52.2 | |||||
”Do you have a television in your own bedroom?“/”TV/video/DVD is available in my child“s room?”ǁǁ
| 0.77 | 89.8 | 0.75 | 87.1 | 0.70 | 85.0 | 0.77 | 87.7 | 0.80 | 89.8 | 0.68 | 85.9 | 0.79 | 78.8 | 0.72 | 89.1 | 0.77‡
| 86.3 | 0.77 | 86.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
“How often do you watch television with your parents?”/“How often do you (one parent/spouse/partner or both) watch television together with your child?” | 0.26 | 28.9 | 1.09 |
+
| 0.20 | 31.1 | 1.10 | 0.24 | 26.3 | 1.15 |
+
| 0.28 | 31.3 | 1.03 |
-
| 0.20 | 37.6 | 0.87 |
-
| 0.21 | 29.2 | 1.05 |
+
| 0.24 | 27.4 | 1.13 |
-
| 0.27 | 31.8 | 0.96 |
+
| 0.25 | 30.2 | 1.06 | 0.27 | 46.7 |
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Participants | Non-responders* | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | OR†
| 95% CI | ||||
Child - parent dyads
| 6′425 | 1′452 | |||||||
Child
| |||||||||
Gender | Girls | 3′423 | 53 | 675 | 47 | 1.00 | |||
Boys | 3′002 | 47 | 777 | 54 | 0.73 | 0.63 | - | 0.84 | |
Age (years) | 10 < 11 | 1,418 | 22 | 226 | 16 | 1.00 | |||
11 < 12 | 2,859 | 45 | 530 | 37 | 0.96 | 0.78 | - | 1.18 | |
12 < 13 | 1,933 | 30 | 523 | 36 | 0.69 | 0.55 | - | 0.85 | |
13 < 14 | 205 | 3 | 81 | 6 | 0.40 | 0.27 | - | 0.58 | |
National lan-guage at home | No | 422 | 7 | 182 | 13 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 5′951 | 93 | 1′199 | 83 | 2.45 | 1.92 | - | 3.12 | |
Living with | Both parents | 5′335 | 83 | 1′132 | 78 | 1.00 | |||
Mother or father | 581 | 9 | 186 | 13 | 0.65 | 0.52 | - | 0.82 | |
Other adults | 466 | 7 | 65 | 5 | 0.90 | 0.66 | - | 1.22 | |
Siblings | No | 988 | 15 | 176 | 12 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 5′384 | 84 | 1′203 | 83 | 0.87 | 0.71 | - | 1.07 | |
Weight status | Normal | 4′354 | 68 | 955 | 66 | n.a. | |||
Overweight‡
| 1′470 | 23 | 295 | 20 | |||||
Underweight§
| 506 | 8 | 108 | 7 | |||||
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| ||||||
BMI of child | kg/m2 | 19.01 | 3.29 | 18.99 | 3.38 | 0.97 | 0.95 | - | 0.99 |
Parent
|
N
|
%
| |||||||
Gender | Mother | 5′297 | 82 | ||||||
Father | 1′107 | 17 | |||||||
Education | < 14 years | 2′800 | 44 | ||||||
≥ 14 years | 3′560 | 55 | |||||||
Mean
|
SD
| ||||||||
Age of parent | years | 41.34 | 5.20 | ||||||
BMI of parent | kg/m2
| 24.50 | 4.25 |
Parental practices
Overall agreement by country
Agreement by practice
Co-participation
Rules
Encouragement
Availability
Sensitivity analyses
Factors associated with agreement
Total | Belgium | Greece | Hungary | Netherlands | Norway | Slovenia | Spain | Switzerland | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b* | 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b†
| 95% CI | b† | 95%CI | b† | 95% CI | |||||||||||
Child characteristics
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boy |
-1.84
|
-2.59
|
-1.10
| -2.03 | -4.20 | 0.13 | -1.78 | -3.69 | 0.12 | -1.22 | -3.21 | 0.76 | -0.77 | -3.63 | 2.09 |
-3.49
|
-5.48
|
-1.49
| -1.30 | -3.26 | 0.66 | -1.77 | -3.71 | 0.16 | -1.70 | -4.26 | 0.86 | |
Age | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 years | 0.20 | -0.77 | 1.18 | -0.13 | -2.73 | 2.47 | -1.92 | -4.05 | 0.20 | 1.10 | -10.69 | 12.88 | -0.63 | -4.57 | 3.30 |
0.68
|
1.71
|
2.36
| 1.44 | -0.79 | 3.68 | 1.16 | -1.11 | 3.43 | -1.97 | -5.16 | 1.23 | |
12 years | 1.06 | -0.04 | 2.16 | -0.38 | -3.40 | 2.64 | 0.43 | -2.36 | 3.23 | 1.17 | -10.57 | 12.91 | 1.63 | -2.56 | 5.82 |
1.42
|
1.70
|
2.80
| 0.16 | -2.56 | 2.88 |
4.16
|
1.39
|
6.93
| -0.08 | -3.67 | 3.51 | |
13 years |
2.41
|
0.12
|
4.71
| 4.88 | -5.82 | 15.57 |
15.02
|
2.15
|
27.89
| 3.00 | -9.13 | 15.13 | -2.37 | -15.83 | 11.08 |
1.75
|
2.30
|
2.72
| -14.30 | -35.19 | 6.59 | 1.94 | -14.40 | 18.29 | -3.43 | -10.58 | 3.72 | |
Weight status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overweight | -0.73 | -1.92 | 0.46 | -1.28 | -4.95 | 2.40 | -0.14 | -2.77 | 2.49 | -1.65 | -4.79 | 1.49 | -1.61 | -6.73 | 3.50 | 0.09 | -3.54 | 3.72 | 0.39 | -2.67 | 3.46 | 0.95 | -2.04 | 3.93 | -2.98 | -8.12 | 2.16 | |
Underweight | 0.06 | -1.43 | 1.54 | 0.94 | -2.69 | 4.58 | 0.49 | -5.15 | 6.13 | 2.24 | -1.50 | 5.99 | 3.12 | -1.80 | 8.03 | -3.02 | -7.01 | 0.97 | -0.09 | -3.99 | 3.82 | -2.31 | -7.12 | 2.51 | 0.77 | -3.49 | 5.03 | |
Parental characteristics
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age | per year |
0.08
|
0.00
|
0.15
| 0.14 | -0.10 | 0.37 | 0.09 | -0.09 | 0.26 | -0.01 | -0.20 | 0.19 | 0.24 | -0.08 | 0.56 | 0.13 | -0.07 | 0.33 | 0.06 | -0.15 | 0.26 | 0.12 | -0.10 | 0.35 | 0.02 | -0.22 | 0.25 |
BMI | per kg/m2 |
-0.11
|
-0.20
|
-0.02
| -0.07 | -0.33 | 0.18 | 0.05 | -0.16 | 0.26 | -0.04 | -0.25 | 0.18 |
-0.36
|
-0.66
|
-0.06
| -0.15 | -0.42 | 0.11 |
-0.31
|
-0.55
|
-0.07
| -0.22 | -0.52 | 0.07 | 0.06 | -0.27 | 0.39 |
Education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
<14 yrs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
≥ 14 yrs |
2.08
|
1.28
|
2.88
| 1.04 | -1.62 | 3.70 |
2.69
|
0.73
|
4.66
| 1.18 | -0.89 | 3.26 | 1.35 | -1.90 | 4.61 |
3.90
|
1.78
|
6.03
|
3.37
|
1.31
|
5.43
| 0.85 | 0.61 | 1.42 | 0.61 | -2.18 | 3.40 | |
Employment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | -0.37 | -1.45 | 0.71 | 0.44 | -3.48 | 4.37 | -1.40 | -3.85 | 1.05 | -0.13 | -2.87 | 2.61 | 3.11 | -0.55 | 6.76 | -0.48 | -4.59 | 3.62 | -0.14 | -3.90 | 3.62 | -2.42 | -4.91 | 0.07 | 1.88 | -1.22 | 4.97 | |
Perception of the child’s weight | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overweight | -0.12 | -1.31 | 1.07 |
3.81
|
0.39
|
7.22
| 0.29 | -2.33 | 2.90 | -0.96 | -4.13 | 2.21 | 3.41 | -1.28 | 8.11 | -2.39 | -6.30 | 1.53 | -1.97 | -5.01 | 1.08 | -2.81 | 2.78 | 2.51 | 2.78 | -2.14 | 7.70 | |
Underweight |
-1.35
|
-2.63
|
-0.07
| -1.46 | -5.22 | 2.30 | 0.43 | -3.26 | 4.12 |
-4.90
|
-8.31
|
-1.48
| -3.05 | -7.99 | 1.89 | -3.14 | -6.69 | 0.41 | -0.59 | -3.98 | 2.81 | -0.41 | -3.63 | 2.81 | 2.03 | -2.17 | 6.23 | |
Family characteristics
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Native language at home | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 0.40 | -1.19 | 2.00 | 4.35 | -0.05 | 8.75 | -2.14 | -6.02 | 1.74 | 0.55 | -5.99 | 7.09 | -5.23 | -11.95 | 1.49 | 1.90 | -3.94 | 7.74 |
4.28
|
0.38
|
8.18
| -5.57 | -12.31 | 1.17 | 0.00 | -3.20 | 3.19 | |
Living with | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Both parents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mother or Father |
-1.31
|
-2.62
|
0.00
| -0.64 | -4.65 | 3.38 | -2.39 | -5.96 | 1.18 | -0.40 | -3.38 | 2.57 | -2.68 | -7.17 | 1.81 | 1.53 | -1.84 | 4.91 |
-4.31
|
-8.18
|
-0.43
| -2.41 | -6.61 | 1.80 | 0.04 | -3.76 | 3.84 | |
Other | -1.22 | -2.67 | 0.22 |
-10.52
|
-18.32
|
-2.72
| -1.28 | -4.15 | 1.60 | -2.07 | -5.28 | 1.13 | -12.23 | -38.65 | 14.18 | 2.19 | -5.46 | 9.83 | -1.40 | -4.43 | 1.62 | 1.64 | -1.84 | 5.13 | -5.85 | -14.14 | 2.44 |