Background
Methods
Statistical analysis
Study year | Estonia | Finland | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | |
1994 | 474 | 632 | 1106 | 1340 | 1471 | 2811 |
1996 | 531 | 700 | 1231 | 1383 | 1582 | 2965 |
1998 | 457 | 630 | 1087 | 1394 | 1468 | 2862 |
2000 | 435 | 655 | 1090 | 1310 | 1553 | 2863 |
2002 | 420 | 635 | 1055 | 1230 | 1448 | 2678 |
2004 | 1039 | 1431 | 2470 | 1259 | 1525 | 2784 |
2006 | 883 | 1418 | 2301 | 1220 | 1489 | 2709 |
Total | 4239 | 6101 | 10340 | 9136 | 10536 | 19672 |
Results
Estonia | Finland | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age group | ||||||||
25-34 | 1072 | 25.3 | 1439 | 23.6 | 1920 | 21.0 | 2421 | 23.0 |
35-44 | 1136 | 26.8 | 1502 | 24.6 | 2345 | 25.7 | 2716 | 25.8 |
45-54 | 1061 | 25.0 | 1614 | 26.5 | 2678 | 29.3 | 2990 | 28.4 |
55-64 | 970 | 22.9 | 1546 | 25.3 | 2193 | 24.0 | 2409 | 22.9 |
Marital status | ||||||||
married/cohabiting | 3232 | 76.2 | 4046 | 66.3 | 6756 | 73.9 | 7813 | 74.2 |
single | 553 | 13.0 | 626 | 10.3 | 1556 | 17.0 | 1327 | 12.6 |
divorced/separated | 364 | 8.6 | 901 | 14.8 | 722 | 7.9 | 1064 | 10.1 |
widowed | 65 | 1.5 | 500 | 8.2 | 69 | 0.8 | 295 | 2.8 |
unknown | 25 | 0.6 | 28 | 0.5 | 33 | 0.4 | 37 | 0.4 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
ethnic majority | 2951 | 69.6 | 4143 | 67.9 | 8587 | 94.0 | 9943 | 94.4 |
ethnic minority | 1254 | 29.6 | 1924 | 31.5 | 549 | 6.0 | 593 | 5.6 |
unknown | 34 | 0.8 | 34 | 0.6 | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Education | ||||||||
higher | 712 | 16.8 | 1410 | 23.1 | 2427 | 26.6 | 3577 | 34.0 |
secondary | 2655 | 62.6 | 3829 | 62.8 | 4075 | 44.6 | 4601 | 43.7 |
basic or less | 845 | 19.9 | 808 | 13.2 | 2473 | 27.1 | 2188 | 20.8 |
unknown | 27 | 0.6 | 54 | 0.9 | 161 | 1.8 | 170 | 1.6 |
Total | 4239 | 100 | 6101 | 100 | 9136 | 100 | 10536 | 100 |
Abstinence and frequency of alcohol consumption
Type of beverage | Estonia | Finland | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | Total | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | Total | |
Men
| ||||||||||
Spirits | ||||||||||
never | 9.3 | 7.3 | 9.1 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.5 |
a few times a year | 33.6 | 30.8 | 30.3 | 31.9 | 31.7 | 45.6 | 44.6 | 40.1 | 36.1 | 41.3 |
a few times a month | 40.6 | 36.9 | 36.0 | 32.7 | 36.7 | 32.6 | 28.9 | 25.5 | 25.3 | 27.7 |
a few times a week | 15.6 | 23.0 | 21.8 | 21.4 | 20.4 | 11.4 | 15.9 | 22.1 | 26.5 | 19.6 |
daily | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
Beer | ||||||||||
never | 11.3 | 9.5 | 15.2 | 18.1 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 9.8 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 11.6 |
a few times a year | 11.4 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 12.9 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 14.8 |
a few times a month | 25.7 | 21.2 | 20.1 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 23.0 | 19.6 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 18.4 |
a few times a week | 40.5 | 43.5 | 38.2 | 32.5 | 38.9 | 50.1 | 52.1 | 49.7 | 44.4 | 49.0 |
daily | 11.1 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 |
Wine | ||||||||||
never | 21.5 | 23.6 | 26.8 | 32.4 | 25.7 | 25.1 | 19.5 | 23.5 | 21.9 | 22.4 |
a few times a year | 43.5 | 40.2 | 39.7 | 36.8 | 40.3 | 40.1 | 41.2 | 37.5 | 38.4 | 39.2 |
a few times a month | 27.6 | 23.0 | 21.3 | 19.8 | 23.1 | 23.0 | 22.1 | 18.0 | 15.6 | 19.4 |
a few times a week | 7.2 | 12.3 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 22.3 | 17.9 |
daily | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
Women
| ||||||||||
Spirits | ||||||||||
never | 30.5 | 25.9 | 21.7 | 30.7 | 27.1 | 20.8 | 22.2 | 23.6 | 32.3 | 24.7 |
a few times a year | 47.6 | 47.3 | 52.3 | 51.7 | 49.7 | 63.6 | 61.1 | 56.0 | 49.7 | 57.5 |
a few times a month | 17.6 | 21.5 | 20.6 | 14.8 | 18.6 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 14.2 | 11.9 | 13.1 |
a few times a week | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 4.6 |
daily | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.3 | 0.1 |
Beer | ||||||||||
never | 43.2 | 43.0 | 47.3 | 60.8 | 48.4 | 44.4 | 31.5 | 31.8 | 44.0 | 37.4 |
a few times a year | 25.7 | 26.5 | 26.4 | 22.8 | 25.4 | 21.9 | 24.3 | 26.6 | 26.3 | 24.9 |
a few times a months | 20.1 | 16.3 | 15.3 | 10.3 | 15.6 | 18.4 | 17.5 | 16.0 | 10.6 | 15.6 |
a few times a week | 10.3 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 14.9 | 26.1 | 23.6 | 18.0 | 21.0 |
daily | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Wine | ||||||||||
never | 11.5 | 13.4 | 18.4 | 28.9 | 18.0 | 18.7 | 15.5 | 19.5 | 23.8 | 19.4 |
a few times a year | 40.6 | 39.8 | 45.5 | 45.5 | 42.9 | 41.5 | 40.3 | 39.8 | 40.5 | 40.5 |
a few times a month | 36.8 | 33.0 | 27.3 | 20.1 | 29.4 | 27.3 | 24.2 | 20.4 | 16.5 | 22.0 |
a few times a week | 10.7 | 13.0 | 8.4 | 5.0 | 9.3 | 12.4 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 17.7 | 17.4 |
daily | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
Characteristic | Estonia | Finland | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude POR | Adjusted POR* | Crude POR | Adjusted POR* | |
Men
| ||||
Study year | ||||
2000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2002 | 0.81 (0.61-1.08) | 0.75 (0.56-1.00) | 1.04 (0.89-1.23) | 1.02 (0.87-1.21) |
2004 | 1.41 (1.09-1.82) | 1.39 (1.08-1.80) | 1.26 (1.07-1.49) | 1.21 (1.03-1.43) |
2006 | 0.66 (0.52-0.85) | 0.64 (0.50-0.83) | 1.01 (0.86-1.19) | 0.95 (0.80-1.12) |
Age group | ||||
25-34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
35-44 | 1.40 (1.11-1.77) | 1.44 (1.13-1.83) | 1.34 (1.13-1.60) | 1.34 (1.12-1.60) |
45-54 | 1.11 (0.89-1.40) | 1.20 (0.94-1.53) | 1.42 (1.20-1.68) | 1.54 (1.29-1.85) |
55-64 | 0.96 (0.76-1.21) | 1.02 (0.79-1.32) | 1.41 (1.19-1.69) | 1.62 (1.33-1.98) |
Ethnicity | ||||
ethnic majority | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
ethnic minority | 0.56 (0.47-0.67) | 0.53 (0.44-0.63) | 1.02 (0.80-1.30) | 1.01 (0.78-1.29) |
Marital status | ||||
married/cohabiting | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
single | 0.95 (0.74-1.21) | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 0.63 (0.54-0.73) | 0.70 (0.60-0.82) |
divorced/separated | 1.06 (0.80-1.42) | 1.00 (0.74-1.35) | 0.96 (0.78-1.19) | 0.97 (0.78-1.20) |
widowed | 0.45 (0.22-0.91) | 0.41 (0.20-0.84) | 1.24 (0.54-2.86) | 1.20 (0.51-2.78) |
Education | ||||
higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
secondary | 1.10 (0.89-1.36) | 1.08 (0.87-1.35) | 0.98 (0.85-1.12) | 0.92 (0.80-1.06) |
basic or less | 0.99 (0.76-1.29) | 0.97 (0.73-1.29) | 0.66 (0.56-0.78) | 0.56 (0.47-0.67) |
Women
| ||||
Study year | ||||
2000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2002 | 0.62 (0.47-0.82) | 0.60 (0.45-0.80) | 1.02 (0.87-1.19) | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) |
2004 | 1.11 (0.89-1.40) | 1.07 (0.84-1.35) | 1.14 (0.98-1.33) | 1.13 (0.97-1.32) |
2006 | 0.48 (0.38-0.62) | 0.46 (0.36-0.59) | 1.03 (0.88-1.20) | 0.98 (0.84-1.15) |
Age group | ||||
25-34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
35-44 | 1.34 (1.07-1.68) | 1.38 (1.10-1.74) | 1.90 (1.61-2.24) | 2.03 (1.72-2.41) |
45-54 | 1.02 (0.81-1.28) | 1.06 (0.83-1.34) | 1.96 (1.67-2.30) | 2.30 (1.94-2.73) |
55-64 | 0.56 (0.43-0.74) | 0.60 (0.45-0.80) | 1.55 (1.31-1.83) | 2.01 (1.67-2.42) |
Ethnicity | ||||
ethnic majority | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
ethnic minority | 0.92 (0.76-1.11) | 0.87 (0.72-1.07) | 1.46 (1.16-1.84) | 1.43 (1.13-1.82) |
Marital status | ||||
married/cohabiting | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
single | 0.89 (0.68-1.16) | 0.85 (0.65-1.12) | 0.69 (0.58-0.82) | 0.74 (0.61-0.88) |
divorced/separated | 0.76 (0.59-0.98) | 0.77 (0.60-1.00) | 0.85 (0.70-1.02) | 0.79 (0.66-0.96) |
widowed | 0.51 (0.34-0.76) | 0.65 (0.43-0.99) | 0.74 (0.50-1.10) | 0.73 (0.49-1.08) |
Education | ||||
higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
secondary | 0.83 (0.69-1.00) | 0.81 (0.67-0.98) | 0.78 (0.69-0.88) | 0.67 (0.60-0.76) |
basic or less | 0.65 (0.46-0.90) | 0.77 (0.55-1.09) | 0.62 (0.53-0.73) | 0.50 (0.42-0.60) |
Amount of pure alcohol consumed during previous week
Study year | Estonia | Finland | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SD) g/week | Median g/week | Medium risk* % | High risk** % | n | Mean (SD) g/week | Median g/week | Medium risk* % | High risk** % | |
Men
| ||||||||||
1994 | 362 | 128 (147) | 79 | 9.1 | 3.9 | 1047 | 136 (126) | 102 | 10.9 | 3.7 |
1996 | 363 | 112 (110) | 78 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 1043 | 131 (128) | 98 | 9.5 | 3.8 |
1998 | 329 | 123 (155) | 80 | 7.9 | 2.7 | 1131 | 143 (137) | 105 | 12.0 | 3.7 |
2000 | 329 | 147 (185) | 100 | 9.7 | 6.1 | 1030 | 137 (141) | 99 | 10.0 | 4.6 |
2002 | 310 | 144 (157) | 97 | 11.3 | 4.5 | 970 | 139 (176) | 97 | 9.6 | 3.6 |
2004 | 795 | 164 (169) | 113 | 14.8 | 6.4 | 1006 | 143 (132) | 110 | 10.7 | 4.0 |
2006 | 686 | 165 (192) | 105 | 16.2 | 7.0 | 931 | 145 (146) | 100 | 11.6 | 5.2 |
Women
| ||||||||||
1994 | 300 | 43 (67) | 26 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 915 | 57 (54) | 38 | 6.9 | 1.0 |
1996 | 334 | 35 (35) | 26 | 2.7 | - | 996 | 62 (62) | 48 | 7.5 | 1.2 |
1998 | 337 | 39 (38) | 26 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1008 | 63 (59) | 48 | 9.3 | 1.1 |
2000 | 368 | 43 (45) | 30 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 993 | 59 (66) | 38 | 7.5 | 1.1 |
2002 | 340 | 42 (84) | 25 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 953 | 60 (64) | 38 | 7.8 | 1.5 |
2004 | 794 | 46 (54) | 30 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 1059 | 64 (64) | 48 | 9.5 | 1.1 |
2006 | 789 | 49 (73) | 30 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 995 | 67 (77) | 48 | 10.0 | 1.7 |
Characteristic | Estonia | Finland | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude estimate | Adjusted estimate* | Crude estimate | Adjusted estimate* | |||||
β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | |
Men
| ||||||||
Study year | ||||||||
1994 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
1996 | -16 | (-40, 8) | -13 | (-37, 12) | -6 | (-18, 6) | -6 | (-18, 6) |
1998 | -4 | (-29, 21) | -2 | (-26, 23) | 7 | (-5, 18) | 6 | (-6, 18) |
2000 | 22 | (-3, 47) | 27 | (2, 52) | 1 | (-11, 13) | 0 | (-12, 12) |
2002 | 16 | (-9, 42) | 18 | (-7, 43) | 2 | (-10, 15) | 2 | (-10, 14) |
2004 | 36 | (15, 57) | 38 | (17, 59) | 7 | (-5, 20) | 8 | (-5, 20) |
2006 | 37 | (16, 58) | 43 | (22, 64) | 8 | (-5, 21) | 7 | (-5, 20) |
p-value for linear trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.054 | 0.065 | ||||
Age group | ||||||||
25-34 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
35-44 | 0 | (-15, 16) | 3 | (-13, 19) | 0 | (-9, 10) | 3 | (-7, 13) |
45-54 | -5 | (-22, 11) | -6 | (-22, 11) | 4 | (-5, 14) | 10 | (0, 20) |
55-64 | -42 | (-60, -25) | -44 | (-62, -25) | -22 | (-32, -12) | -14 | (-25, -3) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
ethnic majority | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
ethnic minority | -7 | (-20, 6) | -5 | (-18, 7) | -35 | (-48, -21) | -31 | (-44, -17) |
Marital status | ||||||||
married/cohabiting | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
single | 24 | (6, 42) | 13 | (-6, 31) | 38 | (29, 48) | 36 | (27, 46) |
divorced/separated | 45 | (24, 66) | 43 | (23, 64) | 61 | (49, 73) | 61 | (48, 73) |
widowed | -46 | (-98, 6) | -28 | (-80, 24) | 12 | (-26, 50) | 23 | (-15, 61) |
Education | ||||||||
higher | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
secondary | 21 | (6, 37) | 18 | (3, 33) | 5 | (-3, 13) | 3 | (-4, 11) |
basic or less | 16 | (-3, 36) | 26 | (7, 46) | -11 | (-20, -2) | -9 | (-19, 1) |
Women
| ||||||||
Study year | ||||||||
1994 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
1996 | -8 | (-18, 1) | -8 | (-17, 2) | 5 | (-1, 11) | 5 | (-1, 11) |
1998 | -4 | (-14, 5) | -4 | (-14, 5) | 6 | (0, 12) | 6 | (0, 12) |
2000 | 0 | (-9, 9) | 1 | (-8, 10) | 2 | (-4, 8) | 2 | (-4, 8) |
2002 | -1 | (-11, 8) | 0 | (-9, 10) | 1 | (-4, 7) | 1 | (-5, 6) |
2004 | 3 | (-6, 11) | 4 | (-5, 12) | 7 | (1, 12) | 7 | (1, 12) |
2006 | 6 | (-2, 14) | 7 | (-1, 15) | 10 | (4, 16) | 10 | (4, 15) |
p-value for linear trend | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.015 | ||||
Age group | ||||||||
25-34 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
35-44 | -1 | (-6, 5) | -1 | (-6, 5) | 7 | (3, 11) | 8 | (4, 13) |
45-54 | -1 | (-7, 5) | -2 | (-8, 4) | 6 | (2, 10) | 9 | (4, 13) |
55-64 | -6 | (-13, 0) | -8 | (-14, -1) | -6 | (-11, -2) | -3 | (-8, 2) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
ethnic majority | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
ethnic minority | 6 | (1, 10) | 6 | (2, 11) | -8 | (-14, -1) | -8 | (-14, -1) |
Marital status | ||||||||
married/cohabiting | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
single | 3 | (-4, 10) | 4 | (-3, 11) | 12 | (7, 17) | 12 | (8, 17) |
divorced/separated | 1 | (-5, 7) | 1 | (-5, 7) | 9 | (4, 14) | 9 | (4, 14) |
widowed | -1 | (-9, 8) | 0 | (-9, 9) | -2 | (-11, 8) | 3 | (-7, 13) |
Education | ||||||||
higher | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
secondary | 1 | (-3, 6) | 1 | (-3, 6) | -1 | (-5, 2) | -1 | (-5, 2) |
basic or less | 6 | (-2, 14) | 9 | (0, 17) | -9 | (-14, -5) | -7 | (-12, -2) |