Background
Methods
Data sources
Variables
Nutritional Status of Children
Socio-demographic variables
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Participation rates
Trends in stunting (height-for-age)
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | % | C.I. | % | C.I. | % | C.I. | % | C.I. | p |
X
2
| Total N |
Stunting
|
33,5
|
31.4, 35.6
|
25,6
|
23.5, 27.7
|
33,6
|
31.3, 35.9
|
25,7
|
23.4, 28.2
|
0,001
|
51,472
|
7205
|
Male | 37.2 | 34.3, 40.3 | 28.4 | 25.4, 31.6 | 37.4 | 34.2, 40.7 | 29.2 | 25.8, 32.9 | 0.001 | 29.422 | 3603 |
Female | 29.5 | 26.7, 32.5 | 22.9 | 20.1, 25.8 | 29.8 | 26.8, 33.0 | 22.2 | 19.2, 25.6 | 0.001 | 23.178 | 3602 |
Underweight
|
25,1
|
23.2, 27.0
|
19,8
|
17.9, 21.7
|
20.0
|
18.2, 21.9
|
15,1
|
13.3, 17.1
|
0,001
|
54,863
|
7442
|
Male | 27.0 | 24.3, 29.8 | 19.7 | 17.1, 22.5 | 22.6 | 20.0, 25.5 | 16.9 | 14.3, 20.0 | 0.001 | 30.072 | 3733 |
Female | 23.1 | 20.5, 25.8 | 19.9 | 17.3, 22.7 | 17.4 | 15.1, 20.0 | 13.2 | 10.9, 15.8 | 0.001 | 30.582 | 3709 |
Wasting
|
14,6
|
13.1, 16.2
|
13,3
|
11.7, 15.0
|
11.0
|
9.6, 12.6
|
12,4
|
10.7, 14.3
|
0.010
|
11,317
|
7131
|
Male | 15.5 | 13.4, 18.0 | 15.0 | 12.7, 17.7 | 11.3 | 9.3, 13.6 | 13.3 | 10.8, 16.3 | 0.051 | 8.741 | 3556 |
Female | 13.6 | 11.6, 15.9 | 11.6 | 9.6, 14.0 | 10.7 | 8.9, 13.0 | 11.4 | 9.3, 14.0 | 0.281 | 4.121 | 3575 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N |
Age
| |||||||||||
0-5
| |||||||||||
Male | 15.0 | 10.5, 21.0 | 7,5 | 4.4, 12.6 | 15,9 | 10.8, 22.8 | 9.1 | 4.7, 17.0 | 0,058 | 7.467 | 633 |
Female | 12.8 | 8.8, 18.2 | 8.3 | 4.7, 14.1 | 11.0 | 6.8, 17.3 | 5.2 | 2.4, 11.0 | 0,139 | 5.486 | 626 |
6-11
| |||||||||||
Male | 16.0 | 11.4, 22.1 | 12.2 | 7.7, 18.7 | 23.7 | 17.3, 31.5 | 16.9 | 11.2, 24.6 | 0,062 | 7.350 | 635 |
Female | 12.1 | 7.9, 18.1 | 12.8 | 8.4, 19.0 | 13.9 | 9.7, 19.6 | 11.5 | 6.7, 19.1 | 0,923 | .482 | 673 |
12-23
| |||||||||||
Male | 45.4 | 40.1, 50.7 | 35.8 | 30.6, 41.5 | 43,2 | 37.7, 48.8 | 37.0 | 30.7, 48.8 | 0.040 | 8.320 | 1267 |
Female | 32.3 | 27.2, 37.9 | 25.4 | 20.7, 30.8 | 34,2 | 28.8, 40.0 | 29.3 | 23.9, 35.5 | 0,096 | 6.351 | 1199 |
24-35
| |||||||||||
Male | 55.1 | 49.2, 60.7 | 40.4 | 34.2, 46.8 | 49,9 | 43.7, 56.0 | 38.4 | 32.0, 45.3 | 0,001 | 19.453 | 1068 |
Female | 47.6 | 42.0, 53.3 | 34.5 | 28.8, 40.7 | 44,3 | 38.4, 50.4 | 29.1 | 23.3, 35.8 | 0,001 | 23.155 | 1104 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Residence
| |||||||||||
Urban
| |||||||||||
Male | 26.4 | 21.6, 31.9 | 22.5 | 17.2, 28.8 | 29.5 | 24.2, 35.5 | 25.9 | 24.2, 35.5 | 0,314 | 3,552 | 1024 |
Female | 16.6 | 12.5, 21.6 | 14.4 | 10.0, 20.4 | 22.0 | 16.9, 27.9 | 18.7 | 14.2, 24.4 | 0,142 | 5,452 | 977 |
Rural
| |||||||||||
Male | 41.5 | 37.9, 45.2 | 30.5 | 27.0, 34.3 | 41,5 | 37.6, 45.5 | 31.1 | 26.8, 35.7 | 0,001 | 29.329 | 2579 |
Female | 34.4 | 30.9, 38.0 | 25.5 | 22.2, 29.0 | 33,6 | 30.0, 37.4 | 24.4 | 20.6, 28.7 | 0,001 | 23,658 | 2625 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Region
| |||||||||||
Upper
| |||||||||||
Male | 36.8 | 27.8, 47.0 | 37.3 | 30.0, 45.2 | 40,9 | 31.7, 50.6 | 26.4 | 18.8, 35.8 | 0,331 | 3.423 | 550 |
Female | 33.9 | 25.7, 43.3 | 28.5 | 22.0, 36.1 | 26,7 | 19.6, 35.2 | 35.1 | 25.8, 45.7 | 0,662 | 1,588 | 541 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 40.0 | 34.4, 45.9 | 28.8 | 22.7, 35.7 | 35,1 | 29.3, 41.3 | 26.4 | 20.5,33.4 | 0,006 | 12.533 | 926 |
Female | 30.6 | 25.3 , 36.5 | 21.3 | 16.1, 27.7 | 34.0 | 28.2, 40.4 | 22.3 | 16.8,29.0 | 0,003 | 14.227 | 918 |
South
| |||||||||||
Male | 35.3 | 30.7, 40.1 | 27.4 | 22.9, 32.3 | 35,2 | 29.8, 40.9 | 31.5 | 25.7, 37.9 | 0,059 | 7.452 | 1312 |
Female | 28.6 | 24.3, 33.2 | 23.5 | 19.5, 28.1 | 25.1 | 20.6, 30.3 | 23.0 | 18.1, 29.7 | 0,283 | 3.807 | 1378 |
Accra
| |||||||||||
Male | 22.3 | 15.0, 31.9 | 21.7 | 14.1, 31.8 | 21.9 | 14.1, 32.3 | 24.0 | 13.8, 38.3 | 0,985 | .151 | 324 |
Female | 14.8 | 8.8, 23.8 | 12.2 | 6.7, 21.3 | 14,2 | 7.9, 24.1 | 14.3 | 7.8,25.3 | 0,965 | .272 | 324 |
Northern
| |||||||||||
Male | 50.0 | 40.9, 59.1 | 34.2 | 25.2, 44.6 | 58,9 | 50.7, 66.5 | 33.8 | 25.8, 43.0 | 0,001 | 19.648 | 491 |
Female | 39.2 | 30.0, 49.2 | 35.9 | 26.0, 47.1 | 46,8 | 38.8, 55.0 | 20.4 | 13.5, 29.5 | 0,001 | 17.451 | 441 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Maternal education
| |||||||||||
No education
| |||||||||||
Male | 43.9 | 38.9, 48.9 | 32.3 | 27.5, 37.5 | 41,8 | 36.9, 47.0 | 28.6 | 23.1, 34.8 | 0,001 | 21.362 | 1502 |
Female | 33.2 | 28.7, 38.1 | 27.4 | 22.9, 32.4 | 37,4 | 32.6, 42.4 | 19.9 | 15.2, 25.7 | 0,001 | 22.930 | 1498 |
Primary
| |||||||||||
Male | 35.1 | 31.2, 39.2 | 33.1 | 26.4, 40.5 | 33,9 | 27.4, 41.1 | 34.7 | 27.8, 42.4 | 0,963 | .284 | 1125 |
Female | 28.7 | 25.0, 32.8 | 22.3 | 16.5, 29.4 | 22.6 | 17.3, 29.0 | 24.6 | 18.2, 32.3 | 0.180 | 4.885 | 1073 |
Some high school+
| |||||||||||
Male | 15.3 | 8.1, 26.8 | 22.1 | 17.8, 27.2 | 34,9 | 29.6, 40.6 | 26.2 | 21.0, 32.1 | 0,001 | 19.950 | 975 |
Female | 9.6 | 4.1, 21.1 | 19.5 | 15.6, 24.1 | 26,2 | 21.2, 31.8 | 22.7 | 18.3, 27.8 | 0.020 | 9.867 | 1030 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Urban
| |||||||||||
No education
| |||||||||||
male | 35.7 | 24.3, 49.0 | 33.0 | 21.7, 46.6 | 32.1 | 21.7, 44.6 | 25.4 | 15.5, 38.8 | .69 | 1.60 | 252 |
female | 22.0 | 12.6, 35.6 | 17.9 | 8.5, 33.8 | 35.2 | 22.9, 49.9 | 21.6 | 10.6, 39.1 | .23 | 4.61 | 177 |
Primary
| |||||||||||
male | 26.1 | 20.2, 33.2 | 26.9 | 16.4, 40.9 | 22.0 | 13.4, 33.8 | 31.3 | 20.4, 44.7 | .70 | 1.58 | 361 |
female | 18.1 | 13.0, 24.7 | 17.5 | 7.9, 34.3 | 13.0 | 5.9, 26.3 | 24.2 | 14.1, 38.3 | .56 | 2.31 | 310 |
High school+
| |||||||||||
male | 12.2 | 5.6, 24.7 | 12.2 | 7.3, 19.6 | 28.8 | 22.3, 36.4 | 22.2 | 15.7, 29.9 | .004 | 14.29 | 496 |
female | 8.1 | 2.6, 22.4 | 15.5 | 9.5, 24.2 | 21.4 | 14.3, 30.8 | 16.5 | 10.9, 24.2 | .31 | 3.90 | 405 |
Rural
| |||||||||||
No education
| |||||||||||
male | 43.1 | 37.8, 48.6 | 30.4 | 25.7, 35.5 | 40.8 | 36.1, 45.8 | 26.8 | 21.3, 33.1 | .001 | 27.76 | 1467 |
female | 39.9 | 31.9, 42.1 | 30.5 | 25.0, 36.5 | 41.5 | 35.5, 47.7 | 21.1 | 15.4, 28.3 | .001 | 22.28 | 1104 |
Primary
| |||||||||||
male | 38.0 | 33.3, 43.1 | 33.1 | 25.9, 41.1 | 35.9 | 28.5, 44.1 | 32.8 | 25.1, 41.5 | .63 | 1.91 | 842 |
female | 35.5 | 30.6, 40.8 | 24.1 | 16.7, 33.5 | 28.7 | 21.5, 37.3 | 28.0 | 19.5, 38.4 | .11 | 6.51 | 685 |
High school+
| |||||||||||
male | 20.0 | 5.0, 54.2 | 26.7 | 21.4, 32.8 | 37.0 | 30.1, 44.4 | 27.6 | 21.0, 35.4 | .09 | 6.66 | 611 |
female | 20.0 | 6.6, 47.1 | 21.5 | 16.3, 27.9 | 33.5 | 25.8, 42.1 | 31.3 | 23.8, 39.8 | .06 | 7.52 | 493 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N |
Wealth
| |||||||||||
Poorest
| |||||||||||
Male | 51,3 | 44.2, 58.4 | 30,8 | 25.2, 36.9 | 47,2 | 41.2, 53.3 | 32,1 | 25.9, 39.1 | 0,001 | 27,446 | 1031 |
Female | 37,1 | 30.7, 44.0 | 29,9 | 24.6, 35.8 | 39,7 | 34.1, 45.7 | 26.0 | 20.3, 32.6 | 0,009 | 11,667 | 1081 |
Poorer
| |||||||||||
Male | 44.0 | 37.6, 50.6 | 24,9 | 18.9, 32.2 | 33,8 | 27.1, 41.1 | 34,1 | 26.7, 42.4 | 0,001 | 15,649 | 770 |
Female | 28.3 | 22.5, 34.9 | 24.0 | 18.3, 30.9 | 29,4 | 23.5, 36.0 | 27,3 | 20.8, 34.9 | 0,671 | 1,549 | 790 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 37,7 | 31.4, 44.3 | 35,2 | 28.2, 43.0 | 41.0 | 33.6, 48.8 | 32,1 | 24.4, 40.8 | 0,376 | 3,103 | 698 |
Female | 36,1 | 29.4, 43.1 | 24.5 | 18.6, 31.7 | 32,1 | 25.2, 39.9 | 18.3 | 12.1, 26.8 | 0,002 | 14,387 | 654 |
Richer
| |||||||||||
Male | 31.1 | 24.9, 38.0 | 23.0 | 16.8, 30.8 | 31,2 | 23.7, 39.8 | 20,6 | 14.2, 29.1 | 0,084 | 6,661 | 596 |
Female | 29.2 | 23.3, 36.0 | 14,8 | 9.7, 21.9 | 23.6 | 16.3, 32.9 | 21.6 | 15.1, 29.8 | 0,016 | 10,285 | 597 |
Richest
| |||||||||||
Male | 18.7 | 13.4, 25.4 | 25,8 | 18.6, 34.7 | 28.5 | 21.3, 37.0 | 23.4 | 14.9, 34.8 | 0,219 | 4,43 | 508 |
Female | 13.5 | 9.0, 19.9 | 13.9 | 8.3, 22.3 | 16.9 | 11.1, 24.9 | 12.9 | 7.2, 22.2 | 0,841 | 0,834 | 480 |
Total sample
|
1934
|
1754
|
1992
|
1525
|
7205
|
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N |
Age
| |||||||||||
0-5
| |||||||||||
Male | 16,9 | 12.2, 23.0 | 11,8 | 7.6, 17.8 | 11.0 | 7.0, 16.9 | 9.9 | 6.0, 16.0 | 0.180 | 4.891 | 686 |
Female | 16,9 | 12.3, 22.8 | 10.8 | 6.7, 16.9 | 7.9 | 4.7, 12.9 | 8.3 | 4.5, 14.6 | 0,026 | 9.269 | 662 |
6-11
| |||||||||||
Male | 22.8 | 17.2, 29.5 | 19.5 | 13.8, 26.9 | 26.4 | 20.0, 34.1 | 19.2 | 12.8, 27.7 | 0,375 | 3.110 | 648 |
Female | 19.9 | 14.5, 26.7 | 17.4 | 12.1, 24.3 | 19.2 | 14.2, 25.5 | 14.4 | 9.3, 21.7 | 0,635 | 1.709 | 693 |
12-23
| |||||||||||
Male | 28.8 | 24.3, 33.9 | 23.9 | 19.4, 29.0 | 27.0 | 22.3, 32.2 | 17.8 | 13.2, 23.7 | 0,013 | 10.793 | 1298 |
Female | 24.8 | 20.3, 30.1 | 24.0 | 19.5, 29.2 | 19,6 | 15.5, 24.5 | 16.7 | 12.7, 21.8 | 0,055 | 7.613 | 1226 |
24-35
| |||||||||||
Male | 33.9 | 28.7, 39.5 | 19.4 | 14.9, 24.8 | 22,3 | 17.7, 27.7 | 18.9 | 14.2, 24.7 | 0,001 | 22.797 | 1101 |
Female | 27.2 | 22.5, 32.6 | 21.9 | 17.3, 27.5 | 18,6 | 14.4, 23.5 | 10.8 | 7.3, 15.7 | 0,001 | 21.961 | 1128 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Residence
| |||||||||||
Urban
| |||||||||||
Male | 18.0 | 13.9, 22.9 | 12.3 | 8.4, 17.5 | 17,3 | 13.2, 22.3 | 14.6 | 10.5, 20.0 | 0,244 | 4.168 | 1051 |
Female | 14.3 | 10.6, 19.1 | 15.7 | 11.2, 21.6 | 9,9 | 6.8, 14.2 | 10.4 | 7.2, 14.7 | 0.120 | 5.826 | 1014 |
Rural
| |||||||||||
Male | 30.6 | 27.3, 34.0 | 22.4 | 19.3, 25.8 | 25,3 | 22.0, 28.9 | 18.3 | 14.9, 22.2 | 0,001 | 26.488 | 2682 |
Female | 26.4 | 23.3, 29.8 | 21.2 | 18.2, 24.5 | 21,1 | 18.1, 24.4 | 14.9 | 11.9, 18.5 | 0,001 | 22,331 | 2695 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Region
| |||||||||||
Upper
| |||||||||||
Male | 36.5 | 27.4, 46.5 | 29.0 | 22.5, 36.5 | 40.6 | 32.2, 49.5 | 23.6 | 15.9, 33.5 | 0,093 | 6,41 | 587 |
Female | 33.3 | 25.2, 42.6 | 24.1 | 18.1, 31.2 | 21,6 | 15.4, 29.6 | 23.6 | 15.9, 33.6 | 0,257 | 4.044 | 567 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 24.6 | 19.9, 29.9 | 19.7 | 14.7, 26.0 | 19.0 | 14.6, 24.2 | 12.5 | 8.1, 18.9 | 0,011 | 11,2 | 947 |
Female | 22.8 | 18.1, 28.3 | 20.6 | 15.5, 26.8 | 17,5 | 13.2, 22.8 | 12.6 | 8.6, 18.1 | 0,028 | 9,074 | 942 |
South
| |||||||||||
Male | 23,1 | 19.3, 27.4 | 17,7 | 14.0, 22.1 | 18,8 | 14.7, 23.8 | 18,2 | 13.8, 23.6 | 0,195 | 4,697 | 1358 |
Female | 19.7 | 16.1, 23.9 | 19.2 | 15.6, 23.5 | 14,3 | 10.9, 18.6 | 11.5 | 8.2, 15.9 | 0,006 | 12.438 | 1411 |
Accra
| |||||||||||
Male | 17.0 | 10.7, 26.0 | 10.6 | 5.6, 19.2 | 13,9 | 7.8, 23.7 | 7.8 | 3.2, 17.8 | 0,278 | 3,852 | 333 |
Female | 12.5 | 7.0, 21.2 | 11.9 | 6.5, 20.7 | 5,1 | 1.9, 13.0 | 6.5 | 2.7, 15.0 | 0,123 | 5.772 | 337 |
Northern
| |||||||||||
Male | 46.4 | 37.8, 55.6 | 36.5 | 27.2, 46.9 | 34,1 | 26.9, 42.1 | 23.9 | 17.0, 32.4 | 0,003 | 13,99 | 508 |
Female | 35.7 | 26.9, 45.7 | 31.5 | 22.2, 42.5 | 32,6 | 25.6, 40.6 | 20.0 | 13.3, 29.0 | 0,067 | 7.151 | 452 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Maternal education
| |||||||||||
No education
| |||||||||||
Male | 36.3 | 31.6, 41.3 | 25.5 | 21.3, 30.4 | 27,8 | 23.6, 32.4 | 20.8 | 16.1, 26.4 | 0,001 | 20.687 | 1560 |
Female | 28.8 | 24.5, 33.4 | 24.1 | 19.9, 29.0 | 23,6 | 19.7, 28.0 | 15.3 | 11.2, 20.4 | 0,002 | 14,97 | 1545 |
Primary
| |||||||||||
Male | 22.6 | 19.3, 26.2 | 20.0 | 14.7, 26.6 | 21,4 | 16.2, 27.8 | 16.2 | 11.4, 22.4 | 0,256 | 4.048 | 1159 |
Female | 20.3 | 17.1, 24.0 | 17.3 | 12.2, 23.9 | 14,6 | 10.4, 20.1 | 12.4 | 8.3, 18.1 | 0,057 | 7,531 | 1097 |
Some high school+
| |||||||||||
Male | 9.7 | 4.4, 19.9 | 14.0 | 10.6, 18.4 | 17,8 | 13.8, 22.7 | 14.5 | 10.6, 19.6 | 0.280 | 3.830 | 1013 |
Female | 7.4 | 2.8, 18.2 | 17.6 | 13.9, 22.0 | 12,4 | 9.1, 16.7 | 12.2 | 9.0, 16.3 | 0,047 | 7.941 | 1066 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Wealth
| |||||||||||
Poorest
| |||||||||||
Male | 34,4 | 28.0, 41.4 | 29,3 | 23.9, 35.3 | 30,5 | 25.4, 36.0 | 20,2 | 15.2, 26.3 | 0,017 | 10,231 | 1080 |
Female | 28,6 | 22.8, 35.2 | 25,2 | 20.3, 30.9 | 28,8 | 23.8, 34.4 | 19.0 | 14.2, 24.8 | 0,077 | 6,838 | 1113 |
Poorer
| |||||||||||
Male | 32,6 | 26.8, 39.0 | 16,8 | 11.8, 23.2 | 23,9 | 18.2, 30.8 | 18,9 | 13.0, 26.7 | 0,001 | 16,434 | 797 |
Female | 29,3 | 23.5, 35.9 | 23,6 | 17.9, 30.5 | 17,5 | 13.0, 23.1 | 16,6 | 11.7, 23.1 | 0,007 | 12,084 | 810 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 33,9 | 28.0, 40.5 | 22,5 | 16.7, 29.6 | 22,5 | 16.8, 29.5 | 21,2 | 15.0, 29.2 | 0,009 | 11,491 | 718 |
Female | 25,6 | 20.0, 32.2 | 15,9 | 11.2, 22.0 | 15,9 | 10.9, 22.5 | 7,7 | 4.0, 14.6 | 0,001 | 17,99 | 673 |
Richer
| |||||||||||
Male | 17,9 | 13.2, 24.0 | 14.0 | 9.2, 20.7 | 19,5 | 13.5, 27.2 | 10,5 | 6.1, 17.5 | 0,132 | 5,619 | 616 |
Female | 18,8 | 13.9, 24.9 | 19,6 | 13.8, 27.2 | 10,8 | 6.5, 17.5 | 9,5 | 5.7, 15.5 | 0,017 | 10,186 | 615 |
Richest
| |||||||||||
Male | 12,8 | 8.6, 18.7 | 10,2 | 5.8, 17.3 | 11,2 | 6.8, 18.0 | 10,3 | 5.6, 18.4 | 0,871 | 0,711 | 522 |
Female | 10,1 | 6.2, 15.8 | 9,8 | 5.4, 17.2 | 6,8 | 3.5, 12.5 | 8,8 | 4.4, 17.0 | 0,685 | 1,486 | 498 |
Total sample
|
1970
|
1795
|
2062
|
1615
|
7442
|
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N |
Age
| |||||||||||
0-5
| |||||||||||
Male | 17,5 | 12.6, 23.8 | 18.1 | 12.5, 25.4 | 13.5 | 8.7, 20.2 | 19.3 | 12.8, 28.1 | 0,534 | 2.188 | 616 |
Female | 17,3 | 12.5, 23.3 | 11.0 | 6.8, 17.5 | 18.0 | 12.5, 25.3 | 17.8 | 11.6, 26.2 | 0,333 | 3.407 | 614 |
6-11
| |||||||||||
Male | 22.0 | 16.5, 28.8 | 23.7 | 17.3, 31.7 | 20.0 | 14.1, 27.7 | 24.1 | 16.8, 33.3 | 0.850 | .799 | 620 |
Female | 18.3 | 13.1, 25.0 | 21.3 | 15.4, 28.7 | 19.2 | 14.1, 25.5 | 19.7 | 13.6, 27.6 | 0,921 | .492 | 674 |
12-23
| |||||||||||
Male | 16.7 | 13.1, 21.1 | 14.4 | 10.8, 18.9 | 11.0 | 8.0, 15.0 | 12.9 | 8.8, 18.6 | 0,171 | 5.009 | 1261 |
Female | 13.7 | 10.2, 18.2 | 12.2 | 8.8, 16.5 | 9,1 | 6.2, 13.3 | 10.9 | 7.6, 15.3 | 0,351 | 3.278 | 1191 |
24-35
| |||||||||||
Male | 8.8 | 6.0, 12.8 | 9.0 | 5.9, 13.5 | 6,2 | 3.9, 9.6 | 4.7 | 2.7, 8.2 | 0,179 | 4.903 | 1059 |
Female | 8.5 | 5.8, 12.2 | 5.5 | 3.2, 9.2 | 3,5 | 1.9, 6.4 | 3.5 | 1.7, 7.1 | 0,038 | 8.448 | 1096 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Residence
| |||||||||||
Urban
| |||||||||||
Male | 11.6 | 8.3, 15.9 | 9.0 | 5.7, 13.9 | 8,5 | 5.6, 12.7 | 11.1 | 7.3, 16.6 | 0,549 | 2.115 | 1001 |
Female | 8.9 | 6.0, 13.0 | 8.6 | 5.3, 13.7 | 9,4 | 6.4, 13.5 | 9.6 | 6.5, 13.9 | 0,981 | .178 | 977 |
Rural
| |||||||||||
Male | 17.1 | 14.5, 20.1 | 17.2 | 14.4, 20.5 | 12,7 | 10.3, 15.6 | 14.6 | 11.5, 18.4 | 0,078 | 6,821 | 2555 |
Female | 15.4 | 12.9, 18.3 | 12.6 | 10.2, 15.4 | 11,4 | 9.1, 14.2 | 12.6 | 9.8, 16.0 | 0,166 | 5,078 | 2598 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Region
| |||||||||||
Upper
| |||||||||||
Male | 26.0 | 18.2, 35.7 | 15.6 | 10.6, 22.3 | 21,3 | 14.4, 30.3 | 15.4 | 9.0, 25.0 | 0,243 | 4.179 | 546 |
Female | 16.8 | 10.9, 25.2 | 10.9 | 6.9, 16.8 | 14,2 | 9.1, 21.4 | 18.0 | 11.8, 26.4 | 0,728 | 1.303 | 537 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 14.0 | 10.4, 18.6 | 14.7 | 10.2, 20.5 | 9,9 | 6.8, 14.2 | 11.9 | 7.5, 18.4 | 0,332 | 3,417 | 918 |
Female | 14.7 | 10.9, 19.6 | 9.9 | 6.4, 15.1 | 9,6 | 6.5, 14.1 | 12.8 | 8.6, 18.7 | 0,247 | 4,141 | 913 |
South
| |||||||||||
Male | 12.8 | 9.8, 16.5 | 16.3 | 12.8, 20.8 | 11,1 | 8.0, 15.2 | 11.8 | 8.1, 16.9 | 0,165 | 5.099 | 1293 |
Female | 11.2 | 8.4, 14.7 | 13.1 | 10.0, 16.9 | 11,4 | 8.3, 15.4 | 9.5 | 6.4, 13.8 | 0,508 | 2.326 | 1358 |
Accra
| |||||||||||
Male | 12.9 | 7.5, 21.4 | 6.1 | 2.6, 13.9 | 9,4 | 4.5, 18.6 | 9.5 | 3.9, 214 | 0,481 | 2.471 | 312 |
Female | 5.7 | 2.4, 13.0 | 7.3 | 3.3, 15.4 | 6,9 | 3.3, 14.0 | 2.8 | .70, 10.8 | 0,429 | 2.766 | 326 |
Northern
| |||||||||||
Male | 22.1 | 15.4, 30.7 | 21.2 | 13.9, 30.8 | 9,8 | 6.0, 15.7 | 20.3 | 13.8, 28.8 | 0,056 | 7.566 | 487 |
Female | 24.2 | 16.6, 33.8 | 15.4 | 8.9, 25.2 | 12.4 | 8.0, 18.8 | 18.2 | 11.9, 26.7 | 0,125 | 5.732 | 441 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Maternal education
| |||||||||||
No education
| |||||||||||
Male | 20.1 | 16.3, 24.5 | 20.2 | 16.2, 25.0 | 12,7 | 9.7, 16.5 | 18.8 | 14.0, 24.6 | 0,031 | 8,905 | 1477 |
Female | 17.8 | 14.3, 22.0 | 12.4 | 9.2, 16.5 | 12,8 | 9.8, 16.4 | 15.3 | 11.2, 20.6 | 0,153 | 5.267 | 1486 |
Primary
| |||||||||||
Male | 13.4 | 10.8, 16.6 | 13.4 | 9.0, 19.6 | 11,6 | 7.7, 17.1 | 10.2 | 6.3, 16.0 | 0,671 | 1,548 | 1106 |
Female | 11.0 | 8.6, 14.1 | 12.4 | 8.1, 18.6 | 11,3 | 7.6, 16.6 | 8.4 | 5.2, 13.4 | 0,681 | 1,505 | 1066 |
Some high school+
| |||||||||||
Male | 6.8 | 2.6, 16.7 | 11.1 | 8.0, 15.2 | 9,7 | 6.8, 13.5 | 11.2 | 7.6, 16.1 | 0,704 | 1.407 | 972 |
Female | 7.7 | 2.9, 18.8 | 10.6 | 7.8, 14.4 | 8,2 | 5.5, 11.9 | 10.2 | 7.3, 14.4 | 0,643 | 1.671 | 1022 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | % | C.I | p |
X
2
| Total N | |
Wealth
| |||||||||||
Poorest
| |||||||||||
Male | 14,8 | 10.3, 20.7 | 24.0 | 18.9, 30.1 | 11,6 | 8.3, 16.0 | 13,9 | 9.6, 19.8 | 0,003 | 14,036 | 1016 |
Female | 17,6 | 12.9, 23.5 | 14,5 | 10.6, 19.5 | 15,8 | 11.9, 20.7 | 15,9 | 11.6, 21.5 | 0,844 | 0,823 | 1075 |
Poorer
| |||||||||||
Male | 16,4 | 12.0, 21.9 | 13,4 | 8.9, 19.8 | 16.0 | 11.4, 22.1 | 15,1 | 9.6, 22.9 | 0,848 | 0,806 | 759 |
Female | 18.0 | 13.3, 24.0 | 15,3 | 10.6, 21.6 | 7,8 | 4.8, 12.5 | 12,5 | 8.1, 18.8 | 0,021 | 9,712 | 777 |
Middle
| |||||||||||
Male | 21,5 | 16.5, 27.5 | 15,6 | 10.7, 22.1 | 9,6 | 6.0, 14.9 | 19,6 | 13.2, 27.9 | 0.010 | 11,348 | 692 |
Female | 14.6 | 10.3, 20.3 | 8.0 | 4.8, 13.0 | 8.0 | 4.8, 13.1 | 11,5 | 6.5, 19.6 | 0.100 | 6,251 | 646 |
Richer
| |||||||||||
Male | 14,4 | 10.0, 20.1 | 11,4 | 7.0, 18.0 | 11,6 | 7.0, 18.5 | 9,2 | 5.2, 15.9 | 0,523 | 2,245 | 592 |
Female | 10.3 | 6.7, 15.4 | 9,4 | 5.5, 15.7 | 9.1 | 5.2, 15.6 | 8.1 | 4.4, 14.3 | 0,891 | 0,624 | 597 |
Richest
| |||||||||||
Male | 9.0 | 5.5, 14.4 | 5,7 | 2.6, 11.8 | 6,5 | 3.2, 12.7 | 6.0 | 2.5, 13.8 | 0,638 | 1,693 | 497 |
Female | 5,8 | 3.0, 10.8 | 8,7 | 4.5, 16.1 | 11,6 | 7.0, 18.5 | 6,4 | 2.9, 13.7 | 0,285 | 3,788 | 480 |
Total sample
|
1913
|
1742
|
1957
|
1519
|
7131
|