Background
Methods
Sample
Quality of life measurement
Statistical analysis
Characteristics |
N (%) | OPQoL-Brief Mean (SD) | OPQoL-Brief Median (IQR) | EQ-5D-3 L Mean (SD) | EQ-5D-3 L Median (IQR) | ASCOT Mean (SD) | ASCOT Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole sample (absolute scores) | 87 (100 %) | 53.931 (6.685) | 53.000 (51.000–60.000) | 0.515 (0.287) | 0.590 (0.208–0.691) | 0.852 (0.141) | 0.899 (0.770–0.965) |
Whole sample (Z scores)a
| 87 (100 %) | −0.000 (1.000) | −0.205 (−0.502–0.924) | −0.012 (0.990) | −0.008(−1.400–0.510) | −0.016 (0.993) | 0.263 (−0.715–0.827) |
Age groupb
| |||||||
65–74 | 15 (17 %) | 52.400 (8.025) | 52.000 (50.000–58.000) | 0.349 (0.285) | 0.487 (0.088–0.587) | 0.768 (0.191) | 0.776 (0.595–0.949) |
75–84 | 41 (47 %) | 53.073 (6.397) | 52.000 (49.000−58.000) | 0.527 (0.272) | 0.620 (0.516−0.691) | 0.862 (0.129) | 0.905 (0.800−0.966) |
≥85 | 31 (36 %) | 55.806 (6.140) | 56.000 (52.000−61.000) | 0.581 (0.284) | 0.590 (0.516−0.760) | 0.881 (0.116) | 0.908 (0.852−0.966) |
P value | 0.127 | 0.029 | 0.156 | ||||
Genderb
| |||||||
Female | 57 (66 %) | 53.035 (6.840) | 52.000 (50.000−59.000) | 0.460 (0.286) | 0.587 (0.159−0.691) | 0.844 (0.149) | 0.890 (0.770−0.957) |
Male | 19 (22 %) | 56.105 (5.206) | 56.000 (52.000−60.000) | 0.677 (0.201) | 0.620 (0.587−0.796) | 0.871 (0.132) | 0.905 (0.829−0.975) |
Missing | 11 (13 %) | 54.818 (7.692) | 56.000 (48.000−62.000) | 0.522 (0.333) | 0.587 (0.193−0.760) | 0.864 (0.122) | 0.908 (0.769−0.957) |
P value | 0.081 | 0.013 | 0.464 | ||||
Living arrangementsb
| |||||||
Living alone | 51 (59 %) | 54.941 (6.519) | 56.000 (51.000−60.000) | 0.532 (0.274) | 0.620 (0.208−0.691) | 0.858 (0.139) | 0.904 (0.780−0.966) |
Living with others | 24 (28 %) | 51.500 (6.311) | 52.000 (48.500−56.000) | 0.492 (0.299) | 0.587 (0.516−0.665) | 0.831 (0.159) | 0.886 (0.737−0.953) |
Other living arrangements | 12 (14 %) | 54.500 (7.416) | 54.500 (49.500−61.000) | 0.491 (0.335) | 0.587 (0.176−0.743) | 0.870 (0.118) | 0.918 (0.794−0.953) |
P value | 0.028 | 0.445 | 0.426 | ||||
Place of birthb
| |||||||
Australia | 49 (56 %) | 53.000 (6.773) | 53.000 (50.000−59.000) | 0.523 (0.263) | 0.620 (0.516−0.691) | 0.840 (0.146) | 0.877 (0.770−0.957) |
UK | 15 (17 %) | 54.667 (5.960) | 56.000 (51.000−60.000) | 0.493 (0.325) | 0.620 (0.159−0.691) | 0.874 (0.133) | 0.950 (0.800−0.966) |
Other | 11 (13 %) | 56.455 (6.440) | 56.000 (52.000−64.000) | 0.538 (0.318) | 0.587 (0.159−0.760) | 0.861 (0.163) | 0.950 (0.706−0.982) |
Missing | 12 (14 %) | 54.500 (7.416) | 54.500 (49.500−61.000) | 0.491 (0.335) | 0.587 (0.176−0.743) | 0.870 (0.118) | 0.918 (0.794−0.953) |
P value | 0.430 | 0.954 | 0.533 | ||||
Education Levelb
| |||||||
Up to secondary school | 44 (51 %) | 53.523 (5.963) | 52.000 (50.500−59.000) | 0.496 (0.268) | 0.587 (0.362−0.691) | 0.859 (0.140) | 0.902 (0.788−0.961) |
Beyond secondary school | 29 (33 %) | 54.172 (7.691) | 56.000 (51.000−59.000) | 0.537 (0.303) | 0.620 (0.487−0.710) | 0.828 (0.154) | 0.853 (0.706−0.965) |
Missing | 14 (16 %) | 54.714 (7.021) | 54.500 (51.000−60.000) | 0.531 (0.325) | 0.588 (0.193−0.760) | 0.883 (0.114) | 0.931 (0.820−0.957) |
P value | 0.406 | 0.328 | 0.398 | ||||
Has Informal Carerb
| |||||||
Yes | 49 (56 %) | 53.776 (7.363) | 54.000 (49.000−60.000) | 0.507 (0.308) | 0.620 (0.159−0.691) | 0.824 (0.165) | 0.870 (0.706−0.966) |
No | 26 (30 %) | 53.962 (5.024) | 52.500 (51.000−58.000) | 0.543 (0.225) | 0.604 (0.516−0.691) | 0.899 (0.080) | 0.906 (0.852−0.965) |
Missing | 12 (14 %) | 54.500 (7.416) | 54.500 (49.500−61.000) | 0.491 (0.335) | 0.587 (0.176−0.743) | 0.870 (0.118) | 0.918 (0.794−0.953) |
P value | 0.802 | 0.898 | 0.154 | ||||
General healthb
| |||||||
Poor | 6 (7 %) | 46.333 (10.40) | 44.500 (42.000−52.000) | 0.102 (0.258) | 0.059 (−0.003−0.088) | 0.711 (0.227) | 0.715 (0.492−0.916) |
Fair | 23 (26 %) | 50.565 (6.287) | 51.000 (47.000−56.000) | 0.361 (0.299) | 0.516 (0.082−0.620) | 0.804 (0.150) | 0.826 (0.672−0.949) |
Good | 44 (51 %) | 54.659 (4.927) | 53.000 (51.000−58.000) | 0.604 (0.184) | 0.620 (0.586−0.701) | 0.872 (0.118) | 0.906 (0.821−0.957) |
Very good or excellent | 14 (16 %) | 60.429 (3.589) | 61.000 (59.000−62.000) | 0.668 (0.286) | 0.725 (0.552−0.848) | 0.932 (0.084) | 0.961 (0.905−0.982) |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
EQ-5D-3 L dimensions | ASCOT dimensions | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility | Self-care | Usual Activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | EQ-5D-3 L utility score | Control over daily life | Keeping clean presentable | Food and drink | How safe you feel | Social contact | Occupation/spend time | How clean and comfortable home is | How receiving help makes you feel | ASCOT utility score | |
OPQoL-Brief Dimensions | |||||||||||||||
Enjoy life overall | −0.24 | −0.18 | −0.18 | −0.35 | −0.18(a)
| 0.41(b)
| 0.46(b)
|
0.01
| 0.23(b)
| 0.12(b)
| 0.57(b)
| 0.40(b)
| 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.52(b)
|
Look forward to things | −0.17 | −0.09 | −0.26 | −0.17 | −0.23(a)
| 0.31(b)
| 0.25(b)
| 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.47(b)
| 0.29(b)
| 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.38(b)
|
Healthy to get out/about | −0.45(a)
| −0.34 | −0.43(a)
| −0.25 | −0.08 | 0.44(b)
| 0.21(b)
| 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.46(b)
|
Family/friends help if needed | −0.20 | −0.10 | −0.25 | −0.26 | −0.09 | 0.40(b)
| 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.46(b)
| 0.32(b)
| 0.09 | 0.33(b)
| 0.45(b)
|
Healthy enough to be independent | −0.30(a)
| −0.34(a)
| −0.37(a)
| −0.21 | −0.20 | 0.41(b)
| 0.19(b)
| 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.42(b)
| 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.40(b)
|
Can please myself in what I do | −0.25 | −0.30(a)
| −0.25 | −0.13 | −0.22(a)
| 0.35(b)
| 0.28(b)
| 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.27(b)
| 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.30(b)
|
Feel safe where I live | −0.19 | −0.13 | −0.39 | −0.43 | −0.03(a)
| 0.44(b)
| 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.36(b)
| 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.47(b)
|
Get pleasure from home | −0.15 | −0.01
| −0.15 | −0.27 | −0.13 | 0.26(b)
| 0.35 | −0.04 | 0.13 |
0.01
| 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.26(b)
| 0.35 | 0.37(b)
|
Take life as it comes | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.33(a)
| 0.25(b)
| 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.30(b)
|
Feel lucky compared to others | −0.23 | −0.27 | −0.12 | −0.20 | 0.01(a)
| 0.25(b)
| 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.30(b)
|
Enough money for household bills | −0.34 | −0.27 | −0.23 | −0.24 |
−0.01
(a)
| 0.44(b)
| 0.25(b)
| 0.17 | 0.26(b)
| 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.38(b)
|
Have social/leisure activities I enjoy doing | −0.12 | −0.19 |
−0.02
(a)
| −0.14 | −0.27 | 0.23(b)
| 0.22 | −0.10 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.36(b)
| 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.32(b)
|
Try to stay involved with things | −0.15 | −0.19 | −0.06(a)
| −0.05 | −0.19 | 0.23(b)
| 0.04 |
0.00
| 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.10(b)
| 0.16 |
0.01
| 0.21(b)
|
OPQoL-Brief summary score | −0.35(a)
| −0.32(a)
| −0.34(a)
| −0.33(a)
| −0.24(a)
| 0.53(b)
| 0.40(b)
| 0.15(b)
| 0.30(b)
| 0.22(b)
| 0.56(b)
| 0.43(b)
| 0.28(b)
| 0.30(b)
| 0.58(b)
|
EQ-5D-3 L Dimensions | |||||||||||||||
Mobility | −0.20 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.19 | −0.16 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.22(a)
| ||||||
Self-care | −0.06(a)
| −0.27(a)
| 0.03 | −0.35 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.05(a)
| −0.12 | −0.21(a)
| ||||||
Usual activities | −0.17(a)
| −0.23 | −0.08 | −0.21 | −0.12(a)
| −0.13(a)
|
0.02
| −0.15 | −0.23(a)
| ||||||
Pain/Discomfort | −0.33 | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.15 | −0.22 | −0.37 | −0.26 | −0.12 | −0.37(a)
| ||||||
Anxiety/Depression | −0.08(a)
| 0.03 | −0.13 |
−0.01
(a)
| −0.19 | −0.10 | 0.04 |
0.00
| −0.11(a)
| ||||||
EQ-5D-3 L Utility score | |||||||||||||||
0.20(b)
| 0.17(b)
| 0.32(b)
| 0.32(b)
| 0.33(b)
| 0.26(b)
| 0.27(b)
| 0.50(b)
|
Ethical approval
Consent
Results
Demographic and other participant characteristics
Quality of life scores
OPQoL-Briefdimensions and levels | Frequency (%) | Mean EQ-5D-3 L | Mean ASCOT |
---|---|---|---|
I enjoy life overall | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 4 (5 %) | 0.149 | 0.637 |
Neither agree or disagree | 14 (16 %) | 0.298 | 0.704 |
Agree | 45 (52 %) | 0.570 | 0.891 |
Strongly agree | 24 (28 %) | 0.601 | 0.903 |
I look forward to things | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 2 (2 %) | −0.076 | 0.638 |
Neither agree or disagree | 8 (9 %) | 0.396 | 0.786 |
Agree | 49 (56 %) | 0.518 | 0.835 |
Strongly agree | 28 (32 %) | 0.588 | 0.917 |
I am health enough to get out and about | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 15 (17 %) | 0.242 | 0.762 |
Neither agree or disagree | 12 (14 %) | 0.500 | 0.738 |
Agree | 41 (47 %) | 0.560 | 0.883 |
Strongly agree | 19 (22 %) | 0.644 | 0.930 |
My family/friends would help me if needed | |||
Strongly disagree | 1 (1 %) | 0.159 | 0.599 |
Disagree | 3 (3 %) | 0.002 | 0.607 |
Neither agree or disagree | 3 (3 %) | 0.034 | 0.711 |
Agree | 40 (46 %) | 0.542 | 0.845 |
Strongly agree | 40 (46 %) | 0.573 | 0.895 |
I am healthy enough to have my independence | |||
Strongly disagree | 1 (1 %) | 0.639 | 0.747 |
Disagree | 10 (11 %) | 0.258 | 0.788 |
Neither agree or disagree | 11 (13 %) | 0.351 | 0.747 |
Agree | 43 (49 %) | 0.539 | 0.851 |
Strongly agree | 22 (25 %) | 0.663 | 0.942 |
I can please myself in what I do | |||
Strongly disagree | 1 (1 %) | −0.181 | 0.433 |
Disagree | 8 (9 %) | 0.304 | 0.850 |
Neither agree or disagree | 7 (8 %) | 0.463 | 0.776 |
Agree | 46 (53 %) | 0.528 | 0.841 |
Strongly agree | 25 (29 %) | 0.603 | 0.913 |
I feel safe where I live | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 1 (1 %) | −0.003 | 0.653 |
Neither agree or disagree | 5 (6 %) | 0.016 | 0.593 |
Agree | 31 (36 %) | 0.494 | 0.834 |
Strongly agree | 50 (57 %) | 0.589 | 0.894 |
I get pleasure from my home | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 1 (1 %) | −0.181 | 0.433 |
Neither agree or disagree | 5 (6 %) | 0.443 | 0.669 |
Agree | 35 (40 %) | 0.474 | 0.855 |
Strongly agree | 46 (53 %) | 0.570 | 0.880 |
I take life as it comes and make the best of things | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 4 (5 %) | 0.198 | 0.816 |
Neither agree or disagree | 5 (6 %) | 0.361 | 0.762 |
Agree | 41 (47 %) | 0.530 | 0.816 |
Strongly agree | 37 (43 %) | 0.554 | 0.910 |
I feel lucky compared to most people | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 1 (1 %) | 0.587 | 0.957 |
Neither agree or disagree | 10 (11 %) | 0.387 | 0.765 |
Agree | 38 (44 %) | 0.460 | 0.820 |
Strongly agree | 38 (44 %) | 0.602 | 0.905 |
I have enough money to pay for household bills | |||
Strongly disagree | 2 (2 %) | 0.094 | 0.640 |
Disagree | 1 (1 %) | −0.016 | 0.800 |
Neither agree or disagree | 7 (8 %) | 0.430 | 0.736 |
Agree | 54 (62 %) | 0.476 | 0.852 |
Strongly agree | 23 (26 %) | 0.694 | 0.910 |
I have social/leisure activities that I enjoy doing | |||
Strongly disagree | 1 (1 %) | 0.587 | 0.975 |
Disagree | 5 (6 %) | 0.241 | 0.679 |
Neither agree or disagree | 11 (13 %) | 0.389 | 0.735 |
Agree | 42 (48 %) | 0.552 | 0.882 |
Strongly agree | 28 (32 %) | 0.556 | 0.880 |
I try to stay involved with things | |||
Strongly disagree | 0 (0 %) | ||
Disagree | 2 (2 %) | 0.036 | 0.868 |
Neither agree or disagree | 9 (10 %) | 0.354 | 0.722 |
Agree | 49 (56 %) | 0.553 | 0.862 |
Strongly agree | 27 (31 %) | 0.536 | 0.877 |
ASCOT dimensions and levels | Frequency (%) | Mean EQ-5D-3 L | Mean OPQoL-Brief |
---|---|---|---|
Control | |||
I have as much control over my daily life as I want | 25 (29 %) | 0.623 | 56.240 |
I have adequate control over my daily life | 51 (59 %) | 0.528 | 54.000 |
I have some control over my daily life but not enough | 9 (10 %) | 0.204 | 50.222 |
I have no control over my daily life | 2 (2 %) | 0.255 | 40.000 |
Personal cleanliness | |||
I feel clean and am able to present myself the way I like | 69 (79 %) | 0.544 | 54.435 |
I feel adequately clean and presentable | 18 (21 %) | 0.406 | 52.000 |
I feel less than adequately clean or presentable | 0 (0 %) | ||
I don’t feel at all clean or presentable | 0 (0 %) | ||
Food and drink | |||
I get all the food and drink I like when I want | 68 (78 %) | 0.545 | 54.941 |
I get adequate food and drink at OK times | 15 (17 %) | 0.424 | 51.333 |
I don’t always get adequate or timely food and drink | 3 (3 %) | 0.449 | 47.000 |
I don’t always get adequate or timely food and drink, | 1 (1 %) | 0.088 | 45.000 |
Safety | |||
I feel as safe as I want | 61 (70 %) | 0.568 | 54.754 |
Generally I feel adequately safe, | 22 (25 %) | 0.448 | 53.045 |
I feel less than adequately safe | 3 (3 %) | 0.079 | 46.667 |
I don’t feel at all safe | 1 (1 %) | 0.088 | 45.000 |
Social contact | |||
I have as much social contact as I want with people I like | 31 (36 %) | 0.565 | 57.387 |
I have adequate social contact with people | 38 (44 %) | 0.551 | 54.000 |
I have some social contact with people, but not enough | 16 (18 %) | 0.405 | 49.000 |
I have little social contact with people and feel socially isolated | 2 (2 %) | −0.047 | 38.500 |
Spending time | |||
I’m able to spend my time as I want, doing things I value or enjoy | 28 (32 %) | 0.616 | 58.321 |
I’m able to do enough of the things I value or enjoy with my time | 35 (40 %) | 0.537 | 53.400 |
I do some of the things I value or enjoy with my time but not enough | 24 (28 %) | 0.366 | 49.583 |
I don’t do anything I value or enjoy with my time | 0 (0 %) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Accommodation | |||
My home is as clean and comfortable as I want | 55 (63 %) | 0.588 | 55.782 |
My home is adequately clean and comfortable | 29 (33 %) | 0.401 | 50.966 |
My home is not quite clean or comfortable enough | 3 (3 %) | 0.289 | 48.667 |
My home is not at all clean or comfortable | 0 (0 %) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Dignity | |||
The way I’m helped and treated makes me think | |||
And feel better about myself | 64 (74 %) | 0.560 | 55.094 |
The way I’m helped and treated does not affect the way I think or feel about myself | 15 (17 %) | 0.421 | 51.667 |
The way I’m helped and treated sometimes undermines the way I think and feel about myself | 6 (7 %) | 0.416 | 48.000 |
The way I’m helped and treated completely undermines the way I think and feel about myself | 2 (2 %) | 0.094 | 51.500 |
EQ-5D-3L dimensions and levels | Frequency (%) | Mean ASCOT | Mean OPQoL-Brief |
---|---|---|---|
Mobility | |||
I have no problems in walking about | 20 (23 %) | 0.908 | 58.100 |
I have some problems in walking about | 65 (75 %) | 0.838 | 52.785 |
I am confined to bed | 2 (2 %) | 0.782 | 49.500 |
Self-care | |||
I have no problems with self-care | 55 (63 %) | 0.875 | 55.537 |
I have some problems washing or dressing myself | 29 (33 %) | 0.813 | 50.931 |
I am unable to wash or dress myself | 3 (3 %) | 0.801 | 50.667 |
Usual activities | |||
I have no problems with performing my usual activities | 15 (17 %) | 0.921 | 59.000 |
I have some problems with performing my usual activities | 66 (76 %) | 0.838 | 52.766 |
I have some problems with performing my usual activities | 6 (7 %) | 0.803 | 51.333 |
Pain/discomfort | |||
I have no pain or discomfort | 13 (15 %) | 0.889 | 55.385 |
I have moderate pain or discomfort | 56 (64 %) | 0.887 | 55.304 |
I have extreme pain or discomfort | 18 (21 %) | 0.724 | 48.611 |
Anxiety/depression | |||
I am not anxious or depressed | 45 (52 %) | 0.876 | 55.023 |
I am moderately anxious or depressed | 40 (46 %) | 0.847 | 53.350 |
I am extremely anxious or depressed | 2 (2 %) | 0.607 | 38.500 |