Androgen Receptor and Ki67 Expression and Survival Outcomes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) making up most of these cases. Males have poorer overall survival compared to women following a lung cancer diagnosis. Many studies have focused on the effects of estrogen to explain higher survival rates among women, but few have looked at the effects of androgens. We describe the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and Ki67 in lung cancer specimens in the Manitoba Tumor Bank (MTB) and correlate these factors with patient outcome. Using the MTB, we performed immunohistochemistry on lung cancer tissue to determine expression of the AR and Ki67. These were then correlated with patient outcome. Of the 136 cases, 55% were female and 55% were adenocarcinoma. AR expression was not independently associated with outcome. Ki67 was associated with a significantly higher hazard ratio for death and recurrence (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.30–3.70; HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.07–3.46, respectively). AR expression modified the effect of Ki67 on outcome, such that when both were expressed, there was no association with recurrence or survival (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.31–4.36 for AR− Ki67+ vs HR 1.54, 95% CI 0.44–5.37 for AR+ Ki67+). Ki67 was associated with poorer outcomes alone. AR status alone was not associated with outcome. Although the mechanism remains unclear, AR status seems to negate the association of a high Ki67 and poor outcome.